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Sarcoma primário de fígado em adultos: revisão sistemática

RESUMO

Introdução:

o sarcoma primário do fígado é uma neoplasia rara, que acomete mais frequentemente crianças. Nos adultos, representa espectro de neoplasias de prognóstico reservado. Entretanto, em nenhuma faixa etária há consenso sobre a terapêutica de escolha dessas lesões, motivando revisão sistemática com objetivo de elencar opções de tratamento, fatores prognósticos e sobrevida.

Material/Método:

realizamos revisão sistemática dos artigos publicados nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, LiLacs e Scielo, de 1966 a março/2019, contendo as palavras-chaves: primary-liver-sarcoma e primary-hepatic-sarcoma. Foram incluídos estudos que incluíram pacientes com idade a partir de 18 anos e publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. Relatos de caso, tumores metastáticos e pacientes com múltiplos diagnósticos oncológicos foram excluídos. Foram encontrados inicialmente 1.318 artigos, desses, 1.206 foram excluídos por estarem fora dos critérios de inclusão. Dos 112 artigos analisados e discutidos, 15 foram incluídos nesse artigo (14 séries de casos e 1 estudo de coorte retrospectivo).

Resultado:

os tratamentos propostos para o sarcoma primário do fígado em adultos incluíram cirurgia e/ou quimioterapia e/ou radioterapia ou transplante hepático. Os tipos histológicos mais frequentemente relados foram angiossarcoma (32%), leiomiossarcoma (29%), hemangioendotelioma epitelioide (15%) e sarcoma embrionário (7%). Tipo histológico, grau de diferenciação e resseção R0 foram os principais fatores de bom prognóstico. A sobrevida média total variou de dois a 23 meses. A sobrevida em cinco anos variou entre 0 e 64%, em média 21%.

Conclusão:

ressecção cirúrgica R0 é a base do tratamento dos sarcomas primários do fígado. Esse grupo heterogêneo de tumores requer desenvolvimento de terapias sistêmicas efetivas para melhoria do prognóstico.

Palavras chave:
Fígado; Sarcoma; Neoplasias Hepáticas; Revisão Sistemática

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

primary liver sarcoma is a rare type of tumor, more common in children. Among adults, it represents a spectrum of neoplasms with reserved prognosis. There is no consensus on the treatment of choice of these lesions, justifying a systematic review of the literature on treatment options, prognostic factors, and survival.

Material/Methods:

a systematic review of articles published in Pubmed, Medline, LiLacs e SciElo, from 1966 to March/2019, presenting the keywords: primary-liver-sarcoma and primary-hepatic-sarcoma was undertaken. Studies including patients older than 18 years, and published in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included. Case reports, metastatic tumors and multiple oncologic diagnosis were excluded. The initial search listed 1,318 articles. 1,206 did not meet the inclusion criteria. After reviewing 112 eligible articles, 15 were selected (14 case series and 1 retrospective-cohort).

Results:

proposed treatment modalities for primary liver sarcoma included surgery and/or chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy or liver transplantation. The most common histological types were angiosarcoma (32%), leiomyosarcoma (29%), epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (15%) and embryonal sarcoma (7%). Histology, degree of differentiation and R0 resection were mentioned positive prognostic factors. Median survival ranged from two to 23 months. Five-year survival rate varied from 0% to 64%, on average 21%.

Conclusion:

surgical resection (R0 resection) is the main treatment for primary liver sarcomas. Development of effective systemic therapies are required to improve prognosis of patients harboring this type of tumor.

Keywords:
Liver; Sarcoma; Liver Neoplasms; Systematic Review

INTRODUÇÃO

O sarcoma primário do fígado (SPF) é tumor raro, mais comum na infância11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87. e representa entre 0,1% e 2% do total dos tumores hepáticos11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.
-66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.. A história natural é de crescimento rápido, com sobrevida curta, com ou sem tratamento22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.

6 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.

7 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.

