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Mating system in Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anarcadiaceae): implications for conservation genetics

Sistema de reprodução em Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anarcadiaceae): implicações para a conservação genética

Abstracts

The aims of this study were to investigate the mating system of a fragmented population of the dioecious tropical tree Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, using five microsatellite loci and the mixed mating and correlated mating models. The study was conducted in the Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Farias (436 ha), where the population occupies about 142 ha. The mating system was estimated using 514 open-pollinated offspring, collected from 30 seed-trees. Estimates of the multilocus outcrossing rate confirm that the species is dioecious (t m = 1.0). Low levels of mating among relatives were detected in the population (1 - t s = 0.020). The estimate of paternity correlation (r p(m)) indicated that offsprings were composed of mixtures of half-sibs and full-sibs, with the latter occurring at a low frequency (average of 0.148). The estimated coancestry coefficient within families (Θ = 0.147) was larger and the effective population size (Ne(v)) was lower (Ne(v) = 2.98) than expected in progenies from panmictic populations (Θ = 0.125, Ne(v) = 4, respectively). In terms of conservation, the results indicate that to retain an effective population size of 150, is necessary to collect seeds from at least 50 seed-trees.

correlated matings; fragmentation; microsatellite; variance effective population size


O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o sistema de reprodução de uma população fragmentada da espécie arbórea dióica, Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, utilizando cinco locos microssatélites e os modelos mistos de reprodução e de cruzamentos correlacionados. O estudo foi conduzido na Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Faria (436 ha), onde a população ocupa uma área aproximada de 142 ha. Foram amostradas 514 progênies de polinização aberta coletadas de 30 árvores matrizes da população. A estimativa da taxa de cruzamento multilocus confirma que a espécie é dióica (t m = 1,0). Baixos níveis de cruzamentos entre parentes foram detectados na população (1 - t s = 0,020). A estimativa da correlação de paternidade (r p(m)) indicou que as progênies são compostas por misturas de meios-irmãos e irmãos-completos, embora este último ocorra em menor proporção (média de 0,148). O coeficiente de coancestria dentro das progênies (Θ = 0,147) foi maior e o tamanho efetivo de variância (Ne(v) = 2,98) foi menor do que o esperado em progênies de populações panmíticas (Θ = 0,125, Ne(v) = 4, respectivamente). Em termos de conservação genética, os resultados indicam que para se obterem lotes de sementes com tamanho efetivo de referência de 150, é necessário coletar sementes de pelo menos 50 árvores matrizes.

cruzamentos correlacionados; fragmentação; microssatélites; tamanho efetivo populacional


ARTICLES ARTIGOS

Mating system in Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anarcadiaceae): implications for conservation genetics1 1 . Parte da tese de doutorado da primeira autora, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia - Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, SP, Brazil.

Sistema de reprodução em Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anarcadiaceae): implicações para a conservação genética

Ana Paula Silva Campos GainoI,* * Corresponding author: apsdecampos@yahoo.com.br ; Mario Luiz Teixeira de MoraesII; Juliana Prado MoreiraI; Laila Toniol CardinI; Marcela Aparecida MoraesI; Alexandre Marques da SilvaI; Miguel Luiz Menezes FreitasII; Alexandre Magno SebbennIII

IUniversidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Caixa Postal 6001, CEP 86051-980 Londrina, PR, Brazil

IIUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Av. Brasil Centro, 56, Caixa Postal 31, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

IIIInstituto Florestal de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 1322, 01059-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were to investigate the mating system of a fragmented population of the dioecious tropical tree Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, using five microsatellite loci and the mixed mating and correlated mating models. The study was conducted in the Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Farias (436 ha), where the population occupies about 142 ha. The mating system was estimated using 514 open-pollinated offspring, collected from 30 seed-trees. Estimates of the multilocus outcrossing rate confirm that the species is dioecious (tm = 1.0). Low levels of mating among relatives were detected in the population (1 - ts = 0.020). The estimate of paternity correlation (rp(m)) indicated that offsprings were composed of mixtures of half-sibs and full-sibs, with the latter occurring at a low frequency (average of 0.148). The estimated coancestry coefficient within families (Θ = 0.147) was larger and the effective population size (Ne(v)) was lower (Ne(v) = 2.98) than expected in progenies from panmictic populations (Θ = 0.125, Ne(v) = 4, respectively). In terms of conservation, the results indicate that to retain an effective population size of 150, is necessary to collect seeds from at least 50 seed-trees.

