Numerical Comparative Hairs of Some Lamiaceae Taxa Collected from Turkey

Comparação Numérica de Pelos de Alguns Táxons de Lamiaceae Coletadas na Turquia

ABSTRACT

In this study, glandular and aglandular hairs were examined and compared numerically in the vegatative and reproductive organs of Salvia viridis, Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca, Salvia virgata, Phlomis pungens var. pungen, Phlomis pungens var. hispida, Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica, Stachys cretica subsp. smyrnaea, Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides. It has been observed that all taxa which are collected Western and Northern Anatolia have glandular hairs and aglandular hairs of various shapes, size and modes of secretion. The hairs variations in eight Lamiaceae taxa were been investigated by means of numerical methods (Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation). It was also found that the results from numerical analysis of the hairs characters can provide additional evidences for the recognition of the taxa.

Keywords:
Lamiaceae; hairs; numerical

RESUMO

Neste estudo, pelos glandulares e aglandulares foram examinados e comparados numericamente nos órgãos reprodutivos e vegetativos de Salvia viridis, Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca, Salvia virgata, Phlomis pungens var. pungen, Phlomis pungens var. hispida, Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica, Stachys cretica subsp. smyrnaea, Teucrium Scordium subsp. scordioides. Foi observado que todos os táxons recolhidos no oeste e no norte da Anatólia possuem pelos glandulares e pelos aglandulares de vários formatos, tamanhos e modos de secreção. As variações nos pelos de oito táxons de Lamiaceae foram investigadas por meio de métodos numéricos (análise de variância e de correlação de Pearson). Verificou-se também que os resultados da análise numérica das características dos pelos podem fornecer evidências adicionais para o reconhecimento dos táxons.

Palavras-chave:
Lamiaceae; pelos; numérico

INTRODUCTION

The Lamiaceae is a large and natural family composed mostly of herbs and under shrubs containing many useful plant such as sage (Salvia) and mint (Mentha). Lamiaceae is represented by about 258 genera and 3,500 species in the world (Duarte and Lopes, 2007). Turkey is accepted as a gene center for this family (Baser, 1993). With their pleasant fragrance, many species of Lamiaceae have been used as herbal teas in Turkey. Many of the species are used as raw material in the cosmetic industry. Some species are traditionally used as medicinal plants (Baytop, 1984). Dried leaves and flowers of some Salvia species which have effective substance are used for preparing some vegetal drops and in the treatment of some illnesses. Salvia virgata, which is studied in this study, is used as anticeptic and Teucrium scordium, examined here, is used as tonic and stimulant (Baytop, 1984). The source of these features of Lamiaceae species is glandular hair that has etherich oil (Werker et al., 1985). Recent studies on these plant species have shown that the compounds decrease DNA synthesis in the cell. This feature is important in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (Nakipoglu, 1993). A series of research studies are being conducted to examine the karyological, anatomical, morphological, palynological and phylogeny characteristics of some species belonging to Lamiaceae (Nakipoglu, 1993; Koca, 1996; Özdemir and Senel, 2001; Baran and Özdemir, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2013; Özkan and Özdemir, 2008; Özkan et al., 2009; Baran et al., 2010; Özdemir, 2011; Bendiksby et al., 2011). The purpose of this paper is to determine and numerically compare the hairs of the investigated taxa. Thus, we have focused on finding out the similarities and differences between the taxa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

8 taxa belong to Salvia L., Teucrium L., Stachys L., Phlomis L. of the Lamiaceae family were chosen for this study. Plant samples were collected from natural populations between 2014-2015 (Table 1). Anatomical studies were carried out on fresh samples kept in alcohol of 70%, in sartur reactive dye (Baytop, 1981). The cross-sections were used to determine number and type of hair on stem, leaves, petiole, calyx and corolla of the investigated taxa. For the numerical analysis, 9 types of hair were selected and the number of the hairs in the unit area (mm²) was used. Hair types were coded as 1-9 and the taxa were coded as A-H. Significance of the differences between the taxa and hair characters were evaluated by analysis of variance (Regression Analysis) and Pearson correlation.

Table 1
The investigated samples and their voucher specimens

Code	Taxon	Herbarium No	Locality	Date
A	Salvia viridis	Özdemir 028	Samsun: Çakallı 900 m	22.05.2015
		Akyol 038	Manisa:Gölmarmara 800 m	30.04.2014
B	Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca	Özdemir 029	Samsun: Ladik 200 m	24.06.2014
		Özdemir 040	İzmir: Bornova 200 m	29.06.2014
C	Salvia virgata	Özdemir 030	Samsun: Kavak 900 m	24.06.2015
D	Phlomis pungens var. pungens	Özdemir 039	Manisa: Muradiye 900 m	29.06.2014
E	Phlomis pungens var. hispida	Özdemir 032	Samsun: Çakallı 900 m	24.06.2015
F	Stachyscretica subsp. anatolica	Özdemir 034	Samsun: Çakallı 900 m	24.06.2015
G	Stachyscretica subsp. smyrnaea	Özdemir 042	İzmir: Bornova 200 m	20.06.2014
H	Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides	Özdemir 044	Trabzon: Zeytinlik 300 m	28.09.2014

