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Vesicouterine Fistula (Youssef Syndrome): Case Report and Literature Review

Fístula vesico-uterina (síndrome de Youssef): descrição de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract

Objective

To describe a case of vesicouterine fistula and to review the literature related to this condition.

Methods

For the review, we accessed the MEDLINE, BIREME and LILACS databases; the references of the searched articles were also reviewed.

Results

A 38-year-old woman, in the 1st day after her 3rd cesarean, presented heavy hematuria, which was considered secondary to a difficult dissection of the bladder. A total of 6 months after delivery, she failed to resume her regular menstrual cycles and presented cyclic menouria and amenorrhea. At this time, she had two episodes of urethral obstruction by blood clots. She remained without a correct diagnosis until about two years postdelivery, when a vesicouterine fistula was confirmed through cystoscopy. A surgical correction through open abdominal route, coupled with hysterectomy, was performed. After the surgery, the symptoms disappeared. The review showed a tendency of change in the relative frequency of the different types of genitourinary fistulae. Vesicovaginal fistulae, usually caused by inadequate care during labor, are becoming less frequent than those secondary tomedical procedures, such as vesicouterine fistulae. The most common cause of this latter kind of fistula is cesarean section, especially repeated cesarean sections. The diagnosis is confirmed through one or more imaging exams, or through cystoscopy. The most common treatment is surgical, and the routes are: open abdominal, laparoscopic, vaginal or robotic. There are some reports of success with the conservative treatment.

Conclusion

Vesicouterine fistulae are becoming more common because of the increase in the performance of cesarean sections, and the condition must be considered a possible complication thereof.

Keywords:
cesarean section; repeat cesarean section; urinary incontinence; hematuria

Resumo

Objetivo

Apresentar um caso de fístula vesico-uterina e realizar revisão da literatura sobre esta condição.

Métodos

Revisão realizada consultando-se as bases MEDLINE, BIREME e LILACS, além das referências dos artigos consultados.

Resultados

Uma mulher de 38 anos, após sua terceira cesárea, no puerpério imediato, apresentou hematúria importante, que foi atribuída a uma dificuldade na dissecção da bexiga durante o procedimento. Seis meses pós-parto, emvez de retomar os ciclos menstruais regulares, apresentou menúria cíclica e amenorreia (síndrome de Youssef). A paciente chegou a apresentar obstrução uretral por coágulos, e permaneceu sem diagnóstico correto até cerca de anos pós-parto, quando este foi feito por cistoscopia. Ela foi então submetida a correção cirúrgica por via abdominal, associada a uma histerectomia, com desaparecimento dos sintomas. A revisão mostrou que tem havido mudança na frequência dos vários tipos de fístulas urogenitais. As fístulas vesicovaginais, normalmente secundárias à má assistência durante o parto, têm sido mais raras, enquanto aquelas secundárias a procedimentos médicos, como as vesicouterinas, têm sido mais frequentes. A causa mais comum deste tipo de fístula é a cesárea, especialmente a de repetição. A apresentação pode ser de amenorreia e menúria e/ou perda urinária. O diagnóstico é feito por um ou maismétodos de imagem ou cistoscopia. O tratamento mais comum é cirúrgico, por via abdominal aberta, laparoscópica, transvaginal ou robótica. Existem relatos de cura com tratamento conservador.

Conclusão

As fístulas vesicouterinas têm sido mais comuns devido ao aumento da proporção de cesáreas. Deve-se ter em mente a possibilidade deste diagnóstico e considerá-las uma das possíveis complicações da cesárea.

Palavras-chave:
cesárea; cesárea repetida; incontinência urinária; hematúria

Introduction

Throughout time, there has been a change in the relative frequencies of genitourinary fistulae, because of a change in their causative factors. Genitourinary fistulae can be: vesicovaginal, urethrovaginal, vesicouterine, urethrocutaneous or combined (multiple) fistulae.11 Józwik M, Józwik M, LotockiW. Vesicouterine fistula-an analysis of 24 cases from Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(02): 169-172. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02837-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02...
In traditional communities, with a great frequency of out-of-hospital births, there used to be a predominance of vesicovaginal fistulae, usually secondary to a prolonged second stage of labor. With urbanization and a consequent tendency of births to occur in hospital settings, there has been a decrease in the frequency of those kinds of fistulae. They are still common, however, in rural areas with restricted access to hospital care.22 Berek JS, Ed. Berek & Novak's Gynecology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012 In regions where hospital births are the rule, there has been a relative and absolute increase in the frequency of this kind of fistulae secondary to medical interventions, such as cesarean sections, hysterectomies and others, and also secondary to malignant diseases, caused by the diseases themselves or by the interventions to treat them. The latter fistulae are more often of the urethrovaginal or vesicouterine type.22 Berek JS, Ed. Berek & Novak's Gynecology. 15th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012 Jóźwik and Jóźwik,33 JózwikM, JózwikM. Spontaneous closure of vesicouterine fistula. Account for effective hormonal treatment. Urol Int 1999;62(03): 183-187. Doi: 10.1159/000030388
https://doi.org/10.1159/000030388...
in a series of 110 genitourinary fistulae collected from 1983 to 1994 in a urologic center in Poland, reported 50.9% of vesicovaginal, 17.3% of ureterovaginal, 13.6% of vesicouterine, and 1.8% of ureterecutaneous fistulae.11 Józwik M, Józwik M, LotockiW. Vesicouterine fistula-an analysis of 24 cases from Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(02): 169-172. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02837-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02...
Currently, it is likely that the relative frequency of vesicovaginal fistulae is even lower than the one reported in the aforementioned series, due to a continuous increase in cesarean section rates worldwide. The objective of the present study is to report a case of vesicouterine fistula and to review the literature about this specific clinical condition. The case reported is an example of Youssef Syndrome, a specific presentation of vesicouterine fistula with amenorrhea and cyclic menouria, without urinary incontinence.44 Youssef AF. Menouria following lower segment cesarean section; a syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1957;73(04):759-767. Doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(57)90384-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(57)903...