Key words: correlated matings, fragmentation, microsatellite, variance effective population size

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o sistema de reprodução de uma população fragmentada da espécie arbórea dióica, Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, utilizando cinco locos microssatélites e os modelos mistos de reprodução e de cruzamentos correlacionados. O estudo foi conduzido na Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Faria (436 ha), onde a população ocupa uma área aproximada de 142 ha. Foram amostradas 514 progênies de polinização aberta coletadas de 30 árvores matrizes da população. A estimativa da taxa de cruzamento multilocus confirma que a espécie é dióica (tm = 1,0). Baixos níveis de cruzamentos entre parentes foram detectados na população (1 - ts = 0,020). A estimativa da correlação de paternidade (rp(m)) indicou que as progênies são compostas por misturas de meios-irmãos e irmãos-completos, embora este último ocorra em menor proporção (média de 0,148). O coeficiente de coancestria dentro das progênies (Θ = 0,147) foi maior e o tamanho efetivo de variância (Ne(v) = 2,98) foi menor do que o esperado em progênies de populações panmíticas (Θ = 0,125, Ne(v) = 4, respectivamente). Em termos de conservação genética, os resultados indicam que para se obterem lotes de sementes com tamanho efetivo de referência de 150, é necessário coletar sementes de pelo menos 50 árvores matrizes.

Palavras-chave: cruzamentos correlacionados, fragmentação, microssatélites, tamanho efetivo populacional

Introduction

Understanding the mating systems of tree species is extremely important because it enables a better comprehension of patterns of gene flow, distribution of genetic diversity among and within populations (Bawa 1974), relatedness within open pollinated progenies and effective population size of each progeny (Sebbenn 2006). In addition, this knowledge permits us to determine the number of seed trees from which it is necessary to collect seeds, aiming to retain a minimum effective population size for ex situ conservation of the species.

The mating systems of tropical tree species is generally characterized as mixed, with a predominance of outcrossing (t > 0.9, Sebbenn 2006). However, a large proportion of mating is not random as mating occurs between related individuals (biparental inbreeding) and within the same tree (correlated matings), producing open pollinated progenies composed of mixtures of different degrees of relatedness, such as: i) self-sibs; ii) full-sib; iii) half-sibs; iv) self-half-sibs (Squillace 1974, Ritland 1989). Furthermore, although tropical tree species have high rates of outcrossing, their mating systems may vary among species, populations of a species, reproductive events within a population and among flowers of the same tree; this is due to genetic and environmental influences on the mating system (Sebbenn 2006). Additionally, anthropogenic factors such as forest fragmentation and selective logging may also affect the mating systems of tropical tree species (Nason & Hamrick 1997, Lowe et al. 2005, Lacerda et al. 2008). Forest fragmentation may alter population densities of pollinators, amplify fluctuations in pollinator populations, and modify the behavior of foraging pollinators (Pulliam 1988), potentially affecting pollination levels and seed production in plants (Jennersten 1988, Menges 1991). As a result, forest fragmentation may increase the frequency of biparental inbreeding and correlated mating. The increase of inbreeding can result in inbreeding depression, which is more severe in predominantly outcrossing species that naturally maintain high levels of deleterious genes (Nason & Hamrick 1997).

In addition to the influence of various factors on the mating systems, tropical tree species generally have low population density (< 1 tree ha-1) and depend on animals for pollen dispersal (Bawa 1974). From a conservation perspective, low population density is a factor that promotes the occurrence of selfing (Moraes & Sebbenn 2011). However, selfing is offset by the large number of dioecious species (approximately 22%, Bawa et al. 1985), self-incompatibility systems (86% of monoecious and hermaphrodite species have some self-incompatibility system, Bawa et al. 1985), and inbreeding depression. These three factors favor outcrossing and therefore the recombination of genes and the maintenance or increase of genetic diversity within populations. Furthermore, these factors promote low levels of genetic differentiation among populations due to extensive gene flow between populations and large reproductive neighborhood sizes (Loveless & Hamrick 1984).

Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anarcadiaceae) is a tropical tree species widely distributed in South America (Rizzini 1995, Lorenzi 1998). In Brazil, the species is characteristically found in dense clusters in savanna regions, although it has been reported in humid forest regions as well (Lorenzi 1998). Myracrodruon urundeuva is a dioecious species (Santin & Leitão Filho 1991), although there are reports of monoecious individuals (Nogueira et al. 1982) and the occurrence of hermaphroditism (Carvalho 1994). Pollination is performed by bees and diaspores are dispersed by anemochory (Carvalho 1994). The fruits consist of a globular or ovoid drupe with a persistent calyx, considered a fruit seed (Figueirôa et al. 2004). Like any large tree, M. urundeuva shelters a number of floral and faunal organisms under its canopy and it is considered a key species in the ecosystem. In addition to its important ecological role, the species has economic importance due to the production of excellent quality timber (high density and low deterioration), commonly used to build fences, farm and residential buildings, and furniture. Due to the high quality of the wood, natural populations of the species have to date been intensively exploited (Ribeiro 1989).

The aims of this study were to investigate the mating system of a natural population of M. urundeuva, located in the Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Farias (EEPF), using microsatellite markers and the mixed and correlated mating models. More specifically, we attempted to answer the following questions: i) Does mating among relatives occur in the EEPF population? ii) What is the proportion of correlated mating? iii) What is the coancestry coefficient and the variance effective population size within families? iv) What is the minimum number of seed trees required for seed collection, aiming to retain a sample (progeny arrays) with the effective population size of 150 (3 × 50, Nunney & Campbell 1993)?

Material and methods

The study population is located in the Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Farias (EEPF) run by the Instituto Florestal de São Paulo. EEPF has an area of 436 ha (19º55' and 19º58 S and 49º31' and 49º32' W), with an altitude ranging from 400 to 495 m. According to the Koeppen classification, the climate is type Aw (tropical wet and dry) and the region is characterized by two seasons: a dry season, April to September with average rainfall of 167 mm, and a rainy season from October to March, with an average of 978 mm. The region where EEPF is located is a transitional zone between semi-deciduous forest and savanna. The area lies in the northern region of São Paulo, on the left bank of the Rio Grande (Red Water Dam), bordering the states of São Paulo (semi-deciduous forest) and Mato Grosso do Sul. EEPF is covered by natural vegetation with little human interference; the vegetation has a wide variety of tree species consisting of 51 plant families (Stranghetti 1996). In EEPF, M. urundeuva trees occur predominantly in the northern section, where they occupy an area of approximately 142 ha. The total number of M. urundeuva individuals in EEPF is 470 (density of 3.3 tree ha-1), with 177 females, 269 males, and 24 sex-undetermined individuals (due to the absence of flowers during the evaluated reproductive event in 2008). In the last census in 2008, approximately 50% of all M. urundeuva trees located within

EEPF had less than a 25 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), ranging from 11.03 to 94.54 cm. The dbh of the 30 sampled seed trees ranged from 19.74 to 94.54 cm.

For this study, 600 open-pollinated offspring (20 offspring of each seed tree) from 30 seed trees were sampled from a progeny test of M. urundeuva. The seeds for the progeny test were collected from EEPF in 1996. Seed trees were chosen randomly, without consideration of growth, vigor or stem form and were separated by at least 100 m in order to prevent seed collection from related trees. From each seed tree more than 100 fruits were collected; each M. urundeuva fruit has a single seed. Offspring were established in 1996 at the Education, Research and Extension Farm of FEIS/UNESP, located in the municipality of Selvíria (MS). From the 600 sampled offspring, 86 were excluded from the analysis due to missing data for two or more loci.

