Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Systematics of medicinally important weeds of genus Convolvulus: Convolvulaceae

Abstract

Background:

Palyno-morphological and foliar epidermal studies plays a very important role in the correct identification and differentiation of two weeds of genus convolvulus.

Objective:

The aim of the study is to determine the medicinal uses of the two important weeds for correct systematic identification.

Methods:

Both the qualitative and quantitative features were measured with the help of Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Results:

Variations were observed in both the weeds, i.e Convolvulus arvensis (bindweeds) and Convolvulus prostatus (soft bindweed) in epidermal cells, stomatal size and number, guard cell shape and size, subsidiary cell and diversity of trichomes. Paracytic type of stomata was found in both the weed species. Stomata shape in Convolvulus arvensis is elliptical and oval to oval oblong in Convolvulus prostratus. Weed species have a difference in size, shape, polarity and exine ornamentation. Tricolporate pollen type was observed. The shape of pollen grains is Prolate, Perforate. By using these Palyno-morphological characteristics a taxonomic key is prepared for the identification of these weed plants.

Conclusions:

High fertility rate i.e Convolvulus arvensis 96% and in Convolvulus prostatus is 90 % shows the weed species are well adapted in the area. Systematics studies of the weed play a very important role not only incorrect identification but also differentiation with other weed plants and subsequently for the conservation purposes.

Keywords:
palyno-morphological; foliar epidermal; Convolvulaceae; weed species; fertility rate; taxonomic key

Highlights

To determine the medicinal uses of the two important weeds

To determine the Pollen grains morphology through (SEM)

Foliar anatomical characters (LM) of the weed plants for correct systematic identification.

1 Introduction

Convolvulaceae is one of the attractive eurpalynous family, consisting of herbs, shrubs, and vines. Family Convolvulaceae extending globally most abundantly in America and Asia. (Saensouk, 2007Saensouk S. The family Convolvulaceae in Muang District, Nong Khai province, Thailand. Pac. J. Sci. Technol. 2007; 12(3):237-43.). According to Austin (1975Austin DF. Typification of the new world subdivisions of Ipomoea L.(Convolvulaceae). Taxon. 1975;107-10.), the family contains about almost 50 genera and 2000 or more species. There are about thirteen genera exist in Pakistan that includes both natives and cultivated (Ali et al., 1979Ali SI, Austin DF, Ghazanfar SA. Flora of West Pakistan: no. 126. Convolvulaceae. Islamabad: Agricultural Research Council:1979. 64p.-Illus., map, keys. Icones. Geog 6. ).

Convolvulaceae is divided into two groups Psiloconiae and Echinoconieae (Sengupta, 1972Sengupta S. On the pollen morphology of Convolvulaceae with special reference to taxonomy. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 1972;13(3-4):157-212.). Genus convolvulus was placed in Psiloconiace, Convolvulus arvensis L. bindweeds and Convolvulus prostatus (soft bindweed) are the most important medicinal weeds (Jaradat, 2005Jaradat NA. Medical plants utilized in Palestinian folk medicine for treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. J Al-Aqsa Unv. 2005;9:1-28.). Convolvulus arvensis is a perennial vine, persistent, spread by rhizome and seeds, having a cylindrical and branched stem. Leaves are variable in shape; triangular to ovate (Weaver and Riley, 1982Weaver SE, Riley WR. The biology of Canadian weeds.: 53. Convolvulus arvensis L. Can J Plant Sci. 1982; 62(2):461-72.). Species is native to Eurasia, but commonly distributed world wild and ranked as noxious weeds of the world (Austin, 2000Austin NK. Tourism and the transatlantic slave trade: some issues and reflections. In: Dieke PUC, editor. The political economy of tourism development in Africa. New York: Cognizant; 2000.p.208-16.; Holm et al., 1977Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP. The world's worst weeds. Distribution and biology :[S.I]:University Press of Hawaii.1977.).

