Identification of the divergent calmodulin binding motif in yeast Ssb1/Hsp75 protein and in other HSP70 family members

Heinen, R.C.; Diniz-Mendes, L.; Silva, J.T.; Paschoalin, V.M.F.

Abstract

Yeast soluble proteins were fractionated by calmodulin-agarose affinity chromatography and the Ca2+/calmodulin-binding proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. One prominent protein of 66 kDa was excised from the gel, digested with trypsin and the masses of the resultant fragments were determined by MALDI/MS. Twenty-one of 38 monoisotopic peptide masses obtained after tryptic digestion were matched to the heat shock protein Ssb1/Hsp75, covering 37% of its sequence. Computational analysis of the primary structure of Ssb1/Hsp75 identified a unique potential amphipathic alpha-helix in its N-terminal ATPase domain with features of target regions for Ca2+/calmodulin binding. This region, which shares 89% similarity to the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding domain from mouse, Hsc70, is conserved in near half of the 113 members of the HSP70 family investigated, from yeast to plant and animals. Based on the sequence of this region, phylogenetic analysis grouped the HSP70s in three distinct branches. Two of them comprise the non-calmodulin binding Hsp70s BIP/GR78, a subfamily of eukaryotic HSP70 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and DnaK, a subfamily of prokaryotic HSP70. A third heterogeneous group is formed by eukaryotic cytosolic HSP70s containing the new calmodulin-binding motif and other cytosolic HSP70s whose sequences do not conform to those conserved motif, indicating that not all eukaryotic cytosolic Hsp70s are target for calmodulin regulation. Furthermore, the calmodulin-binding domain found in eukaryotic HSP70s is also the target for binding of Bag-1 - an enhancer of ADP/ATP exchange activity of Hsp70s. A model in which calmodulin displaces Bag-1 and modulates Ssb1/Hsp75 chaperone activity is discussed.

Ssb1/Hsp75; Ca2+/calmodulin complex; Hsc70; Calmodulin-affinity peptide; Bag1; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Braz J Med Biol Res, November 2006, Volume 39(11) 1309-1408

Identification of the divergent calmodulin binding motif in yeast Ssb1/Hsp75 protein and in other HSP70 family members

R.C. Heinen, L. Diniz-Mendes, J.T. Silva and Correspondence and Footnotes V.M.F. Paschoalin

Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

References Correspondence and Footnotes ^{Correspondence and Footnotes} Correspondence and Footnotes

Abstract

Yeast soluble proteins were fractionated by calmodulin-agarose affinity chromatography and the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-binding proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. One prominent protein of 66 kDa was excised from the gel, digested with trypsin and the masses of the resultant fragments were determined by MALDI/MS. Twenty-one of 38 monoisotopic peptide masses obtained after tryptic digestion were matched to the heat shock protein Ssb1/Hsp75, covering 37% of its sequence. Computational analysis of the primary structure of Ssb1/Hsp75 identified a unique potential amphipathic a-helix in its N-terminal ATPase domain with features of target regions for Ca²⁺/calmodulin binding. This region, which shares 89% similarity to the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding domain from mouse, Hsc70, is conserved in near half of the 113 members of the HSP70 family investigated, from yeast to plant and animals. Based on the sequence of this region, phylogenetic analysis grouped the HSP70s in three distinct branches. Two of them comprise the non-calmodulin binding Hsp70s BIP/GR78, a subfamily of eukaryotic HSP70 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and DnaK, a subfamily of prokaryotic HSP70. A third heterogeneous group is formed by eukaryotic cytosolic HSP70s containing the new calmodulin-binding motif and other cytosolic HSP70s whose sequences do not conform to those conserved motif, indicating that not all eukaryotic cytosolic Hsp70s are target for calmodulin regulation. Furthermore, the calmodulin-binding domain found in eukaryotic HSP70s is also the target for binding of Bag-1 - an enhancer of ADP/ATP exchange activity of Hsp70s. A model in which calmodulin displaces Bag-1 and modulates Ssb1/Hsp75 chaperone activity is discussed.

Key words: Ssb1/Hsp75, Ca²⁺/calmodulin complex, Hsc70, Calmodulin-affinity peptide, Bag1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Introduction

Calcium ions, present inside all eukaryotic cells, are important second messengers in the transduction of biological signals. In budding yeast, transient increases in Ca²⁺ concentration have been reported to regulate several cellular processes such as the cell cycle, adaptation to hypotonic and hypertonic shock, cell elongation induced by mating pheromone, and the maintenance of cation homeostasis (1).

The information encoded in the transient increase in Ca²⁺ concentration is transduced by intracellular Ca²⁺-binding proteins, which convert the Ca²⁺ signal to a wide variety of biochemical changes. The best studied Ca²⁺ sensor is calmodulin, a small ubiquitous acidic protein member of the E-F hand Ca²⁺-binding protein family. Upon sequestering Ca²⁺, calmodulin changes its conformation and reveals two methionine-rich hydrophobic patches that specifically interact with calmodulin-binding domains in a variety of proteins (2), regulating their activities.