The protocol used for the extraction of genomic DNA from individuals of M. urundeuva was CTAB (Doyle & Doyle 1990), with some modifications to the extraction buffer: (proteinase K (100 mg mL-1), PVP-40 (4%), PVP-360 (1%) and β mercaptoethanol (2%). The reaction amplification of SSR loci were conducted to evaluate five loci described for M. urundeuva in Caetano et al. (2005). Thus, the PCRs were composed of 1 ng of genomic DNA in a final volume of 6 mL containing: 200 µM of each dNTP, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.33 mM of each primer, ultrapure sterile water and 1x Go Taq Master Mix PROMEGA. The forward component of each pair of primers was labeled with a specific fluorescence. The settings used for PCR amplification of microsatellite regions consisted of: one cycle of 94 ºC for 3 min.; 35 cycles of 94 ºC for 30 sec.; pairing primer temperature for 30 sec. at 72 ºC; and a final cycle at 72 ºC for 5 min. The reactions of amplification were performed in thermocyclers 9600 and 9700 (Applied Biosystems). Products of the amplification were diluted and then mounted in a multiplex of two and three distinct amplified loci (Brandoni & Grattapaglia 2001). The multiplex loci were then denatured at 94 ºC for 5 minutes and submitted to capillary electrophoresis in ABI Prism 3700 machine (Applied Biosystems).

The mating system analyses were based on the mixed mating model (Ritland & Jain 1981) and correlated mating model (Ritland 1989). Estimates were obtained using the MLTR program (Ritland 2002) and the method of maximum likelihood (Expectation Maximization algorithm). The estimated parameters were: population multilocus outcrossing rate (tm); single locus outcrossing rate (ts); outcrossing rate between related individuals (tm - ts); the effective rate of crossing between relatives for dioecious species (1 - ts or 1- tm, depending on which estimate is the lowest, ts or tm); multilocus paternity correlation (rp(m)); and the difference between multilocus and single locus paternity correlation (rp(s)- rp(m)). 95% confidence intervals of the estimates were obtained using 1000 bootstraps and the resampling unit used was the family. The mating system parameters were used to estimate other ecological and genetic parameters, such as the effective number of pollen donors ( = 1/ and average coancestry coefficient (Θ) within families. Average coancestry within families was estimated using the expression for dioecious species that present mating among relatives:

where Fp is the estimate of the inbreeding coefficient in the parental population; and θp is the estimate of the coancestry coefficient in the parental generation, assumed to be 0.125 (ranging from 0.0625 to 0.25).

Additionally, to understand genetic representation within progenies we estimated the effective population size (Ne(v)): e(v) = 0,5 / {[(n - 1) / n] + (1 + o) / 2n} (Cockerham 1969), where n is the sample size and Fo is the coefficient of inbreeding in progenies (Fo = 0, according to Gaino et al. 2010). The number of seed trees (m) necessary for seed collection was calculated with the goal of retaining the effective reference sample size of 150, as has been suggested by Nunney & Campbell (1993): = Ne(referênciav) / e(v) (Sebbenn 2006). The latter expression is based on two assumptions: i) the seed trees from which seeds were collected are not related; and ii) the seed trees do not receive an overlapping pollen gene pool. It is important to remark that the reference sample size of 150 was selected because Nunney & Campbell (1993) have pointed that the classical reference sample size of 50 (short term or 10 generations) and 500 (long term or 100 generations), suggested by Frankel and Soulé (1981) were derived for species without overlapping generation (for example, annual species). However, in species with overlapping generations as trees, the inbreeding may increase faster than in annual species, and thus, Nunney & Campbell (1993) have suggested multiply the classical Frankel and Soulé (1981) values (50 or 500) for 3 to 10 times. Thus, here it was opted to multiply by three times, 150 (3 × 50).