8 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11
-1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.. Em adultos, representa espectro de neoplasias e entre essas se destacam: angiossarcoma (AS), leiomiossarcoma (LMS), sarcoma embrionário indiferenciado (SEI), hemangioendotelioma epitelioide (EHE) e histiocitoma fibroso maligno (HFM)11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.

6 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.

7 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.

8 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.

11 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.

12 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.

13 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.

14 Zhou F, Huang HZ, Zhou MT, Han SL. Surgical Treatment and Chemotherapy of Adult Primary Liver Sarcoma: Experiences from a Single Hospital in China. Dig Surg. 2019;36(1):46-52.
-1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91..

Os principais sinais/sintomas dessas neoplasias são inespecíficos11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.
-66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6., incluindo: dor abdominal, massa palpável, febre, sangramento/rotura (principalmente, mas não exclusivamente nos angiossarcomas) e perda de peso11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.

6 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.

7 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.

8 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.

11 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.

12 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.

13 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.

14 Zhou F, Huang HZ, Zhou MT, Han SL. Surgical Treatment and Chemotherapy of Adult Primary Liver Sarcoma: Experiences from a Single Hospital in China. Dig Surg. 2019;36(1):46-52.
-1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91.. Nenhum marcador tumoral conhecido se eleva em casos de SPF11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,77 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58., o que torna a identificação dessas neoplasias difícil e tardia11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.
-33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,77 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1616 Soyer P, Bluemke DA, Riopel M, Hruban RH, Fishman EK. Hepatic leiomyosarcomas: CT features with pathologic correlation. Eur J Radiol. 1995;19(3):177-82.,1717 Soyer P, Blanc F, Vissuzaine C, Marmuse J-P, Menu Y. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver MR findings. Clin Imaging. 1996;20(4):273-5.. Atualmente, não há consenso sobre o tratamento de escolha dessas neoplasias11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87..

Essa revisão sistemática objetiva elencar opções terapêuticas, fatores prognósticos e resultados nessa categoria de pacientes.

MATERIAL E MÉTODOS

A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Medline, LiLacs e SciElo, entre 1966 e março/2019, utilizando-se as palavras chave: primary-liver-sarcoma e primary-hepatic-sarcoma. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês, português e espanhol, sobre pacientes com idade a partir de 18 anos diagnosticados com sarcoma primário do fígado e que receberam algum tipo de tratamento. Foram excluídos relatos de caso, tumores metastáticos e pacientes com múltiplos diagnósticos oncológicos (Figura 1).

Figura 1
Fluxograma da Revisão Sistemática.

A busca foi realizada por três autores independentes, que leram o título e o resumo de todos os artigos obtidos nas bases de dados. Após isso, os textos completos foram analisados. Os desacordos foram resolvidos por debate entre os autores e pelo julgamento final do autor sênior.

Foram encontrados 1.318 artigos, dentre os quais 1.206 foram excluídos por não preencherem os critérios de inclusão. Dos 112 artigos analisados e discutidos, 15 foram incluídos nesse artigo (14 séries de casos e 1 estudo de coorte retrospectivo) (Figura 1).

RESULTADOS

Dos 15 artigos incluídos sobre SPF11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.

6 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.

7 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.

8 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.

11 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.

12 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.

13 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.

14 Zhou F, Huang HZ, Zhou MT, Han SL. Surgical Treatment and Chemotherapy of Adult Primary Liver Sarcoma: Experiences from a Single Hospital in China. Dig Surg. 2019;36(1):46-52.
-1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91., seis são de séries de casos específicos de angiossarcomas. Essas publicações abrangiam amplo espectro de sarcomas e diversos tratamentos. Resumo com os principais dados de cada artigo é apresentado na Tabela 1.

Tabela 1
Resumo dos Artigos Incluídos.

No total, 569 pacientes foram relatados. Sendo 52% do sexo masculino (N - 294) e 48% feminino (N- 272). Os principais sinais e sintomas foram: dor abdominal (57%), massa palpável em hipocôndrio direito (27%), perda de peso (18%) e febre (10%). Outros achados incluíam anemia e anorexia. O sangramento intralesional, com ou sem rotura, foi encontrado em até 26,6% dos angiossarcomas. Observamos ainda 8% de pacientes assintomáticos (Tabela 2).

