The Influence of Education and Depression on Autonomy of Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Cross-sectional Study

A influência da educação e depressão sobre a autonomia de mulheres com dor pélvica crônica: um estudo transversal

Abstracts

Objective

Patient autonomy has great importance for a valid informed consent in clinical practice. Our objectives were to quantify thedomains of patient autonomy and to evaluate the variables that can affect patient autonomy in women with chronic pelvic pain.

Methods

This study is a cross sectional survey performed in a tertiary care University Hospital. Fifty-two consecutive women scheduled for laparoscopic management of chronic pelvic were included. Three major components of autonomy (competence, information or freedom) were evaluated using a Likert scale with 24 validated affirmatives.

Results

Competence scores (0.85 vs 0.92; p = 0.006) and information scores (0.90 vs 0.93; p = 0.02) were low for women with less than eight years of school attendance. Information scores were low in the presence of anxiety (0.91 vs 0.93; p = 0.05) or depression (0.90 vs 0.93; p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Our data show that systematic evaluation of patient autonomy can provide clinical relevant information in gynecology. Low educational level, anxiety and depression might reduce the patient autonomy in women with chronic pelvic pain.

autonomy; diagnostic laparoscopy; chronic pelvic pain; education; depression

Objetivo

A autonomia da paciente é de grande importância para que o consentimento informado seja válido na prática clínica. Nossos objetivos foram quantificar os domínios da autonomia e avaliar variáveis que modificam a autonomia em mulheres com dor pélvica crônica.

Métodos

Este é um estudo transversal realizado em um Hospital Universitário terciário. Foram incluídas consecutivamente 52 mulheres com dor pélvica crônica agendadas para videolaparoscopia. Foi utilizada uma escala Likert com 24 afirmativas validadas para quantificar os três principais componentes da autonomia (competência, informação e liberdade).

Resultados

Os escores de competência (0,85 vs 0,92; p = 0,006) e informação (0,90 vs 0,93; p = 0,02) foram menores para mulheres com ensino fundamental incompleto. Os escores de informação foram menores em mulheres com sintomas de ansiedade (0,91 vs 0,93; p = 0,05) ou depressão (0,90 vs 0,93; p = 0,01).

Conclusões

Nossos dados mostram que a quantificação da autonomia pode produzir informações relevantes para a prática clínica em ginecologia. O nível educacional e a presença de ansiedade e depressão podem afetar a autonomia de mulheres com dor pélvica crônica.

autonomia; laparoscopia diagnóstica; dor pélvica crônica; educação

Introduction

Informed consent is an integral part of medical decision-making for a patient accepting a specific treatment. ¹For an informed consent to be valid, the patient has to be informed about potential effects and side effects of the treatment. The final decision whether to recommend or not the treatment should take in account the patient autonomy. Autonomy implies competence to consent, understanding of risks and benefits, and freedom to decide. ²Competence to consent refers to the ability to understand the information. The risks, benefits and alternatives available have to be informed in an accessible language. Finally, the patient has to feel free to decide in being submitted or not to the proposed procedure. According to the autonomy principle, all patients are entitled to decide on the issues related to their own life. ³

With medical care moving toward patient centered approach, to understand the various aspects involved in autonomy has great importance for achieving optimal care in reproductive medicine. However, in clinical practice, a systematic evaluation of patient's autonomy is not done routinely. For women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP), the laparoscopic investigation can led to additional diagnostic procedures or treatment in 28.8% and discard unnecessary diagnostic procedures in 13% of cases. The rates of minor complications are around 2% and major complications 0.1%. ⁴Despite the benefits of laparoscopy in the management of selected patients with CPP, the informed consent is mandatory before the surgical intervention. In this proof of principle study, we systematically evaluated the autonomy in a consecutive series of women with CPP scheduled for diagnostic laparoscopy.

Methods

Study Design and Participants

Fifty-two consecutive patients with chronic pelvic pain scheduled to diagnostic laparoscopy were included in this cross-sectional survey study. The Institutional Ethics Committee for Research provided ethical approval for this study registration number: 3973/2008) and all participants gave specific written consent before being interviewed for this study.

The inclusion criterion was: pain in pelvic region persistent for at least six months requiring laparoscopy for diagnosis and/or treatment. Women who had history of abdominal cancer or pelvic cancer were not included. The informed consents for laparoscopic procedures were obtained by the consultant gynecologist, and the application of the questionnaires for this study was conducted by one of the authors of this study. All patients had given consent to be submitted to laparoscopy by the time the questionnaires were applied. This manuscript was written based on STROBE Statement.