Results

The population multilocus outcrossing rate (tm) was not significantly different from 1.0 (table 1). The single locus outcrossing rate (ts) was significantly lower than the multilocus outcrossing rate (table 1). The difference between multilocus and single locus outcrossing rate (1 - ts), although low, was significantly different from zero (table 1), suggesting mating among relatives. The multilocus paternity correlation (rp(m)) was significantly different from zero for average populations (table 1), indicating that families are composed of mixtures of half-sibs and full-sibs. Therefore, 14.7% of the individuals within families were full-sibs. The difference between multilocus and single locus outcrossing correlation of paternity (rp(s) - rp(m)), which measures the occurrence of related pollen donors was significantly different from zero. The effective number of pollen donors was estimated at 6.67 (table 1). The coancestry coefficient within families (Θ) was higher and the variance effective population size (Ne(v) = 2.98) was lower than expected in half-sib families (Θ = 0.125, Ne(v) = 4, respectively). Therefore, to obtain seed lots with an effective population size of 150, it is necessary to collect seeds from at least 50 seed trees.

Discussion

The estimated population multilocus outcrossing rate reaffirmed that M. urundeuva is a dioecious species. Estimates of outcrossing rate equal to unity have also been obtained for other Brazilian dioecious tree species, such as Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (Sousa et al. 2005). Studies in the dioecious tree Ilex paraguariensis A. St-Hil. (Wendt et al. 2009) and Bagassa guianensis Aubl. (Silva et al. 2008) observed outcrossing rates lower than unity. The authors attributed these results to the occurrence of mating among related individuals.

Our results confirmed the occurrence of mating among relatives in the EEPF population. As the species is dioecious, this result indicates the presence of related male and female individuals in the populations, also observed by Gaino et al. (2010) studying seed and pollen dispersal in the same population. Genetic and ecological factors such as intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS) and gene flow, can contribute to the occurrence of mating among relatives. The EEPF population has a strong SGS (up to approximately 45 m) and one study indicated that a significant proportion (between 28 to 58%) of the pollen was dispersed over short distances, up to 100 m (Gaino et al. 2010). A SGS associated with a predominant pattern of short-distance pollen dispersed explains the occurrence of mating among relatives in the population. Biparental inbreeding produces inbreeding depression (Sebbenn 2006). For small populations of tropical tree species, a rapid increase of inbreeding is a problem because it increases the homozygosity of deleterious recessive alleles (Falconer & Mackay 1996). In contrast, in large heterozygous populations natural selection ensures these alleles continue to be rare (Falconer & Mackay 1996). Finally, mating among relatives has also been observed for other tree species, with values of tm - ts ranging from 0.01 in Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. (Furlani et al. 2005) to 0.30 in Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Moraes et al. 2007).

In terms of seed collection for conservation programs, we should avoid using inbred seeds because it can result in high mortality in plantations and lead to increased cost due to the need for replanting (Sebbenn 2006). As conservation programs use open-pollinated seeds, the only way to get around the problem of inbreeding is to carefully select plants in the nursery, excluding albinos or those with slow growth or malformation. From a genetic conservation standpoint, inbreeding resulting from mating among relatives may compromise the long-term survival of individuals. For this population, dense vegetation and isolation of the fragment (Gaino et al. 2010), are likely affecting not only the population of M. urundeuva, but the entire community of tree species present in EEPF as well. Despite the significant extension of the forest fragment, it is evident that the absence of links between fragments may endanger the survival of many tropical tree species.

The results of the correlated mating analysis suggest that there is a non-random mating pattern in the population. However, the proportion of half-sibs (about 85%) was substantially higher than full-sibs, indicating a high frequency of random mating. Similar results were reported in other insect pollinated dioecious tree species, such as Bagassa guianensis (rp(m) = 0.140, Silva et al. 2008), as well as in the monoecious trees, Caryocar brasiliensis Cambess. (rp(m) = 0.160, Collevatti et al. 2001) and Cedrela odorata L. (rp(m) = 0.160, James et al. 1998). Correlated mating may be explained by flowering asynchrony, small population size and the foraging behavior of pollinators systematically visiting near neighbor trees (Sebbenn 2006). Nunes et al. (2008) studying the ecological aspects related to the phenology of M. urundeuva, noted that their reproduction is directly influenced by temperature and precipitation. The authors also mentioned that the reproductive phase of the species is limited (two months) and restricted to the dry season. Additionally, according to Mantovani & Martins (1988), environmental factors, particularly rainfall, may affect the movement of pollinators; plant species can in turn develop mechanisms to respond to environmental stimuli. Aspects of the phenology, along with the features of the biology of the species, may favor the occurrence of some non-random mating among individuals, as already reported for other tropical tree species (James et al. 1998, Collevatti et al. 2001, Lacerda et al. 2008, Silva et al. 2008).