Case Report

A 38-year-old woman, gravida 4, with 1 spontaneous abortion and 3 cesarean births, relates that, in the 1st day after her 3rd cesarean, she had intense hematuria, requiring continuous bladder irrigation through a catheter to make the urine clear. The attending physician told her that the hematuria was a consequence of a difficult dissection of the bladder during the surgical procedure, because of the two previous cesareans. Two days after being discharged, she returned to the hospital because of a new episode of hematuria. She was then submitted to clinical and laboratory evaluations, and sent back home with the same diagnostic hypothesis: hematuria secondary to a difficult surgical dissection. She remained with persistent hematuria for three months, but did not seek further medical assistance during this period. After this period, she went through another three months without symptoms. Six months after giving birth, when she interrupted breastfeeding, instead of returning to her regular menstrual cycles, she started to have cyclic menouria, without menses, except for rare instances of scanty vaginal bleeding. This symptom persisted until one year after giving birth, and she still did not seek medical care. By this time, she had the first episode of urethral obstruction by blood clots in the urine. She went to an emergency service, and a urethral catheter was inserted, with drainage of ∼ 700 ml of heavily hematuric urine, with blood clots. About one month later, she had a similar episode, and was again treated with bladder drainage, but remained with the catheter until the end of the period that would correspond to menstruation. After these 2 episodes, she sought medical attention in an outpatient setting, where she was given oral contraception in continuous use (ethinylestradiol 20 µg plus levonorgestrel 100 µg), for unclear reasons as far as we are concerned. She remained one more year on this medication. During this period, she continued to present with some episodes of hematuria, although she did not have other episodes of urethral obstruction. She then consulted another physician, who, for the first time, raised the hypothesis of vesicouterine fistula. By this time, we could include in the differential diagnosis the following hypotheses: urinary tract lithiasis, urinary tract infection, or bladder tumor. Against lithiasis and infection, there was an absence of symptoms apart from hematuria. Benign or malignant bladder tumors could be an explanation, but the temporal relation with the last cesarean section favored fistula; the improvement of hematuria with continuous oral contraceptive also favored the latter hypothesis. Several different diagnostic procedures could have helped, but cystoscopy would be an important one. She was therefore submitted to a cystoscopy, which confirmed the diagnosis of vesicouterine fistula (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
Surgical specimens showing fistulous orifices in the uterus and on the bladder wall.

On account of the persistence of symptoms, surgical treatment was proposed. She was then sent to another physician (RAMJ) for this treatment. The physical examination in the first visit with this physician showed no abnormalities; there was no urine leakage trough the uterine cervix or the vagina. She already had the diagnosis of adenomyosis, and did not plan to become pregnant again. A surgical correction of the fistula associated with a hysterectomy including the cervix was proposed, which met with the approval of the patient. The decision to perform a hysterectomy was mainly due to a concern about the risk of recurrence, although there is no evidence in the literature that this conduct diminishes this risk. The surgery went as planned. The fistulous tract was excised, and the bladder was sutured in two layers. Fig. 2 depicts the surgical specimens with the uterus and the bladder wall showing the fistulous orifices (Fig. 2). There were no adverse events. The patient was discharged in the third postoperative day. She remained with a bladder catheter for 14 days. After the removal of the catheter, she had no more symptoms. By the time of this publication, the patient will have been asymptomatic for two years after surgery.

Fig. 2
Fistulous orifice viewed through cystoscopy.

Search Procedure

We have accessed the MEDLINE, BIREME and LILACS databases, searching for articles containing the terms syndrome of Youssef; Youssef syndrome; Youssef's syndrome; vesicouterine fistula; vesico-uterine fistula; vesico uterine fistula; uterovesical fistula; utero-vesical fistula; and utero vesical fistula. In the BIREME and LILACS databases, we have also searched for articles containing the following terms in Portuguese: síndrome de Youssef; fístula vesicouterina; fístula vesico-uterina; fístula vesico uterina; fístula uterovesical; fístula útero-vesical; fístula útero vesical. We have also accessed the references of the articles found through the search. The review was conducted between March 2017 and February 2018. The articles that are discussed in the present text were chosen considering their relevance, at the discretion of the authors.