Convolvulus arvensis was traditionally applied to treat epilepsy in north Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2019aAshfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Abbas N. Medicinal Plant Biodiversity used among the rural communities of Arid Regions of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. Indian J tradit knowl. 2019a;18(2):226-41.; Bahadur et al., 2018aBahadur S, Khan MS, Shah M, Shuaib M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, et al. Traditional usage of medicinal plants among the local communities of Peshawar valley, Pakistan. Acta Ecol Sinica. 2018a;1-29.; Murad et al., 2011Murad W, Ahmad A, Gilani SA, Khan MA. Indigenous knowledge and folk use of medicinal plants by the tribal communities of Hazar Nao Forest, Malakand District, North Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(7):1072-86.). Convolvulus prostatus is one of the important medicinal weed that is the main source of Shankhpushi, considered as the best brain tonics (Sethiya et al., 2009Sethiya NK, Nahata A, Mishra SH, Dixit VK. An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2009;7(11):1001-22.). Leaves powder of Convolvulus arvensis is used to treat boils and inflammation. Whole plant juice of Convolvulus prostratus is used as a Nerve tonic and the treatment of fever, jaundice (Qureshi et al., 2010Qureshi R, Bhatti GR, Memon RA. Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from the northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2010;42(2):839-51. ; Waheed et al., 2020Waheed K, Muhammad SK, Ashfaq S, Zafar M, Ullah I, Ullah S. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Euphorbia helioscopia. Planta Daninha.2020;38:e020213727. ). First palynological survey on Convolvulaceae was made by Hallier in 1893Hallier H. Versuch einer naturlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf morphologischer und anatomischer Grundlage. [S.I.:s.n.];1893..

Pollen grain morphology is very important for the identification of plants. According to Arora and Modi (2008Arora A, Modi A. An acetolysis technique for pollen slide preparation. Indian J. Aerobiol. 2008;21(2):90-1. ), the Palynological evidence provides valuable information and conformation about genera and species that are closely related. Scanning electron microscope significantly improved the pollen surface (Ridgway and Skyvarla, 1969Ridgway JE, Skyvarla JJ. Scanning electron microscopy as an aid to pollen taxonomy. Ann. Missouri Bot.1969; 121-4.). Both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are distinct interest for researchers to observe different taxonomic features. (Qureshi et al.,2019Qureshi MN, Talha N, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ashfaq S. Morpho palynological investigations of natural resources: A case study of Surghar mountain district Mianwali Punjab, Pakistan Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(7):1047-56.; Khan et al., 2017Khan R, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah A. Scanning electron and light microscopy of foliar epidermal characters: a tool for plant taxonomists in the identification of grasses. Microsc Res Tech. 2017a ;80(10):1123-1140.). Foliar anatomical characters are very important for correct identification. Specific kind of trichomes can be used frequently to delineate genera, species and family (Khan et al., 2013Khan G, Zhang F, Gao Q, Rehman K, Khan MA, Chen S. Trichomes diversity in the tropical flora of Pak. J. Med. Plants Res. 2013.7(22):1587-92.). Type of trichome is one of the main characters used in identification. The taxonomic value of the trichomes and their inference in systematic is well known (Cantino, 1990Cantino PD. The phylogenetic significance of stomata and trichomes in the Labiatae and Verbenaceae. J Arnold Arbor. 1990;323-70.; Khokhar, 2009Khokhar AL. Taxonomic study of the trichomes of some representative species of family Convolvulaceae. Jamshoro :Institute of plant sciences the University of Sindh; 2009.).

The main objective of the present research is to determine the medicinal uses of the two important weeds along with pollen grains morphology through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and foliar anatomical characters (Light microscopy) of the weed plants for correct systematic identification.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Plant collection and identification

Both the weeds of genus Convolvulus i.e Convolvulus arvensis and Convolvulus prostratus were collected during the period of March 2016 - May 2017. Five to six specimens were collected from a different locality. For correct taxonomic identification, the International Plant Name Index (IPNI) was used. Plant specimens were submitted in the Herbarium of Pakistan (ISL), Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan (Table 1).