Tabela 2
Características clínico-patológicas dos 569 pacientes portadores de sarcoma primário do fígado.

O tipo histológico mais comum foi o angiossarcoma, encontrado em 32% dos pacientes. Seguido pelo leiomiossarcoma (29%) e o hemangioendotelioma epitelioide (15%)1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91.. O sarcoma embrionário ocorreu em 7%, o rabdomiossarcoma, em 5%, o carcinossarcoma, em 3% e o histiocitoma maligno ocorreu em 2% dos pacientes relatados.

A ressecção cirúrgica foi indicada, como tratamento, em 78% dos pacientes, sendo 66% como monoterapia11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.

6 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.

7 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.

8 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.
-1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.,1313 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.

14 Zhou F, Huang HZ, Zhou MT, Han SL. Surgical Treatment and Chemotherapy of Adult Primary Liver Sarcoma: Experiences from a Single Hospital in China. Dig Surg. 2019;36(1):46-52.
-1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91. e, em 17%, combinada a quimioterapia adjuvante11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.
-55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11,1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.,1313 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.,1414 Zhou F, Huang HZ, Zhou MT, Han SL. Surgical Treatment and Chemotherapy of Adult Primary Liver Sarcoma: Experiences from a Single Hospital in China. Dig Surg. 2019;36(1):46-52..

A quimioterapia (QT) foi utilizada em 31% dos pacientes. A doxorubicina, adriamicina, etoposida, ifosfamida e a ciclofosfamida foram os medicamentos mais utilizados11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.
-55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,1313 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.. A neoadjuvância não foi utilizada em nenhum caso. Apenas dois artigos citavam o uso da radioterapia (RXT) com adjuvância ou tratamento isolado22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4..

Outros tipos de tratamentos foram utilizados. O transplante hepático (TX) foi citado por alguns artigos11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.,77 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11,1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91. e utilizado em até 17,3% dos casos na maior coorte retrospectiva1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91..

Quimioembolização arterial (TACE) e/ou embolização seletiva da artéria hepática (TAE) foram utilizadas em 15% dos pacientes, principalmente nas séries de casos de angiossarcomas e foram utilizadas como monoterapia ou em associação com quimioterapia ou cirurgia11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1212 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.,1414 Zhou F, Huang HZ, Zhou MT, Han SL. Surgical Treatment and Chemotherapy of Adult Primary Liver Sarcoma: Experiences from a Single Hospital in China. Dig Surg. 2019;36(1):46-52.. Nesses artigos, a eleição por essas terapias foi claramente associada à presença de rotura e/ou sangramento.

A sobrevida média variou de dois a 23 meses. A sobrevida em cinco anos oscilou entre 0% e 64%66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.,1212 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85., em média 21%. Os melhores resultados foram alcançados em pacientes com hemangioendotelioma epitelioide, tratados com ressecção R0.

Observou-se a ressecção R0 como a única terapia curativa, aliada ou não a uma adjuvância, como fator prognóstico mais importante44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.
-66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.
-1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.. Além desse, observou-se relação inversa entre tamanho do tumor e sobrevida do paciente99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11. O tipo histológico mais agressivo foi angiossarcoma. O grau de diferenciação se relacionou diretamente ao prognóstico44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.,66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.,1313 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6.,1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91. (Tabela 3).

Tabela 3
Fatores prognósticos.

DISCUSSÃO

Os sarcomas primários do fígado são doenças raras11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.
-55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1818 Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Primary liver cancer in Japan. Clinicopathologic features and results of surgical treatment. Ann Surg. 1990;211(3):277-87.,1919 Neshiwat LF, Friedland ML, Schorr-Lesnick B, Feldman S, Glucksman WJ, Russo RD. Hepatic angiosarcoma. Am J Med. 1992; 93(2):219-22., espectro heterogêneo22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5., e prognóstico variável11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4., em geral, sombrio22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.

6 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.

7 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.