General Aspects

Vesicouterine fistulae are uncommon complications. Hodonou et al55 Hodonou R, Hounnasso PP, Biaou O, Akpo C. [Vesicouterine fistula: report on 15 cases at Cotonou University Urology Clinic]. Prog Urol 2002;12(04):641-645 reported 17 cases in 7 years in a urologic center in Cotonou, Benin. Jóźwik and Jóźwik,33 JózwikM, JózwikM. Spontaneous closure of vesicouterine fistula. Account for effective hormonal treatment. Urol Int 1999;62(03): 183-187. Doi: 10.1159/000030388
https://doi.org/10.1159/000030388...
in a review published in 1997, found 602 cases reported in the literature from the 19th century to December 1995; they conducted an additional review (which has not been published), and found 194 additional cases up to December 1997, totalizing 796 cases.33 JózwikM, JózwikM. Spontaneous closure of vesicouterine fistula. Account for effective hormonal treatment. Urol Int 1999;62(03): 183-187. Doi: 10.1159/000030388
https://doi.org/10.1159/000030388...
The frequency of vesicouterine fistulae in relation to other urogenital fistulae, as previously reported, varies from 1% to 16.4%.11 Józwik M, Józwik M, LotockiW. Vesicouterine fistula-an analysis of 24 cases from Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(02): 169-172. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02837-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02...
66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
It is very likely that there is an increase in the relative frequency of this type of fistula, because of the increase in cesarean section rates.

In 1957, Youssef44 Youssef AF. Menouria following lower segment cesarean section; a syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1957;73(04):759-767. Doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(57)90384-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(57)903...
reported a case of amenorrhea and cyclic menouria secondary to a vesicouterine fistula, in the absence of urinary incontinence. In 2000, Jóźwik and Jóźwik77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
proposed a classification of vesicouterine fistulae, based on the clinical presentation, in three types. Type I presents with amenorrhea and cyclic menouria without urinary incontinence; type II presents with cyclic menouria, but has regular menses and urinary incontinence; and type III, which presents with only urinary incontinence, without menouria and with normal menses. In both types II and III, the urinary incontinence is caused by the passage of urine from the bladder to the uterine cavity, thence trough the cervical canal and the vagina to the vulva. The Youssef syndrome would then correspond to the type I of this classification. Some authors state that the expression cyclic menouria is more adequate than cyclic hematuria, because the material eliminated with the urine is not exactly blood, but rather, menstrual blood, endometrial residua and blood clots.77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
The present case is a perfect illustration of this concept: the patient presented two episodes of urethral obstruction with blood clots and menstrual particles. Some women with this kind of fistula have recurrent urinary tract infection.77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
88 Rao MP, Dwivedi US, Datta B, et al. Post caesarean vesicouterine fistulae- Youssef syndrome: our experience and review of published work. ANZ J Surg 2006;76(04):243-245. Doi: 10.1111/ j.1445-2197.2006.03591.x 99 Tarhan F, Erbay E, Penbegül N, Kuyumcuoglu U. Minimal invasive treatment of vesicouterine fistula: a case report. Int Urol Nephrol 2007;39(03):791-793. Doi: 10.1007/s11255-006-9076-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-006-9076-...
The urinary incontinence may be intermittent.77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
There are reports of bladder endometriosis associated with this condition, and endometriosis is part of the differential diagnosis.66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
1111 Dodero D, Corticelli A, Caporale E, Cardamone C. Endometriosis arises from implant of endometriotic cells outside the uterus: a report of active vesicouterine centrifugal fistula. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2001;28(02):97-99 The elimination of lochia, along with urine, during the puerperium, which also occurred in the present case, is termed “lochiauria.”77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
1212 Parulekar SV. Lochiauria: a new entity-(a case report). J Postgrad Med 1989;35(04):228-229 Youssef proposed a sphincter/valve mechanism, exerted by uterine isthmus, to explain the absence of urinary incontinence in part of the women with this condition.44 Youssef AF. Menouria following lower segment cesarean section; a syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1957;73(04):759-767. Doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(57)90384-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(57)903...
Recently, another hypothesis, not necessarily excluding the previous one, was proposed: studies of menstrual physiology show that, during most part of the menstrual cycle, the intrauterine pressure is greater than the intravesical pressure. Only during a small fraction of the cycle, the intravesical pressure becomes greater than the intrauterine pressure when the woman is voiding. This mechanism could explain the intermittent incontinence related by some women.1313 Ingelman-Sundberg A. The effect of urine on the endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007;99(01):4-5. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.05.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.05.0...
In some publications, cases described as Youssef syndrome do not correspond exactly to the definition proposed by this author, because they present, besides menouria, also urinary incontinence.1414 Ali-El-Dein B, El-Tabey N, El-Hefnawy A, Osman Y, Soliman S, Shaaban AA. Diagnosis, treatment and need for hysterectomy in management of postcaesarean section vesicouterinefistula. Scand J Urol 2014;48(05):460-465. Doi: 10.3109/21681805.2014.903511
https://doi.org/10.3109/21681805.2014.90...
1515 Goel A, Goel S, Singh BP, Sankhwar SN. Cystographic images of Youssef syndrome: flower on top of the bladder. Urology 2012;79 (05):e69-e70. Doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.01.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.0...
1616 Fenkci IV, Demirbas M, Oztekin O. Sonohysterography in evaluation of Youssef's syndrome. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2010;21(05):607-608. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-1029-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-009-1029-...
However, this does not make the reports less interesting, because the causes and the steps for diagnosis and treatment are very similar, with or without urinary incontinence. The present report, if we do not consider the few episodes of scant vaginal bleeding the patient presented, can be considered a case of Youssef syndrome.

