JAK/STAT-deficient cell lines

Bonjardim, C.A.

doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1998001100004

Abstract

Mutant cell lines B3 and B10, which are unresponsive to both interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma, and line B9, which does not respond to IFN-gamma stimulation, are described. The mutants were submitted to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from a cellular pool, which was obtained from the parental cell line 2C4 after several rounds of mutagenesis. The unresponsiveness to IFN stimulation was observed both in terms of expression of cell surface markers (CD2, class I and II HLAs) and mRNA expression of IFN-stimulated genes (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), 9-27, and guanylate binding protein (GBP)). Genetic crossing of B3, B9 and B10 with U3 (STAT1-), gamma2a (JAK2-) and U4 (JAK1-) mutants, respectively, did not restore IFN responsiveness to the hybrid cell lines. However, when these cell lines were crossed with the same mutants, but using the pairwise crosses B3 x U4, B9 x U3 and B10 x U3, the cell hybrids recovered full IFN responsiveness. The present genetic experiments permitted us to assign the mutant cell lines B3, B9 and B10 to the U3, gamma2 and U4 complementation groups, respectively. These conclusions were supported by the analysis of IFN-stimulated genes in the mutants.

interferons; JAK/STAT; molecular genetics; FACS analysis; RNase protection; transcriptional activation

Braz J Med Biol Res, November 1998, Volume 31(11) 1389-1395

JAK/STAT-deficient cell lines

C.A. Bonjardim

Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

References

Abstract

Introduction

Material and Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

Correspondence and Footnotes ^{Correspondence and Footnotes} Correspondence and Footnotes

Mutant cell lines B3 and B10, which are unresponsive to both interferon (IFN)-a and IFN-g, and line B9, which does not respond to IFN-g stimulation, are described. The mutants were submitted to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from a cellular pool, which was obtained from the parental cell line 2C4 after several rounds of mutagenesis. The unresponsiveness to IFN stimulation was observed both in terms of expression of cell surface markers (CD2, class I and II HLAs) and mRNA expression of IFN-stimulated genes (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), 9-27, and guanylate binding protein (GBP)). Genetic crossing of B3, B9 and B10 with U3 (STAT1^-), g2a (JAK2^-) and U4 (JAK1^-) mutants, respectively, did not restore IFN responsiveness to the hybrid cell lines. However, when these cell lines were crossed with the same mutants, but using the pairwise crosses B3 x U4, B9 x U3 and B10 x U3, the cell hybrids recovered full IFN responsiveness. The present genetic experiments permitted us to assign the mutant cell lines B3, B9 and B10 to the U3, g2 and U4 complementation groups, respectively. These conclusions were supported by the analysis of IFN-stimulated genes in the mutants.

Key words: interferons, JAK/STAT, molecular genetics, FACS analysis, RNase protection, transcriptional activation

Our knowledge of cytokine signalling has experienced enormous progress in the past few years due to the combined utilization of somatic cell genetics, biochemical analysis and transgenic animals (1-4). The first well established cytokine transduction pathway was determined in studies carried out with mutant cell lines which had previously been characterized as interferon (IFN)-unresponsive cells (U and g mutants), followed by complementation of their defects by cDNA transfection (5,6). Thus, IFNs, whose main biological activities are antiviral, antiproliferative and modulatory effects exerted on the immune system (7), send their signals to the cell nucleus by activating a cascade of signalling molecules via tyrosine phosphorylation (8), which includes a family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases (NRPTK) known as JAKs or Janus kinases, comprising JAK1-3 and TYK2 (9) and latent cytoplasmic proteins termed STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription), owing to the dual role played by these molecules (10). Type I IFN (mainly a and ß) transduces its signals to the nucleus through the NRPTK JAK1 and TYK2, STAT1 and STAT2 in association with p48 (11,12), while type II IFN (g) utilizes JAK1 and JAK2, in addition to a STAT1a dimer (13,14). After being translocated to the nucleus these protein complexes recognize and bind to cognate cis-acting DNA elements, i.e., ISRE - IFN-stimulated response element, for type I IFNs (15,16), and GAS - gamma activator sequence, for type II IFN (17,18), positioned in the regulatory region of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), promoting their transcriptional activation (2,9). The signal transduced by the JAK/STAT pathway is terminated by the interaction of JAB (JAK-binding protein) with JAK, resulting in a reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the protein (19). Protein tyrosine phosphatases have also been reported to be downregulators of the signal transmission to the nucleus (20,21). The U mutants mentioned earlier proved to be fundamental in the elucidation of the signal transduction pathway triggered by JAK/STAT proteins upon cytokine stimulation (22-25). These mutants were characterized based on selection of the growing cells in HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine) plus IFN-a, although constitutive mutants could be obtained under HAT selection without IFN (22,23; Bonjardim CA, unpublished observations). Here I describe the JAK/STAT-deficient cell lines B3, B9 and B10, which were cloned by an alternative selection procedure based on the expression of cell surface markers, followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. These mutant cell lines were further characterized biochemically and were assigned to the U3 (STAT1^-) (23), g2 (JAK2^-) (26) and U4 (JAK1^-) (23) complementation groups, respectively.