Measures

The questionnaire for autonomy characterization was based on five-level Likert scale and included 24 affirmations ( Table 1). The questionnaire was applied in Portuguese and the contents had been previously validated by six experts who evaluated whether test items assess the proposed autonomy domains. ⁵The affirmations were divided in three categories: information (11 affirmations), competence (6 affirmations) and freedom (7 affirmations). Each statement was followed by a visual analogue scale with the following alternatives and their corresponding values: strongly disagree (1), disagree (2), neither agree nor disagree (3), agree (4) and strongly agree (5). The statements were presented randomly, with positive and negative propositions. For negative propositions, the values were adjusted for the analysis. The scores for competence, information, and freedom were calculated by dividing the score obtained by the maximum possible value in the category.

Table 1
Questionnaire for autonomy quantification

Category	Statement	Proposition
Information	I have been informed about the proposed surgery.	Positive
	I have been explained about the available non-surgical management for my pain.	Positive
	I have been informed the advantages of the proposed surgery.	Positive
	I have been informed the disadvantages of the proposed surgery.	Positive
	I have been explained the reason for the surgery.	Positive
	The explanations provided by the health team gave me confidence to make a decision.	Positive
	I would like having received further information about the proposed surgery.	Negative
	All my questions have been answered.	Positive
	I have been informed about the risks of the proposed surgery.	Positive
	I got the information to make the decision about undergoing surgery from internet, magazines, newspapers, TV shows or other sources.	Negative
	I got the information to make the decision about undergoing surgery from people who underwent to the same surgery.	Negative
Competence	I was able to understand the available alternatives to the proposed surgery.	Positive
	I found difficult to understand the provided information about the surgery.	Negative
	I found difficult to understand the medical terms used by the doctor.	Negative
	I was able to understand the procedure to be performed.	Positive
	I was able to understand the answers to my questions.	Positive
	The risks of the surgery are not clear to me.	Negative
Freedom	I feel free to talk to the health team about my doubts.	Positive
	The health team listened to my concerns.	Positive
	I felt difficulty to ask questions to the attending doctor.	Negative
	I feel free to decide about my treatment.	Positive
	I have not been asked about my preference for the type of treatment.	Negative
	I did not like the way I was treated when asked about the treatment.	Negative
	I made my decision based on the information provided by the health team.	Positive

Data on age, educational attainment, marital status and family monthly income, were obtained at the time of questionnaire application. Pain duration was recorded in months as informed by the patient. The current pain intensity was based on a 100 mm visual analogue scale: moderate pain (45–74 mm) and severe pain (75–100 mm). ⁶Anxiety and depression symptoms were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The HADS is a fourteen item scale that generates ordinal data. Seven of the items relate to anxiety and seven relate to depression. Each item is scored from zero to three. ⁷In this study we used the cut-off value of 8/21 for anxiety or depression. ⁸

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 13 software (StataCorp LP, 2013, Texas, USA). A correlation matrix for autonomy components was calculated using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Univariate analyses were conducted using Student t -test.

Results

The baseline data are presented in Table 2. Patients' age varied from 19 to 58 years with median of 33 years. Nineteen (37%) reported moderate pain and 33 (63%) severe pain according to VAS classification. Twenty-six patients (50%) had pain duration between 6 months and 2 years and 26 (50%) patients had pain duration longer than 2 years. Thirty-three (63%) patients presented anxiety symptoms and 18 (35%) presented depression symptoms. Twenty-six (50%) women did not complete the fundamental compulsory education time (8 years). Forty-three (83%) had family income lower than US$ 1,000.00 a month. Thirteen (25%) women were single.

Table 2
Baseline data

Variable	Median	Range
Age	33	19–58
VAS* (pain intensity)	85	45–100
Pain duration (months)	27	6–240
	N	%
Laparoscopic diagnosis
Endometriosis	24	46.1
Benign ovarian cyst	6	11.5
Pelvic adhesion	8	15.3
Normal	14	26.9
HADS**
Anxiety	33	63.4
Depression	18	34.6
Educational level
Incomplete fundamental level	26	50,0
Complete fundamental level	22	42.3
College degree	4	7.6
Family income (monthly)
≥ US$ 1,000.00	9	17.3
< US$ 1,000.00	43	82.6
Marital status
Single	13	25,0
Married	39	75,0

• Abbreviations: VAS, Visual Analogue Scale ⁶; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. ⁷

Autonomy scores varied from 0.60 to 1.00 (mean = 0.92) for competence, from 0.6 to 1.0 (mean = 0.92) for information and from 0.80 to 1.00 (mean = 0.92) for freedom. Competence and information scores were significantly correlated (r = 0.34, p = 0.01). However, the freedom scores were not correlated with competence or information scores ( Table 3).

Table 3
Matrix correlation among components of autonomy in women with chronic pelvic pain

	Competence	Information	Freedom
Competence	1.0
Information	r = 0.34 ( p = 0.01)	1.0
Freedom	r = 0.08 ( p = 0.56)	r = 0.01 ( p = 0.93)	1.0

• r: Pearson correlation coefficient.