Etiology

Currently, most of the vesicouterine fistulae are secondary to cesarean sections. In a review including reports from 1986 to 1997, 83% of those fistulae were caused by this intervention.66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
Some mechanisms are proposed to explain how cesarean sections could cause this kind of fistula: 1) non-detected bladder rupture during emergency cesarean, usually with the fetal presentation already engaged, caused by insufficient dissection and/or insufficient drainage of the organ; 2) inadvertent application of a suture in the basis of the bladder, during the suture of the uterus, which can also be associated with insufficient dissection/mobilization of the bladder; 3) abnormal blood supply to the base of the bladder, secondary to an abnormal vascular bed due to multiple dissections, usually after repeat cesareans.11 Józwik M, Józwik M, LotockiW. Vesicouterine fistula-an analysis of 24 cases from Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(02): 169-172. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02837-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02...
66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
1414 Ali-El-Dein B, El-Tabey N, El-Hefnawy A, Osman Y, Soliman S, Shaaban AA. Diagnosis, treatment and need for hysterectomy in management of postcaesarean section vesicouterinefistula. Scand J Urol 2014;48(05):460-465. Doi: 10.3109/21681805.2014.903511
https://doi.org/10.3109/21681805.2014.90...
1717 Ikechebelu JI, Ugboaja JO, Okeke CF. Post-cesarean vesicouterine fistula (Youssef syndrome): report of two cases. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011;37(07):912-915. Doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01428.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010...
1818 Czerwinski F, Pilarczyk K, Kozik W. [Vascularization of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder in women after past cesarean section in light of microangiographic studies]. Ginekol Pol 1992; 63(08):398-403 In the more recent series, most of the cases occur after repeat cesareans, such as the case in the present report.77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
1818 Czerwinski F, Pilarczyk K, Kozik W. [Vascularization of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder in women after past cesarean section in light of microangiographic studies]. Ginekol Pol 1992; 63(08):398-403 1919 DiMarco CS, DiMarco DS, Klingele CJ, Gebhart JB. Vesicouterine fistula: a reviewofeightcases. IntUrogynecol J Pelvic FloorDysfunct 2006;17(04):395-399. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-005-0025-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-005-0025-...
Jóźwik and Jóźwik77 JózwikM, JózwikM. Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;70(03):353-357. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00...
reported a significant increase in the proportion of vesicouterine fistulae caused by repeat cesareans in two different periods: 29.6% (21/71) from 1950 to 1985 versus 58.3% (14/24) from 1983 to 1994 (p= 0.013).11 Józwik M, Józwik M, LotockiW. Vesicouterine fistula-an analysis of 24 cases from Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(02): 169-172. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02837-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02...
Many other etiologies are described: prolonged labor; use of forceps; normal birth after previous cesarean; normal birth without previous cesarean; operative vaginal birth with vacuum extractor; placenta percreta; manual extraction of the placenta after normal delivery in a woman with previous cesarean; basiotripsy; excision of Gartner cyst; anterior colporrhaphy; endometrial ablation; excision of uterine fibroma after spontaneous necrosis of uterine fibroma; radiotherapy; pelvic trauma; arterial embolization for the treatment of uterine fibroma (in one of the cases, the symptoms presented one year after the procedure); migration of an intrauterine dispositive; invasion of a malignant tumor; tuberculosis; and actinomycosis.11 Józwik M, Józwik M, LotockiW. Vesicouterine fistula-an analysis of 24 cases from Poland. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(02): 169-172. Doi: 10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02837-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02...
55 Hodonou R, Hounnasso PP, Biaou O, Akpo C. [Vesicouterine fistula: report on 15 cases at Cotonou University Urology Clinic]. Prog Urol 2002;12(04):641-645 66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
88 Rao MP, Dwivedi US, Datta B, et al. Post caesarean vesicouterine fistulae- Youssef syndrome: our experience and review of published work. ANZ J Surg 2006;76(04):243-245. Doi: 10.1111/ j.1445-2197.2006.03591.x 1818 Czerwinski F, Pilarczyk K, Kozik W. [Vascularization of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder in women after past cesarean section in light of microangiographic studies]. Ginekol Pol 1992; 63(08):398-403 2020 Nouira Y, FekiW, Rhouma SB, Salah IB, Horchani A. Vesicouterine fistula as a complication of forceps delivery: a case report. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2005;16(06):512-514. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-005-1288-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-005-1288-...
2121 Kaaki B, Gyves M, Goldman H. Spontaneous intrapartum vesicouterine fistula. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(2 Pt 2):449-450. Doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000164053.46449.46
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.000016405...
2222 Majeed SM, Subhani SS. An unusual case of Youssef's syndrome (vesicouterine fistula) and its relationship with placenta percreta. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2007;17(03):168-169 2323 Setúbal A, Clode N, Bruno-Paiva JL, Roncon I, Graça LM. Vesicouterine fistula after manual removal of placenta in a woman with previous cesarean section. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 84(01):75-76. Doi: 10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00305-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00...
2424 Le Mer A. Fistule vésico-utérine après basiotrypsie. Cure chirurgicale. Guérison (à propos d'un cas). J Urol Nephrol (Paris) 1968; 74(06):481-483 2525 Rooney KE, Cholhan HJ. Vesico-uterine fistula after endometrial ablation in awoman with prior cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115(2 Pt 2):450-451. Doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c846eb
https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c8...
2626 Okafor PIS, Orakwe JC, Mbonu OO. Cyclical haematuria sequel to uterinemyomectomy: a case report.West Afr J Med 2002;21(04): 341-342 2727 Fridman D, Chakraborty S, Khulpateea N. Fistula between degenerated uterine leiomyoma and the bladder: case report. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2011;22(10):1329-1331. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-011-1414-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-011-1414-...
2828 Sultana CJ, Goldberg J, Aizenman L, Chon JK. Vesicouterine fistula after uterine arteryembolization: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(06):1726-1727. Doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.128989
https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.128989...
2929 Price N, Golding S, Slack RA, Jackson SR. Delayed presentation of vesicouterine fistula 12 months after uterine artery embolisation for uterine fibroids. J Obstet Gynaecol 2007;27(02):205-207. Doi: 10.1080/01443610601157273
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144361060115727...
3030 Javali T, Kasaraneni D, Banale K, Babu PS, Nagaraj HK. Vesicouterine fistula and concomitant ureteric necrosis following uterine artery embolization for fibroid uterus. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2015;26(12):1877-1878. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-015-2764-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-015-2764-...
There is one report after cervical cerclage with Shriodkar procedure and another with modified McDonald procedure. Some cases of vesicouterine fistulae are secondary to congenital malformations of the genitourinary tract.3131 Golomb J, Ben-Chaim J, Goldwasser B, Korach J, Mashiach S. Conservative treatment of a vesicocervical fistula resulting from Shirodkar cervical cerclage. J Urol 1993;149(04):833-834. Doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36225-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)36...
3232 Kleeman SD, Vasallo B, Segal J, Karram MM. Vesicocervical fistula following insertion of a modified McDonald suture. BJOG 2002; 109(12):1408-1409. Doi: 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.02036.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002...
3333 Erman-Akar M, Ozkan O, Ozkan O, et al. Uterine preservation and vaginal reconstruction in a patient with congenital vaginal agenesis presenting with cyclic menouria. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011;18(05):682-685. Doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2011.06.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2011.06.0...