Cell culture, cell fusion and DNA transfection

Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 5 µM L-glutamine, and neomycin (G418, 700 µg/ml) and incubated at 37^oC in the presence of 5% CO₂. The parental cell line 2C4 was generated from the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080, which was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD, as described elsewhere (12). Briefly, human HT1080 cells were co-transfected with a selectable marker, pTKNeo, and pDW9-27CD2, a plasmid containing the promoter region of the IFN-stimulated gene 9-27 placed just upstream of a full-length CD2 cDNA. 2C4 cells were mutagenized (five rounds) with the frameshift agent ICR191 (21) and the cell population was subdivided into different pools (a gift from D. Watling, ICRF, London). B3, B9 and B10 were FACS sorted from these pools, cloned and characterized. U3, g2A and U4 mutants were characterized as described elsewhere (23,26), and are unresponsive to type I and type II IFN (U3 and U4) or unresponsive to type II only (g2A). The mutations were mapped to (STAT1a^-/1ß^-): U3 (14), (JAK2^-): g2A (26) and (JAK1^-): U4 (12).

For cell fusion experiments a puromycin- or hygromycin-dominant selectable marker was transfected into the cells and the resistant hybrid cell population was maintained in the presence of the adequate drug. Cell fusion experiments employing PEG 4000 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) were performed as described elsewhere (22). Briefly, 1 x 10⁶cells of each cell line to be fused were pelleted together in a refrigerated centrifuge (500 g, 5 min). Cell pellets were resuspended in 50% PEG 4000 and left at room temperature for 1 min, followed by the addition of 3 ml of DMEM without SFB for 2 min at the same temperature. Finally, the cell suspension was diluted with an equal volume of medium without SFB. Cells were then centrifuged as above, and the pellet was resuspended in DMEM supplemented with 15% SFB, split into 2 culture dishes and incubated at 37^oC in the presence of 5% CO₂ overnight. The medium was then replaced with DMEM + 10% SFB supplemented with the selectable drug.

FACS analysis

Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACSCAN, Becton Dickinson, New Jersey, USA) analysis was performed as previously described (13,27). Briefly, 5 x 10⁵ cells were seeded on a 10-cm Petri dish and after overnight incubation they were treated with 10³ IU/ml of a highly purified mixture of IFN-a (Wellferon, 1.5 x 10⁸ IU per mg protein, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK), or recombinant human IFN-g (2 x 10⁷IU per mg protein) a generous gift from Dr. G. Adolf, Ernst Boehringer Institut für Arzneimittelforschung, Vienna, Austria. Cells were treated with IFN for 48-72 h and then incubated with antibodies as described previously (13,27) for 1 h at 0^oC. Cells were pelleted, resuspended in PBS, fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde and analyzed in a FACS using a Consort 30 program (3000 data points).