8 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11
-1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.. A maioria dessas neoplasias é de causa idiopática88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66., porém, nos angiossarcomas11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82. existe associação com exposição ao thorotrast11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1212 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.,2020 Locker GY, Doroshow JH, Zwelling LA, Chabner BA. The clinical features of hepatic angiosarcoma: a report of four cases and a review of the English literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1979;58(1):48-64.

21 Kim KA, Kim KW, Park SH, Jang SJ, Park MS, Kim PN, et al. Unusual mesenchymal liver tumors in adults: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(5):481-9.

22 Srinivasan R, Dean HA. Thorotrast and the liver. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1997;35(2):199-202.
-2323 Forbes A, Portmann B, Johnson P, Williams R. Hepatic sarcomas in adults: a review of 25 cases. Gut. 1987 Jun 1;28(6):668-74., cloreto de vinilo, arsênico e uso de esteroides androgênicos1313 Tripke V, Heinrich S, Huber T, Mittler J, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Straub BK, et al. Surgical therapy of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):1-6..

Nos últimos três anos, no Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), foram tratados quatro casos de sarcomas hepáticos primários, justificando essa busca por opções de tratamento. Encontramos literatura limitada, composta basicamente por relatos de caso. As séries de caso, além de escassas, são curtas e não uniformes, abordando inúmeros tipos de sarcoma e condutas terapêuticas diversas. Nesse cenário, esse estudo visou reunir e, assim, colaborar para uniformização das evidências sobre a doença.

Devido à raridade e aos sintomas inespecíficos, o diagnóstico de SPF é difícil e tardio, geralmente ocorrendo em estágios avançados11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.

2 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.
-33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,77 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1616 Soyer P, Bluemke DA, Riopel M, Hruban RH, Fishman EK. Hepatic leiomyosarcomas: CT features with pathologic correlation. Eur J Radiol. 1995;19(3):177-82.,1717 Soyer P, Blanc F, Vissuzaine C, Marmuse J-P, Menu Y. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver MR findings. Clin Imaging. 1996;20(4):273-5.. Porém, essa neoplasia requer diagnóstico e tratamento imediatos88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.. A suspeita diagnóstica pré-operatória é necessária, visando inferir o tipo histológico11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.,2424 Lyburn ID, Torreggiani WC, Harris AC, Zwirewich C V, Buckley AR, Davis JE, et al. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: sonographic, CT, and MR imaging appearances. Am J Roentgenol. 2003; 180(5):1359-64. e avaliar o estadiamento e a ressecabilidade. O exame de imagem com massas grandes não compatíveis com hepatocarcinoma ou colangiocarcinoma é o que levanta a suspeita desse diagnóstico22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.. Tumores rotos ou sangramento intralesional também alertam para essa condição. A biópsia pré-operatória pode ser desnecessária e estar associada, nos angiossarcomas e histiocitomas fibrosos, a complicações graves, como sangramento maciço e óbito11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,77 Li Y, Akbari E, Tretiakova MS, Hart J, Akbari M, Urbanski SJ, et al. Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(8):1144-58.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,2020 Locker GY, Doroshow JH, Zwelling LA, Chabner BA. The clinical features of hepatic angiosarcoma: a report of four cases and a review of the English literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1979;58(1):48-64.,2525 Stambo GW, Guiney MJ. Hepatic angiosarcoma presenting as an acute intraabdominal hemorrhage treated with transarterial chemoembolization. Sarcoma. 2007;2007(1):90169.. No planejamento terapêutico, a TAE deve ser considerada de antemão em tumores sangrantes/rotos ou no evento de acidentes de biópsia22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11
-1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1212 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.,2525 Stambo GW, Guiney MJ. Hepatic angiosarcoma presenting as an acute intraabdominal hemorrhage treated with transarterial chemoembolization. Sarcoma. 2007;2007(1):90169.,2626 Huang NC, Kuo YC, Chiang JC, Hung SY, Wang HM, Hung YM, et al. Hepatic Angiosarcoma May Have Fair Survival Nowadays. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;94(19):1-10..