Fertility

There are few studies on fertility and the prognosis of pregnancy in women with vesicouterine fistulae. Lotocki et al3434 Lotocki W, Józwik M, Józwik M. Prognosis of fertility after surgical closure of vesicouterine fistula. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996;64(01):87-90. Doi: 10.1016/0301-2115(95)02251-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-2115(95)022...
studied 16 women in reproductive age who had their fistulae corrected. Four of these women planned another pregnancy, and all four achieved a full-term successful pregnancy, one of them twice. There was one case of unwanted pregnancy, which was interrupted. Many women in this series did not want another pregnancy, fearing a recurrence of the fistula. Rao et al88 Rao MP, Dwivedi US, Datta B, et al. Post caesarean vesicouterine fistulae- Youssef syndrome: our experience and review of published work. ANZ J Surg 2006;76(04):243-245. Doi: 10.1111/ j.1445-2197.2006.03591.x reported 3 successful pregnancies that reached full-term in 8 out of 12 women of their series who had their vesicouterine fistulae corrected and were not submitted to tubal sterilization. The report does not inform, however, how many of these eight tried to get pregnant. All three had cesarean deliveries, the authors argue that this was done to avoid recurrence of the fistula. Ali-El-Dein et al1414 Ali-El-Dein B, El-Tabey N, El-Hefnawy A, Osman Y, Soliman S, Shaaban AA. Diagnosis, treatment and need for hysterectomy in management of postcaesarean section vesicouterinefistula. Scand J Urol 2014;48(05):460-465. Doi: 10.3109/21681805.2014.903511
https://doi.org/10.3109/21681805.2014.90...
reported 5 pregnancies with good results in a series of 22 women submitted to surgical correction, but here again, they did not inform how many of these 22 tried to get pregnant. Other authors described some isolated cases of successful pregnancies after the treatment of vesicouterine fistulae, usually after surgical correction. These reports suggest that fertility can usually be recovered after treatment of this kind of fistula. In cases of pregnant women who underwent vesicouterine fistula correction, Yip et al66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
recommend delivery through cesarean to lower the risk of recurrence (of the fistula), but they do not present arguments or references to support this recommendation. We did not find reports about pregnancy in women with non-corrected vesicouterine fistulae. However, we also did not find studies that accessed specifically this question. We may suppose that fertility is impaired by this condition, especially in cases with urinary incontinence, because this symptom usually implies the passage of urine through the uterine cavity. There is a curious report about the deliberate creation of a vesicouterine fistula as a reversible contraceptive method in Sweden.3535 Ugurlucan FG, Bastu E, Bakir B, Yalcin O. Vesicouterine fistula presenting with urinary incontinence 30 years after primary Cesarean: Case report and review of the literature. Can Urol Assoc J 2014;8(1-2):E48-E50. Doi: 10.5489/cuaj.1225
https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.1225...