Table 1
Morphological and ethnobotanical uses and distribution of weeds

2.2 Foliar epidermal anatomy

Subrahmanyam technique was used for light microscopy, small pieces of the leaf are boiled in 4 mL of nitric acid and 0.2 g of potassium chloride in a test tube (Subrahmanyam, 1996Subrahmanyam N. Laboratory manual of plant taxonomy, New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House; 1996.). The epidermis was separated in the form of the thin pellicle. Both the abaxial and abaxial epidermal surface was separated and washed with ethanol so that extra stain was removed easily. Putting 1 to 2 drops of lactic acid on the epidermal strip covered with a coverslip. By using light microscope both the qualitative and quantitative characters were observed, and photographs were taken with the help of Nikon (FX-35) camera fitted on the Leica Light microscope (Model: DM 1000).

2.3 Pollen morphology

Pollen grains were prepared by using the technique of Erdtman (1953Erdtman G. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. LWW,1953.) for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pollen grains that are acetolyzed were suspended in 90% ethanol, mounted on stubs. Specimens were sputter-coated with gold and with the help of a scanning electron microscope (Model JEOL JSM-5910), photographs were taken (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1
Plants species of genus Convolvulus (A) Convolvulus arvensis. (B) Adaxial surface showing paracytic stomata (C) Abaxial surface (D) Convolvulus arvensis (Polar view), (E) Convolvulus arvensis (equatorial view), (F) Convolvulus arvensis (exine sculpture).

Figure 2
Plants species of genus Convolvulus (A) Convolvulus prostratus. (B) Adaxial surface showing Wavy and irregular epidermal cells and paracytic stomata (C) Abaxial surface with Unicellular non-glandular and un branched with pointed tips trichomes. (D) Convolvulus prostratus (polar view), (E) Convolvulus prostratus (equatorial view), (F) Convolvulus prostratus (exine sculpture).

3 Results and Discussion

Foliar epidermal morphological characters were observed with the help of a light microscope. Light microscopy plays a key role in the investigation of foliar epidermal characteristics. Previous records also show the importance in the delineation of other groups of plants taxa (Ullah et al., 2011Ullah Z, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah K. Systematic implications of the foliar epidermis in andropogoneae (Poaceae) from Hindukush-Himalayas Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(6):949-57. ; Munir et al., 2011Munir M, Khan MA, Ahmed M, Seema N, Ahmed SN, Tariq K, et al. Foliar epidermal anatomy of some ethnobotanically important species of wild edible fruits of northern Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(24):5873-80.; Riaz et al., 2010Riaz A, Younis A, Hameed M, Kiran S. Morphological and biochemical responses of turf grasses to water deficit conditions. Pak. J. Bot. 2010;42(5):3441-8.). A significant variation was observed in both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics. A taxonomic key was prepared for both weed plants i.e Convolvulus arvensis and Convolvulus prostratus. Different researchers also used these characters for the preparation of taxonomic key (Khan et al., 2017bKhan R, Ullah A, Khan B, Khan SM, Rashid A. Comparative foliar micromorphological studies of tribe arundinacea, Aristideae and Chlorideae from Malakand Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pak J Bot. 2017b;49:33-42.).

Variation was observed in stomatal number, length width and stomatal index in both adaxial and abaxial surface. In Convolvulus arvensis the epidermal cell was found to be Polygonal on adaxial surface and both polygonal and irregular on abaxial surface. Mostly paracytic type of stomata is present which shows similar to the previous work of (Tayade and Patil, 2011Tayade S, Patil D. Foliar epidermal investigations in some hitherto unstudied Convolvulaceae-II. Curr Bot. 2011; 2(9):26-30. ). Paracytic type of stomata was found in both the weed species. Shah. (1967Shah GL. Stomatal development in Convolvulus arvensis Linn. In: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B. 1967; 6(66):237-42. ) also reported three type of stomata i.e Paracytic, Anisocytic and Anomocytic during stomatal development in Convolvulus arvensis. The shape of stomata in Convolvulus arvensis is elliptical and oval to oval oblong in case of Convolvulus prostratus (Table 2). Glandular sub-sessile capitate trichomes are present on Convolvulus arvensis at the adaxial surface while trichomes are completely absent on abaxial surface showed similar features to glandular trichome of species of Lippia (Combrinck et al., 2007Combrinck S, Du Plooy G, McCrindle R, Botha B. Morphology and histochemistry of the glandular trichomes of Lippia scaberrima (Verbenaceae). Ann Bot. 2007;99(6):1111-9.). Non-glandular unicellular, unbranched, cylindrical shape trichomes are present on the adaxial surface of Convolvulus prostrates. Glandular trichomes are the main site for the synthesis of plants natural products and buildup for the protection against insects (Aziz et al., 2005Aziz N, Paiva NL, May GD, Dixon RA. Transcriptome analysis of alfalfa glandular trichomes. Planta 2005; 221(1):28-38. ). Stomatal cell length is (33.25±0.63µm) in Convolvulus arvensis on adaxial surface and (29.75±0.72 µm) in the abaxial surface. Stomatal index at the adaxial surface is 24.118 and in Convolvulus prostratus is 55.22 at the abaxial surface. Variation was also observed in epidermal cell size, shape, length and width. Variation was found in epidermal cell length width size and shape (Tables 3, 4 and 5).