Juntos, o hemangioendotelioma epitelioide, o leiomiossarcoma e o angiossarcoma totalizam 75% dos casos e, nesse estudo, representaram 429 casos. Os quatro tipos mais frequentes de sarcoma primário do fígado são discutidos a seguir.

Hemangioendotelioma epitelioide

O hemangioendotelioma epitelioide é reconhecido como angiossarcoma de baixo grau1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91.,2727 Mehrabi A, Kashfi A, Fonouni H, Schemmer P, Schmied BM, Hallscheidt P, et al. Primary malignant hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Cancer. 2006; 107(9):2108-21.,2828 Carbone A, Gloghini A, Volpe R. The value of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Oncol. 1992;3 Suppl 2(5):S51-4., com comportamento indolente, mesmo na presença de doença linfonodal e metástases.

Leiomiossarcoma

No leiomiossarcoma, a apresentação clínica mais comum foi hepatomegalia, grande massa abdominal e dor epigástrica33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,2929 Yu RS, Chen Y, Jiang B, Wang LH, Xu XF. Primary hepatic sarcomas: CT findings. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(10):2196-205.. Esse tumor ocorre em pessoas de meia idade e a distribuição entre os sexos é semelhante33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.,2929 Yu RS, Chen Y, Jiang B, Wang LH, Xu XF. Primary hepatic sarcomas: CT findings. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(10):2196-205.. Nesse levantamento, a idade média dos pacientes com essa neoplasia foi de 57 anos e, não houve predileção por sexo, sendo 52% homens.

O prognóstico do leiomiossarcoma é razoável, com sobrevida mediana de 19 meses e sobrevida em um, dois e cinco anos de aproximadamente 61%, 41% e 14%, respectivamente, variando de 0,5 a 141 meses. Os fatores de prognóstico desfavorável nesse grupo foram: a) margem cirúrgica comprometida e; b) tumores grandes (maiores que 10cm3)3030 Koyama T, Fletcher JG, Johnson CD, Kuo MS, Notohara K, Burgart LJ. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: findings at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 2002; 222(3):667-73.

31 Ikeda K, Maehara M, Ohmura N, Kurokawa H, Koda K, Yokoyama H, et al. Spontaneous rupture of a necrotic hepatic angiosarcoma: findings on dual-phase computed tomography and angiography. Radiat Med. 2006;24(5):369-72.

32 Peterson MS, Baron RL, Rankin SC. Hepatic angiosarcoma: findings on multiphasic contrast-enhanced helical CT do not mimic hepatic hemangioma. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(1):165-70.

33 Li Q, Hao X. Hepatic angiosarcoma: a review of twelve coses. Chinese J Clin Oncol. 2005;2(1):457-61.
-3434 Kim HR, Rha SY, Cheon SH, Roh JK, Park YN, Yoo NC. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of advanced stage primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(4):780-7..

O leimomiossarcoma foi descrito na tomografia computadorizada (TC) como massa grande, bem definida, heterogênea e hipodensa com o contraste realçando áreas internas e periféricas11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,3535 Ferrozzi F, Bova D, Zangrandi A, Garlaschi G. Primary liver leiomyosarcoma: CT appearance. Abdom Imaging. 1996;21(2):157-60.. Foi descrito também como grande massa hipervascular com hemorragia ou necrose liquefativa11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,3535 Ferrozzi F, Bova D, Zangrandi A, Garlaschi G. Primary liver leiomyosarcoma: CT appearance. Abdom Imaging. 1996;21(2):157-60.. Na ressonância magnética (RM), na sequência em T1, o tumor foi descrito com hipointensidade homogênea ou heterogênea e, em T2, com hiperintensidade e observação ocasional de encapsulamento2929 Yu RS, Chen Y, Jiang B, Wang LH, Xu XF. Primary hepatic sarcomas: CT findings. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(10):2196-205..

As metástases foram comuns nesses pacientes, ocorrendo em aproximadamente 43% dos casos durante o curso do tratamento. O sítio principal foi pulmão, seguido, em ordem decrescente, por pleura/parede torácica/diafragma, rim e ossos33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4..