Diagnosis

The first step in the diagnosis is, of course, a suggestive clinical presentation. The absence of urinary incontinence can make the diagnosis more difficult. There are some reports of delayed presentation of the symptoms. Ugurlucan et al3535 Ugurlucan FG, Bastu E, Bakir B, Yalcin O. Vesicouterine fistula presenting with urinary incontinence 30 years after primary Cesarean: Case report and review of the literature. Can Urol Assoc J 2014;8(1-2):E48-E50. Doi: 10.5489/cuaj.1225
https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.1225...
report a case of a 55-year-old woman who presented with urinary incontinence 30 years after a cesarean section. They state that a vesicouterine fistula should be part of the differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence. There are some reports of unusual clinical presentations: Kamil and El Mekresh3636 Kamil AG, El Mekresh M. Umbilical cord prolapsed through urethra: An unusual presentation of a vesico-uterine fistula. Urol Ann 2013;5(02):124-125. Doi: 10.4103/0974-7796.110014
https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7796.110014...
report a case of protrusion of the umbilical cord through the urethral meatus. The patient, a 31-year-old woman, had a bladder injury during her second cesarean section, which was performed at 24 weeks of gestation for antepartum hemorrhage. The immediate correction was performed by a urologist. She remained without symptoms after these procedures, until 21 weeks of the next pregnancy, when she presented with fetal demise and cord prolapsed through the urethra. She was rapidly submitted to a cesarean and surgical correction of the fistula. The authors made the hypothesis that the fistulous orifice was reopened due to the distention of the uterine wall during pregnancy.3636 Kamil AG, El Mekresh M. Umbilical cord prolapsed through urethra: An unusual presentation of a vesico-uterine fistula. Urol Ann 2013;5(02):124-125. Doi: 10.4103/0974-7796.110014
https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7796.110014...
Lesovoy et al3737 Lesovoy V, Parashchuk Y, Shchukin D, et al. Fettus in the bladder: rare complication of vesicouterine fistula. Case Rep Med 2016; 2016:5750710 reported a case of “fetus in the bladder.” A 39-year-old woman had a bladder injury during her second cesarean, which was promptly corrected. She was discharged without symptoms, but three months later, she presented with symptoms suggestive of vesicouterine fistula, and the diagnosis was confirmed through a cystoscopy. The attending team offered her surgical treatment, but she refused. In her next pregnancy, she was admitted to a general hospital with lower abdominal pain and urinary symptoms. The ultrasound scan showed a missed abortion with 11 weeks of gestation inside the bladder plus a vesicouterine fistula. After a cystoscopy, which confirmed a 2-cm fistula, she was submitted to surgical correction, with a good outcome.3737 Lesovoy V, Parashchuk Y, Shchukin D, et al. Fettus in the bladder: rare complication of vesicouterine fistula. Case Rep Med 2016; 2016:5750710 Keskin et al3838 Keskin MZ, Budak S, Can E, Ilbey YÖ. Incidentally diagnosed postcesarean vesicouterine fistula (Youssef's syndrome). Can Urol Assoc J 2015;9(11-12):E913-E915. Doi: 10.5489/cuaj.3258
https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.3258...
reported a case of a woman who presented cyclic menouria for 20 years after her 2nd cesarean before the diagnosis was made.3838 Keskin MZ, Budak S, Can E, Ilbey YÖ. Incidentally diagnosed postcesarean vesicouterine fistula (Youssef's syndrome). Can Urol Assoc J 2015;9(11-12):E913-E915. Doi: 10.5489/cuaj.3258
https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.3258...
The present report is a good example of the difficulty in diagnosis, because it was made about two years after the beginning of the symptoms; we have to emphasize that, during this period, the woman looked for medical care four times, consulting with different physicians, before a diagnosis was determined. The confirmation of the diagnosis can be made through cystoscopy (sometimes after the injection of dye in the bladder), cystography, intravenous pyelography, hysterography, sonography, and other types of imaging exams.66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
88 Rao MP, Dwivedi US, Datta B, et al. Post caesarean vesicouterine fistulae- Youssef syndrome: our experience and review of published work. ANZ J Surg 2006;76(04):243-245. Doi: 10.1111/ j.1445-2197.2006.03591.x 1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
Very often, only one of these exams is not sufficient for the diagnosis; in some occasions, two or more are necessary.3939 Smayra T, Ghossain MA, Buy JN, Moukarzel M, Jacob D, Truc JB. Vesicouterine fistulas: imaging findings in three cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol2005;184(01):139-142. Doi:10.2214/ajr.184.1.01840139
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.184.1.018401...
4040 Benchekroun A, Lachkar A, Soumana A, et al. Les fistules vésicoutérines. A propos de 30 cas. Ann Urol (Paris) 1999;33(02):75-79 Additionally, it is recommendable that, besides confirming the diagnosis, the attending physician try to define precisely the size and course of the fistula, and also try to exclude the presence of other concomitant fistulae. Because of this, it is usual to perform two or more exams during the evaluation. Porcaro et al1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
recommend routine intravenous pyelography to allow a view of the entire urinary tract. There are recent reports about diagnosis with computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance; those methods, however, are not usually mandatory.1414 Ali-El-Dein B, El-Tabey N, El-Hefnawy A, Osman Y, Soliman S, Shaaban AA. Diagnosis, treatment and need for hysterectomy in management of postcaesarean section vesicouterinefistula. Scand J Urol 2014;48(05):460-465. Doi: 10.3109/21681805.2014.903511
https://doi.org/10.3109/21681805.2014.90...
4141 Singh V, Sinha RJ, Mehrotra S. Primary menouria due to a congenital vesico-vaginal fistula with distal vaginal agenesis: a rarity. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2011;22(08): 1031-1033. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-010-1356-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-010-1356-...
4242 Purkait B, Mehrotra S, Sinha RJ, Bhaskar V, Singh V. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic vesicouterine fistula repair: Experience from a tertiary referral centre. Turk J Urol 2017;43(04):512-516. Doi: 10.5152/tud.2017.45389
https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2017.45389...