Table 2
Qualitative analysis of adaxial and abaxial surfaces

Table 3
Quantitative analysis of epidermal cells and trichomes

Table 4
Quantitative analysis of stomata and stomata pore

Table 5
Quantitative analysis of guard cell, subsidiary cell, and stomatal index

Palynological characters of both the weeds were randomly measured. Both the quantitative and qualitative characteristics were shown in Tables 6 and 7. In the examined weed species Tricolporate pollen type was observed. The shape of pollen grains is Prolate, Perforate in both the species. Skvarla et al. (1976) and Wodehouse (1930) were also reported similar results. Perforate is the basis sculpturing in genus Convolvulus that is a primitive characteristic but the echinate sculpturing is one of the advance features observed in genus Ipomoea. According to Telleria and Daners (2003), a highly diverse pollen morphology of family Convolvulaceae having a unique taxonomic importance. A wide range of variation in size and sculpture was noted. P/E ratio is 1.37 in Convolvulus prostrates. Exine sculpturing is perforate and scabrate in Convolvulus arvensis. the total exine thickness is (2.5-3.7 mm), whereas the exine sculpturing is scabrate and psilate in Convolvulus prostatus. Convolvulus arvensis show 96% pollen fertility, while convolvulus prostrates show 90% fertility percentage. The highest rate of fertility illustrations of a good adaptation of the weed species in the area. According to present research, pollen type is tricolporate. According to Doyle (1969) and Muller (1969), the tricolporate pollen type is the basis and primitive. Palynological characteristics are very useful. Some previous studies also show the use of scanning electron microscope for the identification of different groups of plants (Ahmad et al., 2018Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ahmad M, Abbas Q, Ayoub M, et al. Identification of green energy ranunculaceous flora of district Chitral, Northern Pakistan using pollen features through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2018; 81(9):1004-16. ; Ahmed et al., 2019Ahmed SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Rashid S, Yaseen G, Ashfaq S, Sultana S. Taxonomical and Phytochemical Characterization of Two Highly Traded Medicinal Species of Genus Berberis. Proceedings of the Pak Acad of Sci: B. Life and Envi Sci. 2019;56(3):121-5.; Ashfaq et al., 2018Ashfaq S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Khan A, et al. Microscopic investigations of palynological features of convolvulaceous species from arid zone of Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2018;81(2):228-39. ; Ashfaq et al., 2019bAshfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ullah F, et al. Foliar micromorphology of Convolvulaceous species with special emphasis on trichome diversity from the arid zone of Pakistan. Flora. 2019b;255:110-24. ; Amina et al., 2020Amina H, Ahmad M, Bhatti GR, Zafar M, Sultana S, Akram MB, et al. Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab‐Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2020.; Bahadur et al., 2018bBahadur S, Ahmad M, Mir S, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ashfaq S.et al. Identification of monocot flora using pollen features through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2018b;81(6):599-613.; Bahadur et al., 2019aBahadur S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Begum N, Ashfaq S, et al. Palyno anatomical studies of monocot taxa and its taxonomic implications using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2019a;82(4):373-93. ; Bahadur et al., 2019bBahadur S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Gul S, Ayaz A, Ashfaq S, et al. Taxonomic study of one generic and two new species record to the flora of Pakistan using multiple microscopic techniques. Microsc Res Tech. 2019b.; Gul et al., 2019aGul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Ashfaq S, et al. Foliar epidermal anatomy of Lamiaceae with special emphasis on their trichomes diversity using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2019a;82(3):206-23.; Gul et al., 2019bGul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Begum N, et al. Taxonomic study of subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) by polynomorphological approach. Microsc Res Tech. 2019b;82(7):1021-31.; Gul et al., 2019cGul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Celep F, Sultana S, et al. Taxonomic significance of foliar epidermal morphology in Lamiaceae from Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2019c;1-22.; Sufyan et al., 2018Sufyan M, Badshah I, Ahmad M, Zafar M. Identification of medicinally used Flora using pollen features imaged in the scanning electron microscopy in the lower Margalla Hills Islamabad Pakistan. Microsc Microanal. 2018;24(3):292-9.; Bano et al., 2019Bano A, Ahmad M, Rashid S, Zafar M, Ashfaq S, Rehman SU, et al. Microscopic investigations of some selected species of Papilionaceae through SEM and LM from Skardu valley, northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(4):452-58.; Qureshi et al., 2019Qureshi MN, Talha N, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ashfaq S. Morpho palynological investigations of natural resources: A case study of Surghar mountain district Mianwali Punjab, Pakistan Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(7):1047-56.; Arshad et al., 2019Arshad S, Ahmad M, Saboor A, Ibrahim FH, Mustafa MRU, Zafar M, et al. Role of trees in climate change and their authentication through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(2):92-100.; Rashid et al., 2018Rashid S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Lone FA, Shaheen S, Sultana S, et al. Microscopic investigations and pharmacognostic techniques used for the standardization of herbal drug Nigella sativa L. Microsc Res Tech. 2018;81(12):1443-50.).

