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Herbicidal Potential of Some Dry Land Plants Against Lathyrus aphaca (L.), Winter Season Weed

Potencial Herbicida de Plantas de Regiões Áridas Contra Lathyrus aphaca (L.), uma Planta Daninha de Inverno

ABSTRACT:

Dry land plants owing to their capability to grow under stressful environment have shown higher allelopathic potential as compared to cultivated plants. An experiment was conducted to investigate the herbicidal potential of aqueous extracts of four dry land plants viz. fruit and vine of Citrullus colocynthis, and above ground parts of Rhazya stricta; Crotalaria burhia and Calligonum polygonoides, with four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of initially prepared extracts against Lathyrus aphaca, a common weed of wheat in the studied region. These plants were collected from dry land area (30.03° N and 70.38° E, 129 m above sea level, almost desert conditions) of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. All the four plants exhibited pronounced herbicidal potential with 9 to 91% suppression of different parameters in L. aphaca). Maximum inhibition was recorded in germination (36-91%). Significant suppression in leaf count (9-65%), shoot length (12-59%), root length (4-62%), shoot fresh weight (17-71%), root fresh weight (10-60%), shoot dry weight (15-72%), root dry weight (13-64%), and nodule numbers (34-89%) was also observed. The highest inhibition was exhibited by R. stricta followed by C. colocynthis: fruit. However, in case of nodulation maximum suppression was produced by C. burhia extract. Least suppressant activity was observed for the C. polygonides extract. These results encourage the potential use of locally available dry land plants possessing strong allelochemical properties for nonchemical control of weeds ultimately reducing reliance on chemical control.

Keywords:
allelopathy; Citrullus colocynthis; Crotalaria burhia; Calligonum polygonoides; dry land plants; Rhazya stricta

RESUMO:

Plantas de regiões áridas têm maior potencial alelopático do que plantas cultivadas à medida que crescem sob um ambiente estressante. Foi realizado um experimento para investigar o potencial herbicida de extratos aquosos de quatro plantas terrestres secas, incluindo frutas e videiras Citrullus colocynthis, e partes acima do solo das plantas Rhazya stricta, Crotalaria burhia e Calligonum polygonoides, com quatro concentrações (25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) de extratos inicialmente preparados contra a ervilhaca-silvestre, uma planta daninha comum de trigo na região estudada. Estas plantas foram recolhidas da área de terra seca (30,03° N e 70,38° E, 129 m metros acima do nível do mar - condições quase desérticas) de Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Paquistão. Todas as quatro plantas exibiram potencial herbicida pronunciado, com 9% a 91% de supressão de diferentes parâmetros na planta daninha L. aphaca. Foi observada inibição máxima na germinação (36-91%). Observou-se também supressão significativa na contagem de folhas (9-65%), comprimento do tiro (12-59%), comprimento da raiz (4-62%), peso fresco do caule (17-71%), peso fresco da raiz (10-60%), peso seco do caule (15-72%), peso seco da raiz (13-64%) e número de nódulos (34-89%). A inibição máxima foi apresentada por R. stricta seguida de C. colocynthis: frutos. Ao contrário, em caso de nodulação, supressão máxima foi produzida pelo extrato de C. burhia. Foi observada a menor supressão para o extrato de C. polygonoides. Esses achados encorajam o uso de plantas terrestres secas disponíveis localmente com forte potencial de alelopatia, que podem ser usadas no controle não químico de plantas daninhas e, portanto, reduzir a dependência do controle químico.

Palavras-chave:
alelopatia; Citrullus colocynthis; Crotalaria burhia; Calligonum polygonoides; plantas de regiões áridas; Rhazya stricta