RNase protection assay

Cytoplasmic RNA was obtained from monolayer cells by NP40 lysis and phenol/chloroform extraction. Probes were synthesized from the SP6/T7 transcription vectors pGEMs 3 and 4 (Promega, Madison, WI), labelled with (³²P) aUTP (Amersham, Beckingham, UK) to a specific activity of >10⁸cpm/µg DNA. Ten µg of RNA was resuspended in 80% formamide, mixed with 1-3 x 10⁵ cpm of each probe, heated to 85^oC for 10 min, and then incubated overnight at 47^oC. Single-stranded RNA was digested with ribonucleases A (400 µg/ml) and T1 (2 µg/ml) (Sigma), incubated at 37^oC for 30 min, followed by treatment with proteinase K (10 mg/ml) at 37^oC for 30 min. Samples were phenol extracted and precipitated with ethanol. Protected double-stranded RNA was resuspended in formamide/dye mix, denatured and resolved on a 6% polyacrylamide-urea gel as described elsewhere (14). Details about the construction and length of the protected fragments of the specific RNase protection probes (2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), 9-27, guanylate binding protein (GBP) and g-actin) used in this study have been described elsewhere (14). The 2'-5' OAS and 9-27 probes were generous gifts from M. Müller and the GBP probe from T. Decker.

FACS analysis of the mutant cell lines

FACS analysis of the mutants B3 and B10 indicated that these cell lines did not respond to IFN-a or IFN-g stimulation (Figure 1A, panels 4-6 and 10-12), respectively, and mutant B9 was not responsive to IFN-g treatment (Figure 1A, panels 7-9) when the cell surface markers CD2 and the endogenous class I and class II HLA were investigated (Figure 1A, panels 4-12). The expression of these genes in response to both IFN-a and IFN-g in the parental cell line 2C4 is also shown (Figure 1A, panels 1-3). The mutation affecting each particular cell line seems to be highly stable since their phenotypes remained the same after several passages in culture for more than three months, as confirmed by their unresponsiveness to IFN stimulation, which was demonstrated by Northern blot assays (data not shown). The B9 mutant was further characterized as shown in Figure 1B. Pairwise crosses between B9 x U3 and B9 x g2A were carried out and then FACS analyzed as described in . Full IFN-g responsiveness was restored to the cell hybrids B9 x U3 (Figure 1B, panels 13-15, compare with Figure 1A, panels 7-9), while no response to IFN-g was achieved when analyzing the cells from the B9 x g2A cross (Figure 1B, panels 16-18, compare with Figure 1A, panels 7-9). The B3 mutant was also further characterized. Figure 1C shows the FACS analysis carried out with pairwise crosses between mutants B3 x U3 and B3 x U4. The hybrid cells (B3/U3) did not regain IFN-a/g responsiveness (Figure 1C, panels 19-21), confirming that mutant B3 is a member of the U3 (STAT1^-) complementation group. On the other hand, mutant B3 was complemented by fusion with mutant U4 (JAK1^-) as shown in Figure 1C (panels 22-24), where full IFN responsiveness to the hybrid cells (B3/U4) was observed. The same procedure was also performed to characterize the B10 cell line, except that the pairwise crosses were carried out between B10 x U3 and B10 x U4. The B10 mutant was complemented by fusion with mutant U3, but not with mutant U4, assigning this cell line to the U4 complementation group (data not shown). Figure 1C illustrates the results obtained with the pairwise crosses involving the B10 mutant, since mutants B3 and B10 share the same phenotype (Figure 1A, panels 4-6 and 10-12).

Figure 1
- FACS analysis of the parental and mutant cell lines. A, 2C4, B3, B9 and B10; B, genetic crosses B9 x U3 and B9 x g2A; C, pairwise crosses between B3 x U3 and B3 x U4. The expression of the cell surface markers CD2 (panels 2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23) and endogenous class I (panels 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22) and II HLAs (panels 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24) upon IFN-a or IFN-g stimulation (500 IU/ml for 48 h) was monitored by FACS analysis as described in Material and Methods. Panels 1-3: Parental cell line 2C4; panels 4-6: mutant B3; panels 7-9: mutant B9; panels 10-12: mutant B10; panels 13-15: genetic cross between B9 and the U3 mutant; panels 16-18: genetic cross between B9 and the g2A mutant; panels 19-21: pairwise crosses between mutants B3 and U3; panels 22-24: pairwise crosses between mutants B3 and U4. Untreated cells (U), IFN-a (a)- or IFN-g (g)-treated cells, and unstained cells (US) as indicated. US cells were left untreated or treated with IFN-a, but were not incubated with any antibody.

