ABSTRACT:
Few herbicides are currently registered in Brazil for weed control in wheat. The objective of this research was to determine the wheat crop selectivity and the response of Lolium multiflorum to pyroxsulam. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Paraná, Brazil. At the proposed commercial rates of 15 and 18 g a.i. ha-1 pyroxsulam did not cause visual injury above 10% in wheat. Pyroxsulam caused >10% injury in wheat at one location (Cascavel) when applied at 21, 30, 36 and 42 g a.i. ha-1; however, the crop fully recovered from the injury by 28 days after application and did not have an adverse effect on wheat grain yield, regardless of the rate applied. Pyroxsulam applied at 15 or 18 g a.i. ha-1 provided excellent control (>85%) of Lolium multiflorum in both trials.
Keywords:
visual injury; Triticum spp.; ALS-inhibiting herbicides; systemic herbicide; Lolium multiflorum
RESUMO:
Atualmente, no Brasil, existem poucos herbicidas registrados para a cultura do trigo com a finalidade de controle de plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a seletividade do pyroxsulam à cultura do trigo e o controle de Lolium multiflorum. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em campo, em diferentes localidades do Paraná. Nas doses de registro comercial de 15 e 18 g i.a. ha-1, pyroxsulam não causou injúria visual superior a 10% à cultura do trigo. Quando aumentada a dose do produto para 21 a 42 g i.a. ha-1, em Cascavel, ocorreu injúria superior a 10%; contudo, houve recuperação total dos sintomas aos 28 dias após a aplicação. O rendimento de grão de trigo não foi afetado em nenhuma das doses estudadas. O herbicida pyroxsulam aplicado nas doses de 15 ou 18 g i.a. ha-1 proporcionou controle superior a 85% em Lolium multiflorum nos dois experimentos.
Palavras-chave:
injúria visual; Triticum spp.; herbicidas inibidores da ALS; herbicidas sistêmicos; Lolium multiflorum
INTRODUCTION
Wheat is the most widely grown crop in the world and provides 20% of daily protein and of food calories for 4.5 billion people (Nigro et al., 2014Nigro D. et al. Allelic variation of wheat flour allergens in a collection of wheat genotypes. J Chem. 2014;1:1-7.). In Brazil, wheat is cultivated in the south, southeast and mid-west regions. In approximately 2.12 million hectares, 6.76 million kg are produced in Brazil, with an average yield of 2,853 kg ha-1. Annual wheat consumption in Brazil is around 11.8 million kg, and consumption per capita is about 59 kg ha-1 (Conab, 2017Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento - Conab. Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira: graos, décimo levantamento. 2015. [acessado em: ago 8, 2017] Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.conab.gov.br/conteudos.php?a=1253&t=
.
http://www.conab.gov.br/conteudos.php?a=...
). However, weed interference can cause yield losses in cereal crops of up to 80%, depending on infestation level (Izquierdo et al., 2003Izquierdo J. et al. Effects of crop and weed densities on the interactions between barley and Lolium rigidum in several mediterranean locations. Agronomie. 2003;23:529-36. ). The main grass and broadleaf weeds infesting wheat in Brazil are Lolium multiflorum, Avena sativa, Polygonum convolvulus and Raphanus raphanistrum. In addition, the presence of Conyzasp. has recently increased in wheat fields in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. In many areas in the South of Brazil, Conyzasp. and Lolium multiflorum have been determined to be resistant to glyphosate (Roman et al., 2004Roman E.S. et al. Resistência de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) ao herbicida glyphosate. Planta Daninha. 2004;22:301-6. ; Vargas et al., 2007Vargas L. et al. Conyza bonariensis biotypes resistant to the glyphosate in southern Brazil. Planta Daninha. 2007;25:573-8. ).