INTRODUCTION

Herbicides cause a significant inhibition in growth of wheat plants (Fedtke, 1973Fedtke C. Effects of the herbicide methabenzthiazuron on the physiology of wheat plants. Pest Manag Sci. 1973;4(5):653-64.). Phytotoxic effects include reduction in plant height, root length, nodulation (in legumes) (Singh and Wright, 1999Singh G, Wright D. Effects of herbicides on nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum). J Agric Sci. 1999;133:21-30.; Drew et al., 2007Drew EA, Gupta VVSR, Roget DK Herbicide use, productivity, and nitrogen fixation in field pea (Pisum sativum). Aust J Agric Res. 2007;58:1204-14.; García-Garijo et al., 2014García-Garijo A, Tejera NA, Lluch C, Palma F. Metabolic responses in root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia sativa exposed to the imazamox herbicide. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;111:19-23.), carotenoid, chlorophyll content, and grain protein concentration (in cereals) (Mitra and Raghu, 1998Mitra J, Raghu K. Pesticides non target plants interactions: An overview. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 1998;43:445-500.). Moreover herbicides also have potential to induce oxidative stress leading to leave withering of crop plants (Varshney et al., 2012Varshney S, Hayat S, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad A. Effects of herbicide applications in wheat fields. Plant Signal Behav. 2012;7(5):570-5.). Due to environment-friendly and sustainable approach, crop allelopathy is gaining attention of the weed researchers worldwide (Fragasso et al., 2013Fragasso M, Iannucci A, Papa R. Durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management. Front Plant Sci. 2013;4:375.; Jabran et al., 2015Jabran K, Mahajan G, Sardana V, Chauhan BS. Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Prot. 2015;72:57-65.). It can also eliminate the problems raised by synthetic chemicals (Duke, 2010Duke SO. Allelopathy: current status of research and future of the discipline: a commentary. Allelop J. 2010;25:17-30.; Arora et al., 2015Arora K, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Allelopathic potential of essential oil from wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) against some invasive weeds. J Environ Agric Sci. 2015;3:56-60.; Cheng and Cheng, 2015Cheng F, Cheng Z. Research progress on the use of plant allelopathy in agriculture and the physiological and ecological mechanisms of allelopathy. Front Plant Sci. 2015;6:1020.; Yazlik and Uremis, 2016Yazlik A, Uremis I. Evaluation of autotoxic potential of Johnsongrass and its integrated application with herbicides. J Environ Agric Sci. 2016;9:44-9.). Sustainable agriculture demands the execution of economically feasible and environment-friendly techniques to control weeds. Natural phytotoxic products have a great potential to be used either directly as water extracts combined with reduced herbicide application in weed management (Iqbal and Cheema, 2007Iqbal J, Cheema ZA. Effect of allelopathic crops water extracts on glyphosate dose for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Allelopathy J. 2007;19(2):403-10.; Farooq et al., 2011Farooq M, Jabran K, Cheema ZA, Wahid A, Siddique KH. The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Manag. Sci. 2011;67(5):493-506.; Wezel et al., 2014Wezel A, Casagrande M, Celette F, Vian J-F, Ferrer A, Peigné J. Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2014;34:1-20.; Nichols et al., 2015Nichols V, Verhulst N, Cox R, Govaerts B. Weed dynamics and conservation agriculture principles: A review. Field Crops Res. 2015;183:56-68.) as well as for the discovery of new molecular target sites for herbicides (Duke, 2010; Cheng and Cheng, 2015). Allelochemicals have too short half-life as compared to synthetic pesticides (Batish et al., 2001Batish DR, Singh HP, Kaur S. Crop allelopathy and its role in ecological agriculture. J. Crop Prod. 2001;4:121-61.; Kalinova, 2010Kalinova J. Allelopathy and organic farming. In: Lichtfouse E., editor. Sociology, organic farming, climate change and soil science. Dordrecth: Springer; 2010. p. 379-418.; Farooq et al., 2011; Jabran et al., 2015). The role of allelopathy in crop production can be improved through identification of allelopathic plants, especially wild plants abundantly found in specific regions. Discovery of new allelochemicals and their mode of action can be very helpful in non-chemical weed control.