IFN-inducible gene expression

The mutant phenotypes were also investigated in terms of IFN-stimulated genes. The cells were treated with IFN as indicated, and the protected mRNAs of 2'-5' OAS, 9-27 and GBP were analyzed as shown in Figure 2. The data represent experiments carried out with the B9 mutant. The same procedure was also employed with B3 and B10 cell lines and confirmed the genetic analysis, i.e., they presented total resistance to IFN stimulation (data not shown). The B9 mutant was completely unresponsive to IFN-g stimulation, while it retained a full response to IFN-a. A genetic cross with the U3 mutant restored full IFN-g responsiveness to the hybrid cells (B9 x U3) (compare Figure 2, lanes 6 and 9). These data are in accordance with those obtained by FACS and genetic analysis (Figure 1A, panels 7-9 compared with Figure 1B, panels 13-15).

Figure 2
- IFN-stimulated gene expression in the parental cell line 2C4, in the B9 mutant and in the hybrid cells B9 x U3. The expression of 2'-5' OAS, 9-27, and GBP mRNAs in the parental cell line 2C4 (lanes 1-3), in the B9 mutant (lanes 3-6) and in the hybrid cells B9 x U3 (lanes 7-9) was investigated. Cells were left untreated (lanes 1,4,7) or treated with IFN-a (lanes 2,5,8) or IFN-g (lanes 3,6,9), respectively. Cells were incubated with 500 IU/ml of either IFN-a or IFN-g for 6 h and 18 h, respectively. Cytoplasmic RNA was isolated (10 µg per lane), hybridized with the specific probe as indicated on the left, and analyzed by the RNase protection assay as described in Material and Methods. g-Actin was used as an internal standard for RNA loading.

Impressive progress has been made towards the understanding of the nuclear signals triggered by cytokines, especially IFNs, upon ligand-receptor binding, owing to the converging approaches resulting from the utilization of somatic cell genetics, biochemical analysis and target gene disruption (28-30). Thus, the JAK/STAT signalling pathway was first associated to the IFNs and then extended to the other cytokines, as the molecules that elicit the signals from the cell surface to the nucleus upon IFN-receptor binding, and that promote IFN-gene stimulation, which in turn results in the diverse biological activities exerted by these cytokines (31-33). This signal transduction pathway may be further associated not only with cytokines, but also with growth factors and some hormones (1,34,35). In the present study I describe the JAK/STAT-deficient cell lines B3, B9 and B10, which were cloned by using an alternative protocol to the conventional HAT selection (22), based on the expression of cell surface markers upon IFN treatment, followed by FACS analysis. This method has the advantage of not producing constitutive mutants as observed under HAT pressure. The lack of responsiveness to both IFN-a and IFN-g observed in mutants B3 (Figure 1A and C) and B10 (Figure 1A) was associated with defects in the signalling molecules STAT1 and JAK1, respectively, since the response to IFN stimulation was not restored to the hybrid cells (B3 x U3) and (B10 x U4), while full IFN responsiveness was verified when B3 and B10 were crossed with U4 and U3, respectively. Thus, mutants B3 and B10 were assigned to the U3 and U4 complementation groups, respectively. The genetic data were further extended to the analysis of ISGs (2'-5' OAS, 9-27, and GBP) which confirmed their phenotypes. Based on these criteria, the mutant cell line B9 was characterized as a member of the g2 complementation group (Figures 1A,B and 2), i.e., it was completely resistant to IFN-g but responded normally to IFN-a. Thus, these JAK/STAT-deficient cell lines may be useful as an alternative to the U and g2A mutants, to further elucidate how cytokines and/or growth factors trigger nuclear signalling, and to determine the role of this transduction pathway in regulating the multiplication of intracellular pathogens.

I would like to thank Dr. I.M. Kerr, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, for the opportunity to carry out this work in his laboratory. I also thank T. Decker (Vienna Biocenter, Austria) and M. Müller (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London) for kindly providing the protection probes, and D. Watling (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London) for the mutagenized cell pool.

Address for correspondence: C.A. Bonjardim, Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, UFMG, Bloco F4-258, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Fax: +55-31-498-1510. E-mail: claubonj@mono.icb.ufmg.br

The author was the recipient of a post-doctoral fellowship from CNPq. Received February 12, 1998. Accepted August 10, 1998.