Herbicides are the most common tool used by growers to control weeds in wheat crops (Montazeri et al., 2005Montazeri M., Zand E., Baghestani M.A. Weeds and their control in wheat fields of Iran. Adv Agron. 2005:58:57-93. ). In Brazil, there are only 5 herbicide molecules (2,4-D, Metsulfuron, Bentazone, Clodinafop, and Iodosulfuron) registered for use in wheat (SEAB, 2015Secretaría Estadual de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado do Paraná - SEAB. Faça sua Pesquisa. 2015. [acessado em: out. 6, 2015]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://celepar07web.pr.gov.br/agrotoxicos/pesquisar.asp
.
http://celepar07web.pr.gov.br/agrotoxico...
). Pyroxsulam [N-(5,7-dimethoxy[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide] is a triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide ALS-inhibiting herbicide that provides selective post-emergence control of grass and broadleaf weeds in certain cereals. Pyroxsulam is a systemic herbicide applied in cereals at early post-emergence. When combined with the safener cloquintocet-mexyl in commercial herbicide product formulations, pyroxsulam is selective to winter and spring wheat varieties (including durum wheat), winter rye, and winter triticale when applied in early autumn through mid-spring (Deboer et al., 2006Deboer G.J., Thornburgh S., Ehr R.J. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of the herbicide florasulam in wheat and broadleaf weeds. Pest Manage Sci. 2006;62:316-24. ). Cloquintocet-mexyl enables cereals to metabolize pyroxsulam more rapidly.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pyroxsulam applied with cloquintocet-mexyl on weed control, wheat injury and yield.
MATERIAL E METHODS
Experiments were installed at two locations in Braganey and Cascavel, in Paraná-Brazil, in June 2011. The experiments were designed as randomized complete blocks with four replications. Plot sizes were 10 x 5 m. The chemical analysis of the soil in Cascavel had the following characteristics: pH (CaCl2) = 5.3; organic matter (g dm-3) = 9.5; P (mg dm-3) = 17; H+Al, K, Ca, Mg, SB and CTC (cmolc dm-3) = 3.42; 0.16; 1.88; 0.41; 2.45 and 5.87, respectively; and V% = 41.73, while textural composition of soil was 15.4% of sand, 14.3% of silt and 70.3% of clay. In Braganey, the soil chemical analysis was: pH (CaCl2) = 5.9; organic matter (g dm-3) = 10.0; P (mg dm-3) = 51; H+Al, K, Ca, Mg, SB and CTC (cmolc dm-3) = 2.95; 0.84; 6.5; 2.96; 6.25 and 9.2, respectively; and V% = 67.93, while textural composition of soil was12% sand, 22% silt and 66% of clay.
A total of 300 kg ha-1 of 10-20-20 (NPK) was incorporated into the soil on the day of planting. The wheat crop was planted in Braganey on June 10, 2011 and in Cascavel, on June 23, 2011. Emergence usually occurred at 10 days after planting. Row spacing was 17 cm, planting depth was 5 cm, and seeding rate was 2.000.000 seeds ha-1. Prior to herbicide application, the weed populations of Lolium multiflorum (LOLMU) had an average of 110 plants m2 on the Cascavel site and 60 plants m2 on the the Braganey site. In both locations, Lolium multiflorum plants were at 2-3 tillers growth stage.
A 45 g a.i. L-1 oil dispersion (OD) formulation of pyroxsulam, including cloquintocet mexyl safener, was used for these experiments. Pyroxsulam was applied at (15, 18, 21, 30, 36 and 42 g a.i. ha-1) with 0.5 L ha-1 of Vegetable Oil (Veget Oil). The standard product was Iodosulfuron WG (50 kg-1), applied at 5 g a.i. ha-1 along with 0.5 L ha-1 of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (Hoefix). In both trials, the untreated check was included.