Desert or dry land conditions favor production of allelochemicals due to some ecological factors like water or mineral stresses, or grazing as well as other factors such as low leaching rates, reduced activity of soil microflora that improves or enhance the retention of allelochemicals (Tang et al., 1995Tang C-S, Cai W-F, Kohl K, Nishimoto RK. Plant stress and allelopathy In: Inderjit K, Dakshini MM, Einhellig FA, editors. Allelopathy: organisms, processes, and applications. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society; 1995. p.142-57.). However, low organic matter in sandy soils of arid and semiarid areas causes a slow release of allelochemicals. Environmental stresses including light, nutrient, pH, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, temperature etc., significantly influence production of allelochemicals, through modification in metabolism by strengthening the competitive ability of allelopathic species (Tang et al., 1995; Li et al., 2009Li H-Y, Pan K-wen, Jin Q, Liu CW. Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B on allelopathic potential of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Sci Hortic. 2009;119(3):310-4.; Wang and Tang, 2016Wang R, Tang X. Allelopathic effects of macroalga Corallina pilulifera on the red-tide forming alga Heterosigma akashiwo under laboratory conditions. Chinese J Oceanol Limnol. 2016;34:314-21.), The plant growing under these stressed conditions may exhibit higher allelopathic potential and can be explored for their herbicidal potential. The search for new plant-derived chemicals should thus be a priority in current and future efforts toward sustainable conservation and rational utilization of biodiversity (Batish et al., 2001Batish DR, Singh HP, Kaur S. Crop allelopathy and its role in ecological agriculture. J. Crop Prod. 2001;4:121-61.; Albuquerque et al., 2010Albuquerque BM, Santos RC, Lima LM, Melo Filho PA, Nogueira RJMC, Câmara CAG, Ramos AR. Allelopathy, an alternative tool to improve cropping systems. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2010;31(2):379-95.). Many of the dry land plants have been reported as allelopathic potential. Rhazya stricta, Cirtullus colocynthis, Calligonum polygonoides and Crotalaria burhia are typical plants found as shrubs in deserts throughout the arid zones of world including Pakistan (Yates et al., 2014Yates SA, Chernukhin I, Alvarez-Fernandez R, Bechtold U, Baeshen M, Baeshen N, et al. The temporal foliar transcriptome of the perennial C3 desert plant Rhazya stricta in its natural environment. BMC Plant Biol. 2014;14:1-22.; Bukhari et al., 2017Bukhari NA, Al-Otaibi RA, Ibhrahim MM. Phytochemical and taxonomic evaluation of Rhazya stricta in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci., 2017;24;1513-21. ). R. stricta Decne (Apocynaceae family) is an erect shrub and common in the dry land areas of Pakistan as well as India (Khan and Khan, 2007Khan S, Khan GM. In vitro antifungal activity of Rhazya stricta. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2007;20:279-84.; Marwat et al., 2012Marwat SK, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Usman K, Shah SS, Anwar N, Ullah I. A review of phytochemistry, bioactivities and ethnomedicinal uses of Rhazya stricta Decsne (Apocynaceae). Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6:1629-41.). Allelochemicals obtained from different plants and their parts have potential to serve as environment-friendly fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and plant growth regulators, thus have vital role in sustainable agriculture (Cheng and Cheng, 2015Cheng F, Cheng Z. Research progress on the use of plant allelopathy in agriculture and the physiological and ecological mechanisms of allelopathy. Front Plant Sci. 2015;6:1020.). Different plant part of R. stricta especially leaves have been reported in many biological activities like pharmacological, toxicological(Adam, 1998Adam SEI. Combined toxicity of Rhazya stricta and Silene villosa in rats. Fitoterapia. 1998;69:415-9.),herbicidal (Al-Mutlaq, 2001Al-Mutlaq KF. Herbicidal activity of Rhazya stricta. Assiut J Agric Sci. 2001;32:169-74.; Al-Mutalaq et al., 2002Al-Mutlaq KF, Al-Rajhi DH, Hussein HI, Ismail MS, Mostafa S. Selective toxicity of alkaloidal extract of Rhazya stricta to some crops and weeds. Alexandria J Agric Res. 2002;47:179-83.) ,insecticidal (El Hag et al., 1999El Hag EA, El Nadi AH, Zaitoon AA. Toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Phytother Res. 1999;13:388-92.; El Nadi et al., 2001El Nadi A, Elhag EA, Zaitoon AA, Al-Doghairi MA. Toxicity of three plants extracts to Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Pak J Biol Sci. 2001;4(12):1503-5.), fungicidal (Khan and Khan, 2007), antimicrobial (Bashir et al., 1994Bashir AK, Abdulla AA, Hassan ES, Wasfi IA, Amiri MA, Crabb TA. Alkaloids with antimicrobial activity from the root of Rhyzya stricta Decn. growing in United Arab Emirates. Arab Gulf J Sci Res. 1994;12:119-31. ; Mariee et al., 1988Mariee NK, Khalil AA, Nasser AA, Al-Hiti MM, Ali WM. Isolation of the Antimicrobial Alkaloid Stemmadenine from Iraqi Rhazya stricta. J Nat Prod. 1988;51(1):186-7.), and nematicidal activities (Marwat et al., 2012Marwat SK, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Usman K, Shah SS, Anwar N, Ullah I. A review of phytochemistry, bioactivities and ethnomedicinal uses of Rhazya stricta Decsne (Apocynaceae). Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6:1629-41.).