Ca²⁺/calmodulin-binding domains are segments of approximately 20 amino acids often having a net positive charge, moderate hydrophilicity and moderate to high helical hydrophobic moment, which form basic amphipathic a-helices with hydrophobic and basic residues segregated to opposite sides (3). Rhoads and Friedberg (4) found three classes of calmodulin-binding motifs. A program using algorithms based on these motifs is available in the Calmodulin Target Database (calcium.oci.utoronto.ca/) but it works by analyzing one sequence at a time, which prevents a global analysis of an entire genome. In addition, the existence of post-translational modifications is not considered in the analysis of genomic derivative sequences and can generate false-positive results. Moreover, divergent calmodulin-binding motifs cannot be detected using this approach. Sequence searches based on these criteria are not sufficient to identify unequivocally calmodulin target proteins and different analytical techniques, including calmodulin affinity chromatography and the gel overlay assay using labeled calmodulin, should be used in order to identify new activities and processes which are targets for Ca²⁺/calmodulin and to confirm potential candidates identified by proteomic tools.

Characterized calmodulin-binding proteins in yeast include Cmk1p and Cmk2p, members of the type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein kinases family (5); Cmp2p, an isoform of the catalytic subunits of calcineurin (6); Dst1p, that acts in transcription elongation (7); Myo4p, a class V myosin heavy chain (8), and Arc35p, a component of the Arp2/3 actin-organizing complex (9). Proteome chip analysis (bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/proteinchip) using biotinylated calmodulin as a probe identified 33 additional peptides able to bind calmodulin (19 of them in a Ca²⁺-independent manner) (10). The number of putative calmodulin-binding proteins has been further extended by systematic identification of yeast protein complexes by mass spectrometry, which detected 21 new calmodulin targets (11), and by two-hybrid screening that added 2 additional components to the increasing list of these proteins (12). Despite the growing number of identified calmodulin-binding proteins, a complete panel has not been obtained.

In the present study, we report the identification of the yeast stress protein Ssb1/Hsp75 as a new member of the calmodulin-binding protein family based on its ability to complex with calmodulin-agarose. The putative calmodulin-binding domain of Ssb1/Hsp75 was identified on the basis of structural similarity to the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding domain of mouse Hsc70. The physiological significance of this association will be discussed.

Material and Methods

Microorganisms, cell growth and preparation of cell-free extracts

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 332-5A (MATa MAL6ⁱ malº ura3-52 leu2-3,112 trp1 his), obtained from C. Michels (Queens College, New York, NY, USA), was used in the present study. Cells were grown in YEM-supplemented medium (1.3% yeast extract, 2% maltose, plus 0.2% (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 0.2% KH₂PO₄, pH 5.2) at 28ºC in a rotary shaker operated at 160 rpm. Growth was monitored by turbidity measurements at 570 nm. A cell-free extract was prepared by shaking yeast cells (5 g dry weight) with 12 g glass beads (0.45 mm in diameter) and 20 mL 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, plus 1 mL of the protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) containing 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, pepstatin A, E-64 and 1,10-phenantroline, in a Bead Beater homogenizer cooled with crushed ice. Cells were broken by alternating 6 cycles of homogenization (1 min each) and resting in an ice bath (2 min). After centrifugation at 12,000 g for 10 min at 4ºC, the supernatant was collected and centrifuged again at 105,000 g for 60 min at 4ºC.

Isolation of calmodulin-binding proteins and SDS-PAGE

Eight milliliters of the cell-free extract (350 mg protein) was applied to a calmodulin-agarose affinity column (Sigma-Aldrich Co.; 10 x 1.5 cm in diameter, flow rate of 20 mL/h), equilibrated with buffer A (20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich Co.; 3 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 100 mM NaCl, and 2 mM CaCl₂)at 4ºC. Following application of the sample, the flow was stopped and the proteins were left to interact with the column for 18 h. After washing unbound proteins with 20 column volumes of buffer A, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-binding proteins were eluted with buffer A containing 2 mM EGTA in place of 2 mM CaCl₂. Fractions of 1 mL were collected and the protein content of the different fractions was assayed by the bicinchoninic acid method (13) using bovine serum albumin as standard. Fractions with the highest protein content were pooled and concentrated/desalted by centrifugation using Centricon-10 ultra-filtration membranes with a pore cut-off of 10 kDa (Amicon Inc., Danvers, MA, USA). The concentrated pool of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-binding proteins was fractionated on 10% SDS-PAGE by the method of Laemmli (14). Gels were stained with Coomassie blue G250.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analysis

Coomassie blue-stained bands containing 40-100 pmol of protein were excised from the gel and transferred to nylon membranes. Proteins on the membranes were digested with trypsin and the masses of the resulting peptides were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS) at the Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (W.H. Keck Foundation, Yale University, Yale, CT, USA). One hundred femtomoles bradykinin (MH⁺ = 1060.57) and ACTH clip (MH⁺ = 2466.702) were applied as an internal calibrant. The masses obtained were used to search protein databases for matches using the ProFound software (prowl.rockefeller. edu) with peptide mass accuracy set at 0.5 Da.