O tratamento do leiomiossarcoma foi cirúrgico, objetivando-se a ressecção completa do tumor primário. Esquemas de terapia sistêmica com quimioterapia ou radioterapia não foram estabelecidos e quando usados não parecem ter aumentado a sobrevida desses pacientes33 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4..

Angiossarcoma

O angiossarcoma é responsável por aproximadamente entre 2% e 3% dos sarcomas de partes moles em adulto99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11 e tem etiologia associada a exposição a thorotrast11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,1212 Park YS, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee IS, Yoon HK, Ko GY, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: imaging findings and palliative treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or embolization. Clin Radiol. 2009;64(8):779-85.,2020 Locker GY, Doroshow JH, Zwelling LA, Chabner BA. The clinical features of hepatic angiosarcoma: a report of four cases and a review of the English literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1979;58(1):48-64.

21 Kim KA, Kim KW, Park SH, Jang SJ, Park MS, Kim PN, et al. Unusual mesenchymal liver tumors in adults: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(5):481-9.

22 Srinivasan R, Dean HA. Thorotrast and the liver. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1997;35(2):199-202.
-2323 Forbes A, Portmann B, Johnson P, Williams R. Hepatic sarcomas in adults: a review of 25 cases. Gut. 1987 Jun 1;28(6):668-74.,2626 Huang NC, Kuo YC, Chiang JC, Hung SY, Wang HM, Hung YM, et al. Hepatic Angiosarcoma May Have Fair Survival Nowadays. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;94(19):1-10.,2828 Carbone A, Gloghini A, Volpe R. The value of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Oncol. 1992;3 Suppl 2(5):S51-4., cloreto de vinilo e arsênico11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,2323 Forbes A, Portmann B, Johnson P, Williams R. Hepatic sarcomas in adults: a review of 25 cases. Gut. 1987 Jun 1;28(6):668-74.. A doença se expressa entre nove e 35 anos após o contato com esses agentes99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11. Essa exposição causa mutações nos genes p53 e K-ras, que leva ao desenvolvimento do câncer99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11. Esse sarcoma é mais comum em homens (76%) e, em geral, acomete pacientes entre 50 e 60 anos99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11.

Os principais sintomas do angiossarcoma são: dor abdominal11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11, fadiga, fraqueza e perda de peso88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.,2626 Huang NC, Kuo YC, Chiang JC, Hung SY, Wang HM, Hung YM, et al. Hepatic Angiosarcoma May Have Fair Survival Nowadays. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;94(19):1-10., os principais sinais são: hepatoesplenomegalia, ascite, icterícia e anemia99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11. Além disso, entre 17% e 27% dos casos cursam com rotura do tumor e hemoperitônio11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11,2929 Yu RS, Chen Y, Jiang B, Wang LH, Xu XF. Primary hepatic sarcomas: CT findings. Eur Radiol. 2008;18(10):2196-205.

30 Koyama T, Fletcher JG, Johnson CD, Kuo MS, Notohara K, Burgart LJ. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: findings at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 2002; 222(3):667-73.
-3131 Ikeda K, Maehara M, Ohmura N, Kurokawa H, Koda K, Yokoyama H, et al. Spontaneous rupture of a necrotic hepatic angiosarcoma: findings on dual-phase computed tomography and angiography. Radiat Med. 2006;24(5):369-72..

O diagnóstico é difícil: os principais marcadores tumorais (CA-19.9 e alfafetoproteína) não se elevam durante o desenvolvimento da doença11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44., além disso, a biópsia em casos suspeitos está contraindicada por ter alto risco de causar sangramento maciço durante o procedimento88 Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(4):677-82.

9 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.
-1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.. Algumas características de imagem podem auxiliar nesse momento. Na TC, o angiossarcoma é hipoatenuante quando comparado ao fígado normal e o contraste pode realçar áreas centrais ou periféricas de modo não usual11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,3232 Peterson MS, Baron RL, Rankin SC. Hepatic angiosarcoma: findings on multiphasic contrast-enhanced helical CT do not mimic hepatic hemangioma. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(1):165-70.. Já na RM, sequências em T1 mostram áreas focais de alta intensidade de sinal e as em T2 mostram a arquitetura heterogênea desse tumor11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,3232 Peterson MS, Baron RL, Rankin SC. Hepatic angiosarcoma: findings on multiphasic contrast-enhanced helical CT do not mimic hepatic hemangioma. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(1):165-70..