C. polygonoides (L.), commonly known as Phog, is an arid shrub of the natural vegetation cover of the Thar Desert with many ethnic uses viz. fodder, fuel and food (Khan et al., 2003Khan TI, Dular AK, Solomon DM. Biodiversity conservation in the thar desert; with emphasis on endemic and medicinal plants. Environmentalist. 2003;23(2):137-44.; Arora and Ramawat, 2013Arora J, Ramawat KG. Bioenergy resources of the thar desert. Biofuels. 2013;4:617-33.). C. colocynthis L. belongs to family cucurbitaceae and it produces bitter flavoured fruits about the size of cantaloupe and seeds rich in oil and protein. It showed antimicrobial (Mariee et al., 1988Mariee NK, Khalil AA, Nasser AA, Al-Hiti MM, Ali WM. Isolation of the Antimicrobial Alkaloid Stemmadenine from Iraqi Rhazya stricta. J Nat Prod. 1988;51(1):186-7.; Gurudeeban et al., 2011Gurudeeban S, Ramanathan T, Satyavani K, Dhinesh T Antimicrobial effect of coastal medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis against pathogenic microorganisms. Afr J Pure Appl Chem. 2011;5(5):119-22.), medicinal (Najafi et al., 2010Najafi S, Sanadgol N, Nejad BS, Beiragi MA, Sanadgol E. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad against Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Plant Res. 2010;4(22):2321-5.), insecticidal (Shaalan et al., 2005Shaalan EA, Canyon D, Younes MW, Abdel-Wahab H, Mansour AH. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ Int. 2005;31:1149-66.; Najafi et al., 2010), and allelopathic activity. C. burhiais a low under shrub, 30-60 centimeters tall and found in Tropical and subtropical regions (Naseem et al., 2006Naseem R, Mahmud K, Arshad M. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Crotalaria burhia, from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. Hamdard Med. 2006;49:49-52.). Naseem et al. (2006) reported the presence of glycosides, bound anthraquinones and saponins in C. burhia. Present study was aimed to investigate the herbicidal potential of these dry land plants against Lathyrus aphaca, a common weed in wheat fields in Pakistan (Tanveer et al., 2012Tanveer A, Tabassum F, Abbas RN, Tahir M, Javaid MM, Aziz A, et al. Seed germination ecology of Lathyrus aphaca L. and Vicia sativa L. in comparison with Triticum aestivum L. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2012;18(3):293-305.). The projected results would be helpful in sustainable weed control in the region and reduce reliance on chemical control.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plants of C. colocynthis, R. stricta, C. burhia and C. polygonoides were collected from the dry land area of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan situated at 30.03° N and 70.38° E, 129 m above sea level (Iqbal et al., 2018Iqbal J, Zahra ST, Ahmad M, Shah AN, Hassan W. Herbicidal potential of dryland plants on growth and tuber sproutingin purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Planta Daninha.2018;36:e018170606. ). The fruit and vine of C. colocynthis and all above-ground parts (leaves and stem) of R. stricta, C. burhia and C. polygonoides were dried under shade and chopped into small pieces of 1 cm. These plant materials were soaked in distilled water at 10 g/100 mL for 24 hours. Subsequently, extracts were sieved with 20 and 60 mesh sieve. Crude extract was boiled to concentrate it up to 20 times. This extract was considered as 100% concentration. Lower concentrations of 75%, 50% and 25% were prepared by diluting it with distilled water.

Pots of 6.2 cm diameter and 9.8 cm deep were used for experiment. Initially, the soil of these pots was soaked with 20 mL of distilled water for 10 minutes. Ten seeds of L. aphaca were sown per pot and a thin layer of soil was placed on seeds (Iqbal et al., 2018Iqbal J, Zahra ST, Ahmad M, Shah AN, Hassan W. Herbicidal potential of dryland plants on growth and tuber sproutingin purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Planta Daninha.2018;36:e018170606. ). Ten milliliters of aqueous extract of different concentrations were poured in the pots. Pots were frequently irrigated (when required) with equal amount of tap water. After completion of germination, plants were counted manually to calculate germination percentage. After 45 days of sowing, plants were harvested and data regarding number of leaves, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, and nodule numbers were recorded. Number of leaves were manually counted, whereas shoot and root lengths (cm) were measured with meter rod. Fresh and dry weights (g) of shoot and root were recorded with digital weighing balance.