Herbicide applications occurred on August 25, 2011 in Cascavel and on August 18, 2011 in Braganey, using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 150 L ha-1 spray volume with a 3.0 meter boom width and 6 nozzle tips DG110015VS. On both sites, at the time of application, wheat was at tillering stage, growth stage at 2.3, according to the Feeks scale (Large, 1954Large E.C. Growth stages in cereals. Illustration of the Feekes scale. Plant Pathology. 1954;3:128-9.) within the critical period of interference of 60 days proposed by Villegas et al. (2004Villegas M.C. et al. Período crítico de competencia de malezas en trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Rev Mexic Cien Agr. 2004;30:223-34.). The weather conditions at application were temperature at 29 oC, 55% relative humidity, and 0.4 km h-1 wind speed on the Cascavel site and temperature at 27 oC, 59% relative humidly, and 0.1 km h-1 wind speed on the Braganey location.
Assessments for crop selectivity and weed control were carried out at 7, 14, 28 and 45 days after herbicide application, using a visual scale 0-100%, in which 0% means no symptoms and 100% means complete plant death (SBCPD, 1995Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas - SBCPD. Procedimentos para instalação, avaliação e análise de experimentos com herbicidas. Londrina: 1995. 42p.). Crop yield was determined by manually harvesting all wheat plants present in the 20 central rows by four meters long, in each plot. The grain from each plot were weighed. Grain moisture was corrected to 13% for all plots. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test at (p<0.10) for mean separation in use.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Control of Lolium multiflorum with pyroxsulam at 15 and 18 g a.i. ha-1 was not acceptable: at less than 80%, 28 days after application (DAA) in Cascavel, compared to Braganey in the same period of time (Table 1). The delay in control in Cascavel might have been due to high weed density (110 plants m-2), almost twice as much as at the Braganey location (60 plants m-2), although at 45 days after application, the control was the same for both locations (Table 2). Previous research has shown that when the initial population is low, crop competition enables faster weed control (Buhler, 1999Buhler D.D. Weed population responses to weed control practices. I. Seed bank, weed populations, and crop yields. Weed Sci. 1999;47:416-22.).
According to Devine et al. (1992Devine M., Duke S.O., Fedtke C. Physiology of herbicide action. [s.l.]: PTR Prentice Hall, 1992. ), ALS-inhibiting herbicides are particularly slow acting when compared to other herbicide modes of action. Herbicidal symptomology often develops very slowly and several weeks or more are required to achieve maximum efficacy. In addition, the results from these two trials are consistent with the findings of Geier et al. (2011Geier P.W. et al. Pyroxsulam compared with competitive standards for efficacy in winter wheat. Weed Technol. 2011;25:316-21.), whose study also found that control is slow in the first weeks after application. Acceptable control is considered to be above 80%, because at this level of control, wheat can grow completely and better compete with weeds. At 45 DAA at both locations, pyroxsulam at 15, 18, 21, 30, 36 and 42 g a.i. ha-1, provided acceptable control of Lolium multiflorum. The standard Iodosulfuron treatment at 5 g a.i. ha-1 provided control similar to pyroxsulam 45 DAA at the Cascavel trial location. However, there was significantly less control at the Braganey location compared to pyroxsulam at 18 g a.i. ha-1 or greater.
Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of pyroxsulam and cloquintocet-mexyl in wheat and blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) showed that the selectivity of wheat relative to blackgrass for pyroxsulam was related primarily to a difference in the rate of metabolism and the generation of a metabolite that was herbicidally inactive to the plant. Cloquintocet-mexyl increased the rate of pyroxsulam hydroxylation in wheat while having an adverse effect on blackgrass, thus improving the selectivity differential in a crop situation (Deboer et al., 2006Deboer G.J., Thornburgh S., Ehr R.J. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of the herbicide florasulam in wheat and broadleaf weeds. Pest Manage Sci. 2006;62:316-24. ). The 45 g a.i. L-1 OD formulation contains 1:2 ratio of pyroxsulam to cloquintocet mexyl, which has been shown to be an adequate amount of safener for wheat grown in the southern hemisphere (Dow Agrosciences, 2007Dow Agrosciences LLC. Pyroxsulam Technical Bulletin. Form No. Y45-356-001 (09/07) September, 2007. p.2-10.).