From the estimate of paternity correlation it is possible to estimate the effective number of pollen donors (Nep) that pollinated the seed trees (Ritland 1989). Our result for the M. urundeuva population was relatively high ( ep = 6.8) in comparison with the average number of pollen donors found in other animal pollinated tropical tree species ( ep = 3, Sebbenn 2006). However, similar values were observed for the dioecious Bagassa guianensis ( ep = 7.1, Silva et al. 2008) and the self-incompatible and bat pollinated Hymenaea courbaril L. ( ep = 6.3, Lacerda et al. 2008). Three factors may explain the observed high number of effective pollen donors in the M. urundeuva population: i) the relatively large population size (470 trees); ii) fruits bearing a single seed; and iii) the probably large number of bees pollinating the trees.

Information regarding mating among relatives and correlated matings is extremely important for conservation genetics, forest improvement activities and the collection of seeds for reforestation programs (Moraes & Sebbenn 2011). Ecological processes affect the number of seed trees required for seed collection, due to increase in the frequency of identical by descent alleles (Sebbenn 2006). The observed combination of mating among relatives and correlated mating increases the coancestry and decreases the effective population size within families. In an idealized population (infinite size, random mating, no selection, mutation and migration) the variance effective population size within families corresponds to four unrelated and non-inbred individuals. However, deviations from the assumptions that characterize the idealized population cause reduction in the variance effective population size. Far from being an ideal population, the progenies of the EEPF population had a smaller effective population size than that expected for panmictic populations. In fact, deviations from random mating patterns have been observed in several other studies of tropical species. According to the results observed in this study, seed collection programs for environmental restoration, conservation genetics and breeding programs using germplasm from the EEPF M. urundeuva population, should collect seeds from at least 50 seed trees to retain the effective sample size of 150. According to the results obtained by Gaino et al. (2010) who observed spatial genetic structure in the population, we stress the need to maintain a distance between sampled trees of at least 100 m to avoid collecting seeds from related seed trees. Seeds collected from related trees will reduce the effective size of the progeny arrays. The determined number of seed trees (50) necessary for seed collection is lower than has been recommended for other tropical tree species (m = 67, Sebbenn 2006) as M. urundeuva does not present selfing and the rate of correlated mating was relatively low (15%).

The results of this study provide important information about the mating system of the M. urundeuva. Such analyses can be used to enhance conservation strategies and inform seed collection strategies for environmental reforestation programs. Despite the isolation of the EEPF forest fragment (Gaino et al. 2010), it represents an important collection of germplasm to be used in the conservation of not only M. urundeuva, but the entire flora population present within the area. However, links to other forest fragments are essential for its in situ conservation, thus ensuring the survival of the remaining forest for future generations.

Acknowledgements - This project was suported by funding from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp). The authors thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) for the PhD scholarship provided to Ana Paula Silva Campos Gaino. For help in completing field work, we thank to José Cambuim, Alonso A. da Silva and Manoel F. R. Bonfim from Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa of UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, and Aparecido D. T. Maia, Adalto R. Souza, Dirceu A. Machado, Josimar D. Lima, and Valdereci F. Meireles do of the Instituto Florestal. We also thank two reviewers and Evelin R. Nimmo for improvements.

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(received: January 13, 2011; accepted: November 11, 2011)

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  • *
    Corresponding author:
  • 1
    . Parte da tese de doutorado da primeira autora, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia - Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, SP, Brazil.
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      12 Jan 2012
    • Date of issue
      Dec 2011

    History

    • Received
      13 Jan 2011
    • Accepted
      11 Nov 2011
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