Data were analyzed by using statistical software package” MSTAT C” (Bricker, 1989Bricker A.A. 1989. MSTAT-C user’s guide. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.) and treatment means were separated by using LSD test at 1% probability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All tested plant extracts effectively suppressed L. aphaca germination with varying level of inhibition (Table 2). Complete inhibition (100%) was observed with R. stricta at 100% concentration and was statistically similar to all other plant extract at highest concentration (100%) except C. polygonides (Table 2). R. stricta aqueous extract was found the most effective in suppressing L. aphaca germination followed by C. colocynthis (Table 1). C. polygonoides was found the least effective in suppressing germination. Germination inhibition increased with increasing concentration of plant extracts and 100% inhibition was observed with higher concentration of extract (Table 1).

Table 1
Herbicidal potential of some dry land plants against Lathyrus aphaca (Individual treatments)
Table 2
Herbicidal potential of some dry land plants against Lathyrus aphaca a winter weed (Interaction of extracts with concentration)

R. stricta extract (100% concentration) completely suppressed leaf count of L. aphaca and was statistically similar to extract of C. colocynthis (both vine and fruit water extracts) at similar concentration (Table 2). The highest leaf count observed in C. burhia at 25 and 50% concentration was statistically similar with extract of C. polygonides at 25-75% concentration. R. stricta was the highest inhibitor followed by C. burhia (Table 1). C. polygonides was the least suppressive. Generally inhibitory effect of plant extract on L. aphaca which gradually increased with the increasing concentration of plant extract (Table 1).

The interactive effect of shoot length and shoot fresh weight of L. aphaca was insignificant (Table 2). However, individual treatments were found to be effective in suppressing L. aphaca (Table 1). The inhibitory effect of R. stricta on shoot length was not only the highest but also similar to C. colocynthis (vine). However, the highest inhibition which was statistically at par with all other plant extracts except C. polygonides in case of shoot fresh weight was recorded in C. colocynthis (fruit). The interactive effect of extract and their concentrations was significantly different for shoot dry weight (Table 2). The highest inhibition of shoot dry weight was observed in R. stricta at 100% concentration and was statistically similar with its 75% and C. colocynthis (vine) at 100% concentration. In individual treatment comparison, R. stricta was found the highest suppressant and was at par with C. burhia (Table 1). Gradual decrease in shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight was observed with gradual increase in concentration (Table 1).

The interactive effect of plant extracts and their different concentrations was found significant for root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight (Table 2). Application of R. stricta at 100% concentration resulted in maximum inhibition of root growth parameters (root length and root dry weight) and was statistically at par with its 75% concentration of R. stricta and 100% concentration C. colocynthis (vine). R. stricta showed highest inhibitory potential against L. aphaca and was statistically similar with other plant extracts except C. polygonides in case of root length, and C. colocynthis (fruit) in case of root dry weight (Table 1). Inhibitory influence of plant extracts on root parameters increased with increasing concentration and was concentration dependent.

L. aphaca is a leguminous weed. Its nodule numbers were also inhibited by the application of different dry land plant water extracts. A significant interactive effect of extract against concentration was recorded (Table 2). The highest suppression was observed at 100%extract of R. stricta which was statistically similar to its 75% and 100% concentration of C. colocynthis (vine) and C.burhia. The highest suppression was observed in C. burhia for nodule numbers as compared with other parameters (Table 1). The increasing concentrations of plant extracts resulted in gradual decrease in number of nodules in L. aphaca.