Table 6
Quantitative data of pollen morphology of weed species

Table 7
Qualitative features of pollen morphology of weed species

Morphology of pollen is a very important taxonomic tool in the identification of higher plants. The present findings also encourage taxonomists to use the Light microscope (LM) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the identification and complete phylogeny of medicinally important weeds.

3.1 Pollen key based on Pollen micromorphology

1. Prolate, tricolporate, Medium size pollen grain with narrow colpi

2. Sparsely perforated Colpus membrane …. Convolvulus arvensis

1’. Prolate, Medium size, tricolporate with broad colpus

2’. Prominent pits on Colpus membrane …. Convolvulus prostatus

3.2 Taxonomic key based foliar epidermal characters

1. + Epidermal cells polygonal and irregular …. Convolvulus arvensis

- Epidermal cells irregular, U-shaped rectangular, V-shaped elongated …. 2

2. + Epidermal cells irregular, simply undulate to little sinuous anticlinal wall…. Convolvulus prostratus

- Epidermal cells rarely polygonal, sinuate anticlinal wall.…3

4 Conclusion

The study plays a very important role in the correct identification and differentiation of two weeds of genus convolvulus. Palyno-morphological and foliar epidermal studies of weeds were determined. Both unicellular and multicellular (glandular and Non-glandular) are found in these weeds species. Capitate trichomes have been reported to secrete a small number of essential oil and flavonoids. Pollen micromorphological features play a vital tool in the systematics of these weed plant, afterward conservation of these weed species in the area.

5 Contributions

All authors contributed to the research work. SA, and MN: performed experimental work. ANK, and SS: did sample collection and paper write up. MA, and MZ: supervised the work.

6 Acknowledgements

The authors are very thankful to expert taxonomist Prof. Mir Ajab Khan, Plant Sciences department, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad for the correct identification.