Treatment

The proposed treatments for vesicouterine fistulae are: 1) surgical resection - a) through abdominal open surgery. This is the most common surgical treatment for this disease. If there is indication for hysterectomy, it must be performed in the same surgical procedure. However, hysterectomy is not necessary if the only intention is the correction of the fistula.1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
If hysterectomy is not performed, the placing of an omentum layer between the uterus and the bladder to diminish the risk of recurrence of the fistula is recommended.1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
In the experience of Kottász and Gergely,4343 Kottász S, Gergely I. Successful pregnancy after surgical repair of vesico-uterine fistula. Int Urol Nephrol 1986;18(03):289-298. Doi: 10.1007/BF02082716
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02082716...
the surgeries performed by mixed teams, composed by gynecologists and urologists, have the best results; b) laparoscopic correction; Maioli et al4444 Maioli RA, Macedo AR, Garcia AR, Almeida SH, Rodrigues MA. Laparoscopic repair for vesicouterine fistulae. Int Braz J Urol 2015;41(05):1030-1031 state that the final result of the laparoscopic treatment is very dependent on the experience of the surgical team with this technique; c) there are reports of good results with correction through the vaginal route; d) there are recent reports of good results with robotic surgery.4343 Kottász S, Gergely I. Successful pregnancy after surgical repair of vesico-uterine fistula. Int Urol Nephrol 1986;18(03):289-298. Doi: 10.1007/BF02082716
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02082716...
4444 Maioli RA, Macedo AR, Garcia AR, Almeida SH, Rodrigues MA. Laparoscopic repair for vesicouterine fistulae. Int Braz J Urol 2015;41(05):1030-1031 4545 RamalingamM, Senthil K, PaiM, Renukadevi R. Laparoscopic repair of vesicouterine fistula-a case report. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008;19(05):731-733. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-007-0480-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-007-0480-...
4646 Das Mahapatra P, Bhattacharyya P. Laparoscopic intraperitoneal repair of high-up urinary bladder fistula: a review of 12 cases. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007;18(06):635-639. Doi: 10.1007/s00192-006-0215-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-006-0215-...
4747 Jundt K, Gauruder-Burmester A,Wildt B, Tunn R. [Vaginal repair of a vesico-uterine fistula type I (Jozwik) after caesarean section]. ZentralblGynakol2004; 126(04):286-288.Doi: 10.1055/s-2004-822839
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-822839...
4848 Alamoudi OJ, AlTheneyanMA, AldhaamN,MoazinM. Early robotic repair of vesicouterine fistula. A case report and literature review. Urol Case Rep 2017;11:76-78. Doi: 10.1016/j.eucr.2017.01.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2017.01.0...
4949 Perveen K, Gupta R, Al-Badr A, Hemal AK. Robot-assisted laparoscopic repair of rare post-cesarean section vesicocervical and vesicouterine fistula: a case series of a novel technique. Urology 2012;80(02):477-482. Doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.027
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.0...
In the surgical treatment, the choice of the route, namely open abdominal, laparoscopic, transvaginal or robotic, depends on the location of the fistula and, as stated before, on the experience of the team in non-conventional routes (laparoscopic, transvaginal or robotic). The best results reported are with the open abdominal route.1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
2) Molina et al5050 Molina LR, Lynne CM, Politano VA. Treatment of vesicouterine fistula by fulguration. J Urol 1989;141(06):1422-1423. Doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)41333-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)41...
report a good result with fulguration of the fistulous tract through cystoscopy in a small fistula. Tarhan et al99 Tarhan F, Erbay E, Penbegül N, Kuyumcuoglu U. Minimal invasive treatment of vesicouterine fistula: a case report. Int Urol Nephrol 2007;39(03):791-793. Doi: 10.1007/s11255-006-9076-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-006-9076-...
also report a good result with this treatment but associated with bladder drainage and hormonal suppression of menstruation. 3) There are many reports of conservative treatment and spontaneous cure. Jóźwik and Jóźwik,33 JózwikM, JózwikM. Spontaneous closure of vesicouterine fistula. Account for effective hormonal treatment. Urol Int 1999;62(03): 183-187. Doi: 10.1159/000030388
https://doi.org/10.1159/000030388...
in their review, found 29 cases of spontaneous resolution (excluding 19th century reports), including a case of their own. The proportion of spontaneous cure was of 5.1% of all the cases they found in the literature (41/796). However, in the 9 cases in their review that were submitted to hormonal suppression of menstruation with progestogens or combined oral contraceptives, 8 had their fistulas cured (88.9%). In the remaining 787 women without hormonal suppression, 33 were cured (4.2%). They compared those proportions (88.9% versus 4.2%) with the Chi-squared test and concluded that the difference was significant (p< 0.001). There is one report of menstrual suppression with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue.5151 Yokoyama M, Arisawa C, Ando M. Successful management of vesicouterine fistula by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog. Int J Urol 2006;13(04):457-459. Doi: 10.1111/j.1442- 2042.2006.01325.x If one tries the conservative approach associated with hormonal suppression of menstruation, the results are better if the suppression is initiated soon after the diagnosis.88 Rao MP, Dwivedi US, Datta B, et al. Post caesarean vesicouterine fistulae- Youssef syndrome: our experience and review of published work. ANZ J Surg 2006;76(04):243-245. Doi: 10.1111/ j.1445-2197.2006.03591.x The chance of cure with a conservative approach diminishes if there is urinary incontinence.66 Yip SK, Leung TY. Vesicouterine fistula: an updated review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(05):252-256. Doi: 10.1007/BF01901500
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01901500...
If incontinence is present and a conservative approach is the option, the patient should remain with continuous bladder drainage for at least three months.1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...
If the surgical correction is not performed in the first few days after the cesarean section, it is recommended to postpone it for two to three months, to allow for uterus involution and complete resolution of the inflammatory process related to scar formation.1010 Porcaro AB, Zicari M, Zecchini Antoniolli S, et al. Vesicouterine fistulas following cesarean section: report on a case, review and update of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;34(03):335-344. Doi: 10.1023/A:1024443822378
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024443822378...