Pyroxsulam at 15 to 18 g i.a. ha-1 did not cause observable injury symptoms at any assessment time at the Braganey trial (Tables 3 and 4). However, at the Cascavel location, pyroxsulam caused slight visual injury (< 11%) to wheat at 14 DAA when applied at rates lower than 21 g a.i. ha-1. Rates 2-3 times higher and 42 g a.i. ha-1)than the proposed label recommendation, caused up to 28% injury but the crop fully recovered from the injury by 45 DAA. The commercial rates (15 and 18 g a.i. ha-1) of pyroxsulam, at both locations, did not result in observable wheat injury at 28 DAA. Pyroxsylam at 18.4 g a.i. ha-1, caused 8 to 13% leaf injury at 14 DAA and injury symptoms disappeared and wheat recovered completely within 3 to 4 weeks (Reddy et al., 2013Reddy S. et al. Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and broadleaf weed control in winter wheat with acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Agronomy. 2013;3:340-8)
Pyroxsulam or iodosulfuron did not cause any significant reduction in wheat grain yield regardless of the rate applied (Table 5). Pyroxsulam applied at 15 or 18 g a.i. ha-1 provided excellent control of Lolium multiflorum while adversely effecting wheat response at two locations in Brazil.
REFERENCES
- Buhler D.D. Weed population responses to weed control practices. I. Seed bank, weed populations, and crop yields. Weed Sci. 1999;47:416-22.
- Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento - Conab. Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira: graos, décimo levantamento. 2015. [acessado em: ago 8, 2017] Disponível em: Disponível em: http://www.conab.gov.br/conteudos.php?a=1253&t=
» http://www.conab.gov.br/conteudos.php?a=1253&t= - Deboer G.J., Thornburgh S., Ehr R.J. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of the herbicide florasulam in wheat and broadleaf weeds. Pest Manage Sci. 2006;62:316-24.
- Devine M., Duke S.O., Fedtke C. Physiology of herbicide action. [s.l.]: PTR Prentice Hall, 1992.
- Dow Agrosciences LLC. Pyroxsulam Technical Bulletin. Form No. Y45-356-001 (09/07) September, 2007. p.2-10.
- Geier P.W. et al. Pyroxsulam compared with competitive standards for efficacy in winter wheat. Weed Technol. 2011;25:316-21.
- Izquierdo J. et al. Effects of crop and weed densities on the interactions between barley and Lolium rigidum in several mediterranean locations. Agronomie. 2003;23:529-36.
- Large E.C. Growth stages in cereals. Illustration of the Feekes scale. Plant Pathology. 1954;3:128-9.
- Montazeri M., Zand E., Baghestani M.A. Weeds and their control in wheat fields of Iran. Adv Agron. 2005:58:57-93.
- Nigro D. et al. Allelic variation of wheat flour allergens in a collection of wheat genotypes. J Chem. 2014;1:1-7.
- Reddy S. et al. Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and broadleaf weed control in winter wheat with acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Agronomy. 2013;3:340-8
- Roman E.S. et al. Resistência de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) ao herbicida glyphosate. Planta Daninha. 2004;22:301-6.
- Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas - SBCPD. Procedimentos para instalação, avaliação e análise de experimentos com herbicidas. Londrina: 1995. 42p.
- Secretaría Estadual de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado do Paraná - SEAB. Faça sua Pesquisa. 2015. [acessado em: out. 6, 2015]. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://celepar07web.pr.gov.br/agrotoxicos/pesquisar.asp
» http://celepar07web.pr.gov.br/agrotoxicos/pesquisar.asp - Vargas L. et al. Conyza bonariensis biotypes resistant to the glyphosate in southern Brazil. Planta Daninha. 2007;25:573-8.
- Villegas M.C. et al. Período crítico de competencia de malezas en trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Rev Mexic Cien Agr. 2004;30:223-34.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
2018
History
-
Received
14 Dec 2015 -
Accepted
14 Apr 2016