7 References

  • Arora A, Modi A. An acetolysis technique for pollen slide preparation. Indian J. Aerobiol. 2008;21(2):90-1.
  • Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ahmad M, Abbas Q, Ayoub M, et al. Identification of green energy ranunculaceous flora of district Chitral, Northern Pakistan using pollen features through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2018; 81(9):1004-16.
  • Ahmed SN, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Rashid S, Yaseen G, Ashfaq S, Sultana S. Taxonomical and Phytochemical Characterization of Two Highly Traded Medicinal Species of Genus Berberis. Proceedings of the Pak Acad of Sci: B. Life and Envi Sci. 2019;56(3):121-5.
  • Ali SI, Austin DF, Ghazanfar SA. Flora of West Pakistan: no. 126. Convolvulaceae. Islamabad: Agricultural Research Council:1979. 64p.-Illus., map, keys. Icones. Geog 6.
  • Amina H, Ahmad M, Bhatti GR, Zafar M, Sultana S, Akram MB, et al. Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab‐Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2020.
  • Arshad S, Ahmad M, Saboor A, Ibrahim FH, Mustafa MRU, Zafar M, et al. Role of trees in climate change and their authentication through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(2):92-100.
  • Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ullah F, et al. Foliar micromorphology of Convolvulaceous species with special emphasis on trichome diversity from the arid zone of Pakistan. Flora. 2019b;255:110-24.
  • Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Abbas N. Medicinal Plant Biodiversity used among the rural communities of Arid Regions of Northern Punjab, Pakistan. Indian J tradit knowl. 2019a;18(2):226-41.
  • Ashfaq S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Khan A, et al. Microscopic investigations of palynological features of convolvulaceous species from arid zone of Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2018;81(2):228-39.
  • Austin DF. Typification of the new world subdivisions of Ipomoea L.(Convolvulaceae). Taxon. 1975;107-10.
  • Austin NK. Tourism and the transatlantic slave trade: some issues and reflections. In: Dieke PUC, editor. The political economy of tourism development in Africa. New York: Cognizant; 2000.p.208-16.
  • Aziz N, Paiva NL, May GD, Dixon RA. Transcriptome analysis of alfalfa glandular trichomes. Planta 2005; 221(1):28-38.
  • Bahadur S, Khan MS, Shah M, Shuaib M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, et al. Traditional usage of medicinal plants among the local communities of Peshawar valley, Pakistan. Acta Ecol Sinica. 2018a;1-29.
  • Bahadur S, Ahmad M, Mir S, Zafar M, Sultana S, Ashfaq S.et al. Identification of monocot flora using pollen features through scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2018b;81(6):599-613.
  • Bahadur S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Begum N, Ashfaq S, et al. Palyno anatomical studies of monocot taxa and its taxonomic implications using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2019a;82(4):373-93.
  • Bahadur S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Gul S, Ayaz A, Ashfaq S, et al. Taxonomic study of one generic and two new species record to the flora of Pakistan using multiple microscopic techniques. Microsc Res Tech. 2019b.
  • Bano A, Ahmad M, Rashid S, Zafar M, Ashfaq S, Rehman SU, et al. Microscopic investigations of some selected species of Papilionaceae through SEM and LM from Skardu valley, northern Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(4):452-58.
  • Cantino PD. The phylogenetic significance of stomata and trichomes in the Labiatae and Verbenaceae. J Arnold Arbor. 1990;323-70.
  • Combrinck S, Du Plooy G, McCrindle R, Botha B. Morphology and histochemistry of the glandular trichomes of Lippia scaberrima (Verbenaceae). Ann Bot. 2007;99(6):1111-9.
  • Erdtman G. Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. LWW,1953.
  • Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Ashfaq S, et al. Foliar epidermal anatomy of Lamiaceae with special emphasis on their trichomes diversity using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech. 2019a;82(3):206-23.
  • Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Sultana S, Begum N, et al. Taxonomic study of subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) by polynomorphological approach. Microsc Res Tech. 2019b;82(7):1021-31.
  • Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Celep F, Sultana S, et al. Taxonomic significance of foliar epidermal morphology in Lamiaceae from Pakistan. Microsc Res Tech. 2019c;1-22.