All of the dry land plants were found to have inhibition potential with varying level of suppression against L. aphaca. R. stricta showed the most allelopathic effect in suppression as compared to other dry land plants. Its herbicidal potential has already been reported in many studies (Assaeed and Al-Doss, 1996Assaeed AM, Al-Doss AA. Effect of Rhazya stricta foliage leachate on seedling growth and survival of some range plant species. Environ Arid Land Agric. 1996;7:13-20.; Khan and Khan, 2007Khan S, Khan GM. In vitro antifungal activity of Rhazya stricta. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2007;20:279-84.; Khan et al., 2011Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S. Allelopathic potential of Rhazya stricta Decne on germination of Pennisetum typhoides. Int J Biosci. 2011;1:80-5.). The presences of alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenes, tannins, and volatile bases in the leaves of this plant have been reported (Ahmad et al., 1983Ahmad Y, Fatima K, Le Quesne PW, Atta-ur-Rahman . Further alkaloidal constituents of the leaves of Rhazya stricta. Phytochemistry. 1983;22(4):1017-9. ). C. colocynthis was found second as suppressant after R. stricta. It has also been reported as allelopathic plant in some studies (Najafi et al., 2010Najafi S, Sanadgol N, Nejad BS, Beiragi MA, Sanadgol E. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad against Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Plant Res. 2010;4(22):2321-5.; Gurudeeban et al., 2011Gurudeeban S, Ramanathan T, Satyavani K, Dhinesh T Antimicrobial effect of coastal medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis against pathogenic microorganisms. Afr J Pure Appl Chem. 2011;5(5):119-22.), but less reported as compared to R. stricta. Suppression of the growth of L. aphaca by gradual increase in the concentration of the extract is supposed to have higher amount of phytotoxin. Similar findings were also reported earlier (Mallik et al., 1994Mallik MA, Puchala R, Grosz FA. A growth inhibitory factor from lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). J. Chem. Ecol. 1994;20(4):957-67.; Prati and Bossdorf, 2004Prati D, Bossdorf O. Allelopathic inhibition of germination by Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae). Am J Bot. 2004;91:285.). Mallik et al. (1994) observed the reduction in germination of radish by 40% and 95%, at 2 and 4 mg g-1 sand amended with unextracted lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) shoots, respectively. They further reported the significant reduction in shoot dry weight and plant height at 4 mg/g but not at 2 mg/g concentration. Due to these promising results, further in vivo studies over R. stricta are suggested.

Extracts of all dry land plants used in this study showed inhibitory allelopathic effects against L. aphaca. However, R. stricta was found the most effective in suppressing the weeds. The allelopathic effect of these plants was concentration dependent. Suppression of weed increased gradually with increasing concentration of plant extract.

REFERENCES

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  • Al-Mutlaq KF. Herbicidal activity of Rhazya stricta Assiut J Agric Sci. 2001;32:169-74.
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  • Arora K, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Allelopathic potential of essential oil from wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) against some invasive weeds. J Environ Agric Sci. 2015;3:56-60.
  • Assaeed AM, Al-Doss AA. Effect of Rhazya stricta foliage leachate on seedling growth and survival of some range plant species. Environ Arid Land Agric. 1996;7:13-20.
  • Albuquerque BM, Santos RC, Lima LM, Melo Filho PA, Nogueira RJMC, Câmara CAG, Ramos AR. Allelopathy, an alternative tool to improve cropping systems. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 2010;31(2):379-95.
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  • El Hag EA, El Nadi AH, Zaitoon AA. Toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Phytother Res. 1999;13:388-92.
  • El Nadi A, Elhag EA, Zaitoon AA, Al-Doghairi MA. Toxicity of three plants extracts to Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Pak J Biol Sci. 2001;4(12):1503-5.
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  • Fedtke C. Effects of the herbicide methabenzthiazuron on the physiology of wheat plants. Pest Manag Sci. 1973;4(5):653-64.
  • Fragasso M, Iannucci A, Papa R. Durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management. Front Plant Sci. 2013;4:375.
  • García-Garijo A, Tejera NA, Lluch C, Palma F. Metabolic responses in root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia sativa exposed to the imazamox herbicide. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2014;111:19-23.
  • Gurudeeban S, Ramanathan T, Satyavani K, Dhinesh T Antimicrobial effect of coastal medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis against pathogenic microorganisms. Afr J Pure Appl Chem. 2011;5(5):119-22.
  • Iqbal J, Cheema ZA. Effect of allelopathic crops water extracts on glyphosate dose for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Allelopathy J. 2007;19(2):403-10.
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    10 Feb 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    31 Oct 2016
  • Accepted
    14 May 2018
Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com