Associations between autonomy scores and patients characteristics are presented in the Table 4. Two parameters were significantly associated with reduction of autonomy to consent in undergoing to laparoscopic diagnosis procedure: educational attainment and symptoms of depression. Women who did not complete the fundamental level of compulsory education had low competence score (0.85 vs 0.92; p = 0.006) and low information score (0.90 vs 0.93; p = 0.02). The information score was low for women with symptoms of anxiety (0.91 vs 0.93; p = 0.05) or depression had low information score (0.90 vs 0.93; p = 0.02).

Table 4
Scores for autonomy components in women with chronic pelvic pain

Variable	Competence	P	Information	P	Freedom	P
Age		0.32		0.15		0.76
< 33 years	0.90 (0.11)		0.92 (0.03)		0.88 (0.09)
≥33 years	0.87 (0.11)		0.91 (0.05)		0.87 (0.08)
Educational attainment		0.006		0.02		0.10
Incomplete elementary school	0.85 (0.13)		0.90 (0.05)		0.86 (0.08)
Elementary school or more	0.92 (0.07)		0.93 (0.04)		0.89 (0.09)
Marital status		0.43		0.95		0.84
Single	0.90 (0.03)		0.92 (0.05)		0.87 (0.1)
Married	0.88 (0.02)		0.92 (0.04)		0.88 (0.08)
Familial monthly income		0.36		0.16		0.96
< US$1,000.00	0.88 (0.11)		0.91 (0.04)		0.87 (0.09)
≥US$1,000.00	0.91 (0.08)		0.93 (0.05)		0.88 (0.10)
Pain intensity		0.81		0.81		0.12
Moderate	0.88 (0.10)		0.91 (0.05)		0.85 (0.09)
Severe	0.89 (0.12)		0.92 (0.04)		0.89 (0.08)
Pain duration		0.59		0.65		0.65
< 2 years	0.89 (0.12)		0.91 (0.05)		0.87 (0.08)
≥2 years	0.88 (0.10)		0.92 (0.04)		0.88 (0.09)
Anxiety		0.66		0.05		0.29
Yes	0.88 (0.12)		0.91 (0.04)		0.86 (0.08)
No	0.89 (0.12)		0.93 (0.05)		0.89 (0.09)
Depression		0.34		0.01		0.63
Yes	0.86 (0.12)		0.90 (0.04)		0.87 (0.08)
No	0.89 (0.11)		0.93 (0.04)		0.88 (0.09)

• Scores are presented as mean standard deviation (SD), P values were calculated using Student t -test.

Discussion

Shared decision making is becoming dominant in gynecology. This approach has ethical and clinical benefits, ⁹however its implementation is challenging. One important factor in this process is patient autonomy. In this study we evaluated a questionnaire, previously used for quantifying patient autonomy in deciding about aesthetic procedures, ⁵to quantify patient autonomy in women with CPP scheduled for diagnostic laparoscopy. Our results showed that the quantification of patient autonomy can provide details about the domains of autonomy: competence, information and freedom. We were also able to identify variables that can affect these domains.

Educational level can affect many aspects of the decision process in health care. In the current study, patients were predominantly from low income population (83%). However, there were social inequalities even among them. Fifty percent of the patients did not complete the compulsory fundamental educational level. In clinical trials the comprehension of informed consent is impaired by low educational level. ¹⁰At the time of deciding to undergo hysterectomy for treating benign gynecologic disease, the unjustified fear of cancer is more common among less educated women. ¹¹Men from underserved communities are at higher risk of misunderstanding medical terms associated with diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. ¹²Our quantitative analysis showed that the scores for competence and information were lower among less educated women. Although limited by the study design, a cross-sectional survey, our data provided evidence that usual care might not warrant autonomy for women with low educational level. Strategies based on decision aids are needed to improve the shared decision making for those patients. ¹³

The presence of symptoms of depression among women with CPP is high. While the prevalence of depression is around 21% among women in general population ¹⁴, among patients with gynecological pain it is up to 35%. ¹⁵In our study, 34.6% of patients presented symptoms of depression. In this group the score for information were significantly lower. Some studies in clinical ethics have demonstrated that depression can impair the ability to appreciate significance of information about the illness and the consequences of treatment options. ¹⁶Our data reinforce the need of screening psychiatric disorders in women with CPP. In the presence of signs of depression, the patient should be properly evaluated before the decision about invasive diagnostic procedures.

In conclusion, we were to show that systematic evaluation of patient autonomy can provide clinical relevant information in gynecology. The quantification of the domains of patient autonomy might also be important for research on factors affecting the validity of informed consent in patients with low educational level or symptoms of anxiety and depression.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan 2016

History

• Received
  21 Oct 2015
• Accepted
  09 Nov 2015