  • Hallier H. Versuch einer naturlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf morphologischer und anatomischer Grundlage. [S.I.:s.n.];1893.
  • Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP. The world's worst weeds. Distribution and biology :[S.I]:University Press of Hawaii.1977.
  • Jaradat NA. Medical plants utilized in Palestinian folk medicine for treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases. J Al-Aqsa Unv. 2005;9:1-28.
  • Khan G, Zhang F, Gao Q, Rehman K, Khan MA, Chen S. Trichomes diversity in the tropical flora of Pak. J. Med. Plants Res. 2013.7(22):1587-92.
  • Khan R, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah A. Scanning electron and light microscopy of foliar epidermal characters: a tool for plant taxonomists in the identification of grasses. Microsc Res Tech. 2017a ;80(10):1123-1140.
  • Khan R, Ullah A, Khan B, Khan SM, Rashid A. Comparative foliar micromorphological studies of tribe arundinacea, Aristideae and Chlorideae from Malakand Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pak J Bot. 2017b;49:33-42.
  • Khokhar AL. Taxonomic study of the trichomes of some representative species of family Convolvulaceae. Jamshoro :Institute of plant sciences the University of Sindh; 2009.
  • Munir M, Khan MA, Ahmed M, Seema N, Ahmed SN, Tariq K, et al. Foliar epidermal anatomy of some ethnobotanically important species of wild edible fruits of northern Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(24):5873-80.
  • Murad W, Ahmad A, Gilani SA, Khan MA. Indigenous knowledge and folk use of medicinal plants by the tribal communities of Hazar Nao Forest, Malakand District, North Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(7):1072-86.
  • Qureshi R, Bhatti GR, Memon RA. Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from the northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2010;42(2):839-51.
  • Qureshi MN, Talha N, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ashfaq S. Morpho palynological investigations of natural resources: A case study of Surghar mountain district Mianwali Punjab, Pakistan Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(7):1047-56.
  • Riaz A, Younis A, Hameed M, Kiran S. Morphological and biochemical responses of turf grasses to water deficit conditions. Pak. J. Bot. 2010;42(5):3441-8.
  • Rashid S, Zafar M, Ahmad M, Lone FA, Shaheen S, Sultana S, et al. Microscopic investigations and pharmacognostic techniques used for the standardization of herbal drug Nigella sativa L. Microsc Res Tech. 2018;81(12):1443-50.
  • Ridgway JE, Skyvarla JJ. Scanning electron microscopy as an aid to pollen taxonomy. Ann. Missouri Bot.1969; 121-4.
  • Saensouk S. The family Convolvulaceae in Muang District, Nong Khai province, Thailand. Pac. J. Sci. Technol. 2007; 12(3):237-43.
  • Sengupta S. On the pollen morphology of Convolvulaceae with special reference to taxonomy. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 1972;13(3-4):157-212.
  • Sethiya NK, Nahata A, Mishra SH, Dixit VK. An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2009;7(11):1001-22.
  • Shah GL. Stomatal development in Convolvulus arvensis Linn. In: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B. 1967; 6(66):237-42.
  • Subrahmanyam N. Laboratory manual of plant taxonomy, New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House; 1996.
  • Sufyan M, Badshah I, Ahmad M, Zafar M. Identification of medicinally used Flora using pollen features imaged in the scanning electron microscopy in the lower Margalla Hills Islamabad Pakistan. Microsc Microanal. 2018;24(3):292-9.
  • Tayade S, Patil D. Foliar epidermal investigations in some hitherto unstudied Convolvulaceae-II. Curr Bot. 2011; 2(9):26-30.
  • Ullah Z, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ullah K. Systematic implications of the foliar epidermis in andropogoneae (Poaceae) from Hindukush-Himalayas Pakistan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011;5(6):949-57.
  • Waheed K, Muhammad SK, Ashfaq S, Zafar M, Ullah I, Ullah S. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Euphorbia helioscopia. Planta Daninha.2020;38:e020213727.
  • Weaver SE, Riley WR. The biology of Canadian weeds.: 53. Convolvulus arvensis L. Can J Plant Sci. 1982; 62(2):461-72.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    07 Sept 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    06 Nov 2018
  • Accepted
    19 Nov 2018
Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas Departamento de Fitotecnia - DFT, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36570-000 - Viçosa-MG - Brasil, Tel./Fax::(+55 31) 3899-2611 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rpdaninha@gmail.com