Reports from Brazil

Five articles from Brazil were found in the review; altogether, they report eight cases. Oliveira et al5252 Oliveira NF, Neves CAR, Jucá GT. Fístula vesicouterina: síndrome de Youssef. J Bras Urol 1986;12:233-235 report a vesicocervical fistula developed after an abdominal hysterectomy with preservation of the cervix. In the article by Carvalho et al,5353 Carvalho NS, Rebolho ME, Jakobi HR, Piazza MJ. [Youssef'ssyndrome: report of three cases]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 1983;5:251-254 the three cases are of obstetrical origin: two after cesarean and one after uterine rupture. Agostinho et al5454 Agostinho AG, Tobias-Machado M, Juliano RV, Borrelli M, Wroclawski ER. Síndrome de Youssef: fístula vésico-uterina. Arq Med ABC. 1998;21:30-32 report two cases, one after cesarean and other after vaginal delivery with abnormal course. Lopes et al5555 Lopes RI, Dénes FT, Padovani G, Sircili MH, Srougi M. Monti's principle inthe treatmentof congenital uterovesicalfistula.Urology 2014;83(05):1170-1172. Doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.12.040
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2013.1...
report a surgical correction of a congenital vesicouterine fistula. Maioli et al4444 Maioli RA, Macedo AR, Garcia AR, Almeida SH, Rodrigues MA. Laparoscopic repair for vesicouterine fistulae. Int Braz J Urol 2015;41(05):1030-1031 report a case corrected through laparoscopy. All the eight cases reported were surgically corrected, with good results.

Strength and Limitation of the Present Study

The limitation of the present study is the fact that the authors conducted the final treatment but were not involved with the care regarding the delivery and the following two years, during which the patient presented symptoms and did not have the correct diagnosis. The information about this period was given by the patient herself, since we did not have access to the records of the several professionals who had previously examined her.

The strength of the study is that it reports a case with a not-so-obvious diagnosis, with the potential to lead professionals to wrong diagnoses and improper interventions. It is very likely that cases similar to this one will become more common, especially in Brazil, due to the high rates of cesarean sections in the country.

Take-Away Lessons of the Case Report

A vesicouterine fistula is one of the possible diagnoses if urinary symptoms (like hematuria and urinary incontinence) develop after a cesarean section.

A vesicouterine fistula is one of the possible long-term morbidities secondary to cesarean sections.

Conclusion

Apart from the already known higher mortality and short term morbidity associated with cesarean sections, as well as the long-term risks, such as placenta previa, placental abruption and uterine rupture in future pregnancies, the risk of genitourinary fistula, especially vesicouterine fistula, must be taken into account in the evaluation of the risks associated with abdominal delivery.5656 Kilsztajn S, CarmoMS,Machado LC Jr, Lopes ES, Lima LZ. Caesarean sections and maternal mortality in Sao Paulo. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;132(01):64-69.Doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.06.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.06...
5757 Esteves-Pereira AP, Deneux-Tharaux C, Nakamura-Pereira M, Saucedo M, Bouvier-Colle MH, Leal MdoC. Caesarean delivery and postpartum maternal mortality: a population-based case control study in Brazil. PLoS One 2016;11(04):e0153396. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153396
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.015...
5858 Machado Júnior LC, Sevrin CE, Oliveira Ed, et al. Associação entre via de parto e complicações maternas em hospital público da Grande São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saude Publica 2009;25(01): 124-132. Doi: 10.1590/S0102-311x2009000100013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311x200900...
5959 Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. First-birth cesarean and placental abruption or previa at second birth(1). Obstet Gynecol 2001;97(5 Pt 1):765-769. Doi: 10.1016/S0029- 7844(01)01121-8 6060 Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. Risk of uterine rupture during laboramongwomenwith a prior cesarean delivery.N Engl JMed 2001;345(01):3-8. Doi: 10.1056/NEJM200107053450101
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200107053450...
Taking into account the reports in the literature and also the present case, we can conclude that vesicouterine fistulae have a fairly good prognosis, provided the diagnosis can be correctly made. Almost all patients have had their fistulae cured, most of them with surgical treatment. However, delays in the diagnosis were common.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Sept 2018

History

  • Received
    12 Dec 2017
  • Accepted
    17 May 2018
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