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The eight Lamiaceae taxa were compared numerically by studying hairs on their vegetative and reproductive organs. Glandular and aglandular hairs of the taxon were classified according to previous classifications (Özdemir and Senel, 1999, 2001). In these observations, it was found out that glandular and aglandular hairs differ in variety and density according to the kinds of taxa and related organs. Investigated taxa of Salvia have various glandular and aglandular hairs on the stem, leaf, petiole and flower. The glandular hairs are more variable and greater in number on flowers than on the other parts of the plants. There were all types of capitate and peltate hairs in the studied Salvia taxa. The first type of capitate hairs, which has two head cells, has been observed in S.virgata but not in S.verticillata subsp. amasiaca and S.viridis. These capitate glandular hairs have a great number of base cells and stalk cells in the studied Salvia taxa. In addition, stalk cells are not present in some of them. The second type of peltate hair has been observed in all of the studied Salvia taxa. There are 1, 2, 4 central cells and peripheral cells in different numbers in these peltate hairs. Different numbers of tall and simpler aglandular hairs were seen in these Salvia taxa (Figure 1, 2, 3). This result is supported in the literature. According to previous research studies, Salvia taxa have more glandular hairs than the other genera of the same family (Werker et al., 1985; Kesercioglu and Nakipoglu, 1992). It was observed that the examined taxa of Salvia have high density of peltate hairs on the leaves and flowers but not on other parts. Similar results were found in the literatüre (Özkan and Soy, 2007; Özkan, 2008). It can be thought that secretion in peltate hair gives the characteristic smell rather than in capitate hair.

Figure 1
Salvia viridis.

Figure 2
S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca.

Figure 3
Salvia virgata.

While P. pungens var. hispida has type III capitate hair, P. pungens var. pungens does not have it. On the other hand, type III capitate hair was seen in Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica but not in Stachys cretica subsp. smyrnaea is considered to be a character to distinguish the subspecies from each other. According to the statistical analysis, significance of the differences between the investigated taxa was evaluated by analysis of variance (Regression Analysis) and Pearson correlation. And the statistical analysis of the results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2
Correlation (Pearson correlation) between investigated taxa based on numbers hairs

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
B	0.998
	0.001**
C	0.975	0.999
	0.050*	0.001**
D	0.976	0.873	0.701
	0.051*	0.050*	0.036*
E	0.667	0.848	0.722	0.827
	0.050*	0.070	0.105	0.042*
F	0.293	0.352	0.327	0.310	0.231
	0.573	0.494	0.527	0.551	0.659
G	0.284	0.341	0.317	0.284	0.229	0.728
	0.585	0.509	0.540	0.586	0.662	0.026*
H	0.267	0.320	0.298	0.250	0.229	0.958	0.991
	0.610	0.536	0.566	0.633	0.663	0.003**	0.001**

• * Significant at the level of 0.05. ** Significant at the level of 0.01. A-G: Taxon Codes.

Table 3
Correlation (Regression Analysis) between investigated taxa based on number hair

Taxon	MS	F-value	Probility	Significicance
A-B	150.21	954.2	0.001	**
A-D	99.860	99.57	0.043	*
A-E	83.711	87.22	0.050	**
A-F	12.250	5.700	0.053	NS
A-G	12.170	9.640	0.058	NS
B-C	912.60	28.32	0.010	**
B-D	71.670	4.530	0.092	NS
B-G	19.170	14.78	0.521	NS
C-D	519.92	58.04	0.005	**
D-E	158.31	134.5	0.042	*
F-G	879.20	96.39	0.027	*
F-H	89.570	48.18	0.003	**
G-H	199.57	48.18	0.006	**

• MS: mean square. * p<.05. **p<.01. NS: not significant. A-H: taxon codes.

The differences, which were evaluated with Pearson correlation, between investigated taxa based on number of hairs, were shown as A-B, A-C, A-D, A-E, B-C, B-D, C-D, D-E, F-G, F-H, G-H in Table 2, and they are significant at levels of 0.01 and 0.05.

The differences evaluated with Regression Analysis are shown as A-B, A-D, A-E, B-C, C-D, D-E, F-G, F-H, G-H in Table 3, and they are significant at levels of 0.01 and 0.05.

The results of the statistical analysis are shown in Tables II and III. It was found that there were important correlations between S.viridis, S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca and S.virgata, which belong to the same genera. On the other hand, there are important differences between Phlomis pungens var.pungens - P.pungens var. hispida and Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica - S. cretica subsp. smyrnaea which are close taxa as systematically and belong to the same genera. It is mentioned that there are close relationships between the investigated taxa (Davis, 1982). Also, according to the statistical results, there is a considerable relation between the two taxa, at the level of P<.01 and .05 (Table 2, III).

Consequently, these characters about hairs will help to distinguish the taxa and genera from each other. In the literature, some researchers observed similar results to our findings in their studies (Dinç and Öztürk, 2008; Venkateshappa and Sreenath, 2013). In addition to these anatomical features, the differences in hair morphology are ancillary observations that serve to generally increase anatomical knowledge of the family. They will also be useful for future investigators of these genera of Lamiaceae (Figures 4 - 8, Table 4).

Figure 4
Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides.

Figure 5
Phlomis pungens var. pungens.

Figure 6
Phlomis pungens var. hispida.

Figure 7
Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica.

Figure 8
S. cretica subsp. smyrnaea.

Table 4
The distrubitionof hairs of investigated taxa

	Glandular haırs				Aglandular haırs
	Capitate			Peltate	Simple hairs			Branched hairs
	Type I	Type II	Type III	Peltate	Simple hairs	Stellata hair	Candelabrum hair	Tree-like hair	Shield hair
Hairs code	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Salvia viridis	•	•	•	•	•
S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca	•	•	•	•	•
S. virgata	•	•	•	•	•
Phlomis pungens var. pungens	•				•	•	•	•	•
P. pungens var. hispida	•		•		•	•	•	•	•
Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica	•	•	•		•
S. cretica subsp. smyrnaea	•		•		•
Teucrium scordium subsp. scordioides	•		•		•

• • Present.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2017

History

• Received
  26 Mar 2016
• Accepted
  05 May 2016