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2. Schindler C & Darnell Jr JE (1995). Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 64: 621-651.
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Correspondence and Footnotes

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
27 Nov 2003
Date of issue
Nov 1998

History

Accepted
10 Aug 1998
Received
12 Feb 1998

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Leaman DW, Leung S, Li X & Stark GR (1996). Regulation of STAT-dependent pathways by growth factors and cytokines. FASEB Journal, 10: 1578-1588.

[2] 2. Schindler C & Darnell Jr JE (1995). Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 64: 621-651.

[3] 3. Matsuyama T, Kimura T, Kitagawa M, Pfeffer K, Kawakami T, Watanabe N, Kündig TM, Amakawa R, Kishihara K, Wakeham A, Potter J, Furlonger CL, Narendran A, Suzuki H, Ohashi PS, Palge C, Taniguchi T & Mak TW (1993). Targeted disruption of IRF-1 or IRF-2 results in abnormal type I IFN gene induction and aberrant lymphocyte development. Cell, 75: 83-97.

[4] 4. Kumar A, Yang YL, Flati V, Der S, Kadereit S, Deb A, Haque J, Reis L, Weissmann C & Williams BR (1997). Deficient cytokine signaling in mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted deletion in the PKR gene: role of IRF-1 and NF-kappaB. EMBO Journal, 16: 406-416.

[5] 5. Ihle JN & Kerr IM (1995). JAKs and STATs in signaling by the cytokine receptor superfamily. Trends in Genetics, 11: 69-74.

[6] 6. Ihle JN (1995). Cytokine receptor signalling. Nature, 377: 591-594.

[7] 7. Pestka S, Langer JA, Zoon KC & Samuel C (1987). Interferons and their actions. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 56: 727-777.

[8] 8. Karin M & Hunter T (1995). Transcriptional control by protein phosphorylation: signal transmission from the cell surface to the nucleus. Current Biology, 5: 747-757.

[9] 9. Pellegrini S & Dusanter-Fourt I (1997). The structure, regulation and function of the Janus kinases (JAKs) and the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). European Journal of Biochemistry, 248: 615-633.

[10] 10. Darnell Jr JE (1997). STATs and gene regulation. Science, 277: 1630-1635.

[11] 11. Velazquez L, Fellous M, Stark GR & Pellegrini S (1992). A protein tyrosine kinase in the interferon a/ß signaling pathway. Cell, 70: 313-322.

[12] 12. Müller M, Briscoe J, Laxton C, Guschin D, Ziemiecki A, Silvennoinen O, Harpur AG, Barbieri G, Witthuhn BA, Schindler C, Pellegrini S, Wilks AF, Ihle JN, Stark GR & Kerr IM (1993). The protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 complements defects in interferon-a/ß and g signal transduction. Nature, 366: 129-135.

[13] 13. Watling D, Guschin D, Müller M, Silvennoinen O, Witthuhn BA, Quelle FW, Rodgers NC, Schindler C, Stark GR, Ihle JN & Kerr IM (1993). Complementation by the protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 of a mutant cell line defective in the interferon gamma signal transduction pathway. Nature, 366: 166-170.

[14] 14. Müller M, Laxton C, Briscoe J, Schindler C, Improta T, Darnell Jr JE, Stark GR & Kerr IM (1993). Complementation of a mutant cell line: central role of the 91 kDa polypeptide of ISGF3 in the interferon-alpha and gamma signal transduction pathways. EMBO Journal, 12: 4221-4228.

[15] 15. Levy DE, Kessler DS, Pine R & Darnell Jr JE (1988). Interferon-induced nuclear factors that bind a shared promoter element correlate with positive and negative transcription control. Genes and Development, 2: 383-393.

[16] 16. Dale TC, Rosen JM, Guille MJ, Lewin AR, Porter AC, Kerr IM & Stark GR (1989). Overlapping sites for constitutive and induced DNA binding factors involved in interferon-stimulated transcription. EMBO Journal, 8: 831-839.

[17] 17. Decker T, Lew DJ & Darnell Jr JE (1991). Two distinct alpha-interferon-dependent signal transduction pathways may contribute to activation of transcription of the guanylate-binding protein gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 11: 5147-5153.

[18] 18. Lew DJ, Decker T, Strehlow I & Darnell Jr JE (1991). Overlapping elements in the guanylate-binding protein gene promoter mediate transcriptional induction by alpha and gamma interferons. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 11: 182-191.

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