O tratamento dessa categoria dos sarcomas primários é basicamente cirúrgico (ressecção R0), sendo esse tratamento o único curativo1010 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.. Não há padronização específica para qualquer tratamento neoadjuvante ou adjuvante com quimioterapia ou radioterapia2626 Huang NC, Kuo YC, Chiang JC, Hung SY, Wang HM, Hung YM, et al. Hepatic Angiosarcoma May Have Fair Survival Nowadays. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;94(19):1-10.. Porém, estudos recentes associaram a quimioterapia ao prolongamento da vida de pacientes com angiossarcoma avançado2626 Huang NC, Kuo YC, Chiang JC, Hung SY, Wang HM, Hung YM, et al. Hepatic Angiosarcoma May Have Fair Survival Nowadays. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;94(19):1-10.,3333 Li Q, Hao X. Hepatic angiosarcoma: a review of twelve coses. Chinese J Clin Oncol. 2005;2(1):457-61.,3434 Kim HR, Rha SY, Cheon SH, Roh JK, Park YN, Yoo NC. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of advanced stage primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(4):780-7..

Entre todos os sarcomas primários do fígado, o angiossarcoma é o de pior prognóstico. A sobrevida média é de aproximadamente seis meses11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.. Os principais fatores de mau prognóstico, para esse tumor, são o sangramento e a rotura espontâneas do tumor99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11.

Em estudo recente (2018), utilizando-se o National Cancer Database (2004 - 2014), 17,3% dos pacientes foram submetidos a transplante hepático, sendo a maioria (97,6%) portadores de angiossarcoma ou hemangioendotelioma epitelioide. Avaliando esses pacientes (131 casos) separadamente, observamos que os submetidos a transplante eram mais jovens, apresentavam tumores maiores e tinham maior envolvimento linfonodal. A sobrevida média global foi similar, quando comparado transplante à ressecção, mas quando analisamos separadamente, os angiossarcomas tiveram tendência a maior sobrevida com ressecção em comparação ao transplante (16,6 X 6 meses, P= 0,07)1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91..

Sarcoma embrionário indiferenciado

O sarcoma embrionário indiferenciado do fígado é entidade ainda mais rara, que acomete principalmente crianças, com idade acima dos cinco anos. Essas crianças geralmente apresentam massa abdominal palpável e dolorosa. Febre, perda de peso e sintomas gastrointestinais também podem estar presentes11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.,66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.,1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91.. Macroscopicamente, o tumor contém maior componente sólido e algumas áreas císticas. Curiosamente, a TC superestima o componente cístico da lesão, sendo a ultrassonografia (US) o exame mais fidedigno na avaliação da consistência do tumor. Os estudos de imagem ajudam a afastar enfermidades não-neoplásicas, como abscessos e hematomas hepáticos e fazem a avaliação da extensão da lesão, o que é indispensável no planejamento da terapia. O diagnóstico de sarcoma embrionário pode ser corretamente presumido quando se consideram os achados de imagem em conjunto com a idade do paciente e o nível de alfa-fetoproteína11 Lin YH, Lin CC, Concejero AM, Yong CC, Kuo FY, Wang CC. Surgical experience of adult primary hepatic sarcomas. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13:87.,22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.,44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.,66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.,1515 Konstantinidis IT, Nota C, Jutric Z, Ituarte P, Chow W, Chu P, et al. Primary liver sarcomas in the modern era: Resection or transplantation? J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(5):886-91..

Na histologia, é um tumor composto por células fusiformes indiferenciadas entremeadas por matriz mixoide abundante. Algumas evidências sugerem que esse sarcoma seja derivado da transformação maligna do hamartoma mesenquimal. Alguns relatos descrevem a identificação de ambos os tipos histológicos em um mesmo paciente3636 Li Q, Wang J, Sun Y, Cui Y, Hao X. Hepatic angiosarcoma arising in an adult mesenchymal hamartoma. Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2007;4(1):3.. Quando ocorrem em adultos, os sarcomas embrionários indiferenciados do fígado acometem mulheres, na faixa etária entre 40 e 55 anos.

CONCLUSÃO

Poucos artigos específicos e baixos níveis de evidência caracterizam a literatura atual relacionada aos sarcomas primários do fígado. Nesse cenário, o tratamento de eleição é a ressecção R0, que se apresenta como única modalidade curativa44 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.

5 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.
-66 Weitz J, Klimstra DS, Cymes K, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica M, La Quaglia MP, et al. Management of primary liver sarcomas. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1391-6.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11

10 Zhou YM, Li B, Yin ZM, Xu F, Wang B, Xu W, et al. Results of hepatic resection for primary hepatic angiosarcoma in adults. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(2):61-66.
-1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.,2323 Forbes A, Portmann B, Johnson P, Williams R. Hepatic sarcomas in adults: a review of 25 cases. Gut. 1987 Jun 1;28(6):668-74.,2626 Huang NC, Kuo YC, Chiang JC, Hung SY, Wang HM, Hung YM, et al. Hepatic Angiosarcoma May Have Fair Survival Nowadays. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;94(19):1-10.,3737 Chang WWL, Agha FP, Morgan WS. Primary sarcoma of the liver in the adult. Cancer. 1983;51(8):1510-7.,3838 Peiper M, Rogiers X, Zornig C. [Primary sarcoma of the liver in adults]. Langenbecks Arch Chir. 1994;379(6):368-71. German.. Não foi possível estabelecer uso sistemático para quimioterapia ou radioterapia22 Almogy G, Lieberman S, Gips M, Pappo O, Edden Y, Jurim O, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical resections for primary liver sarcoma in adults: results from a single centre. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(4):421-7.

3 Chi M, Dudek AZ, Wind KP. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in adults: Analysis of prognostic factors. Onkologie. 2012; 35:210-4.

4 Poggio JL, Nagorney DM, Nascimento AG, Rowland C, Kay P, Young RM, et al. Surgical treatment of adult primary hepatic sarcoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87(11):1500-5.
-55 Matthaei H, Krieg A, Schmelzle M, Boelke E, Poremba C, Rogiers X, et al. Long-term survival after surgery for primary hepatic sarcoma in adults. Arch Surg. 2009; 144(4):339-44.,99 Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Hui Z, Du W, Li R, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma and potential treatment options. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(5):906-11,1111 Duan XF, Li Q. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: A retrospective analysis of 6 cases. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(7):381-5.,2323 Forbes A, Portmann B, Johnson P, Williams R. Hepatic sarcomas in adults: a review of 25 cases. Gut. 1987 Jun 1;28(6):668-74.,3737 Chang WWL, Agha FP, Morgan WS. Primary sarcoma of the liver in the adult. Cancer. 1983;51(8):1510-7.,3939 Harris MB, Shen S, Weiner MA, Bruckner H, Dasgupta I, Bleicher M, et al. Treatment of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer. 1984;54(12):2859-62.

40 Stocker JT, Ishak KG. Undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma of the liver.Report of 31 cases. Cancer. 1978;42(1):336-48.
-4141 Pinson CW, Lopez RR, Ivancev K, Ireland K, Sawyers JL. Resection of primary hepatic malignant fibrous histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. South Med J. 1994;87(3):384-91.

A precocidade no diagnóstico e tratamento são essenciais. Fatores associados ao prognóstico desfavorável são: a) tipo histológico; b) acometimento linfonodal; c) rotura tumoral e; d) ressecções R1/R2. Fatores de prognóstico favorável e maior sobrevida são: a) ressecção R0; b) grau de diferenciação e; c) tumores pequenos

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  • Fonte de financiamento:

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    30 Nov 2020
  • Data do Fascículo
    2020

Histórico

  • Recebido
    30 Maio 2020
  • Aceito
    29 Jun 2020
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