Results

Isolation and identification of a 66-kDa peptide as Ssb1/Hsp75

We have previously reported the presence of a large number of calmodulin-binding proteins in yeast (15). To identify some of these proteins, cell-free extracts were prepared from cells harvested at the exponential phase of growth in maltose (OD_{570 nm}= 0.8) and fractionated by affinity chromatography in calmodulin-agarose. Eluted calmodulin-binding proteins were pooled, concentrated/desalted through Centricon-10 membranes and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1, lane I). In agreement with previous findings, Coomassie blue-stained gel showed approximately 40 calmodulin-binding proteins with molecular masses ranging from 17 to 86 kDa. Many of these polypeptides should contain a calmodulin-binding domain and interact directly with calmodulin since they have been reported to bind to a ¹²⁵I-calmodulin probe in a gel overlay assay (15).

A large well-isolated polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 66 kDa (Figure 1, arrow) was chosen for identification. The band was excised from the gel, the protein was electrophoretically transferred to a nylon membrane and digested with trypsin and the masses from the resulting peptides were determined by MALDI-MS. Thirty-eight monoisotopic peptide masses were obtained that did not appear in the blank (Figure 2). Of these masses, 21 were matched (using the ProFound program) (16) within a ± 0.5 Da error to predicted tryptic peptides expected from Ssb1/Hsp75, a member of the yeast HSP70 protein family (Table 1 and Figure 3). A second significant score (19 of the 38 peptide masses) was found for Ssb2/Hsp76 (Figure 3). Ssb1/Hsp75 displays 99.0% identity and 99.7% similarity to Ssb2/Hsp76 (17). However, Ssb1/Hsp75 differs from Ssb2/Hsp76 by four amino acid substitutions (E48Q, M412T, C434V, and A435S). The E48Q, C434V and A435S substitutions, located inside the expected tryptic peptides 38-50 and 430-450, were sufficient to differentiate Ssb1 from Ssb2. The corresponding peptide masses of 1479.75 and 2477.05 Da were matched to Ssb1, but were absent from Ssb2 (Figure 3). Thus, we unequivocally identified the 66-kDa polypeptide as Ssb1/Hsp75, a previously undetected member of the putative set of calmodulin-binding proteins already identified in yeast (5-9).

Several functions have been attributed to the proteins of the HSP70 family, including uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (18), directional translocation of newly synthesized protein across subcellular membranes (19), as well as disruption of inappropriate protein-protein interactions that occur after heat shock or related stress (20). Ssb1/Hsp75 is a core component of the translating ribosome that interacts with both the nascent polypeptide chain and the ribosome, working as a chaperone by preventing the misfolding of newly synthesized proteins (21). The chaperone activity of Ssb1 has been involved in efficient protein turnover and its overexpression has been reported to suppress the growth defect caused by proteasome mutations (22).

Putative calmodulin-binding sequence of Ssb1/Hsp75

In order to identify the region of Ssb1/Hsp75 responsible for calmodulin binding, the primary sequence of this protein was scanned for putative amphipathic a-helices using the helical wheel program of the Antheprot V3.5B software (23) with a window of 18. This analysis identified a single potential amphipathic a-helix (residues 260 to 277) inside the N-terminal ATPase domain of Ssb1/Hsp75 (Figure 4). Inspection of this region using the Chou-Fasman algorithm (24) of Antheprot indeed predicted an a-helix conformation for this sequence (results not shown). We found that the putative calmodulin-binding domain of Ssb1/Hsp75 shares 89% similarity to the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding domain (residues 257 to 277) from mouse Hsp70 (25), which does not conform to any of the three classes of calmodulin-binding motifs described previously (4) and has been classified as a divergent calmodulin-binding motif restricted to this protein. The alignment of the calmodulin-binding sequence from mouse Hsp70 (Swiss-Prot accession number P17879) with the sequences of 113 members of the HSP70 family (recovered from the Swiss-Prot database) using Clustal W (26) showed that it is conserved in near half of them (Figure 5), indicating that regulation of Hsp70 activity by calmodulin could be a recurrent theme among different organisms. In fact, 5 isoforms of Hsp70 from Arabidopsis thaliana have been found to bind calmodulin in a screening of expression libraries with a mixture of radiolabeled calmodulin isoforms (27).

Figure 1.
SDS-PAGE analysis of the calmodulin-binding proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Total soluble proteins extracted from 332-5A cells harvested during growth in YEMAL medium were chromatographed on a calmodulin-agarose column. Eluted Ca²⁺/calmodulin-binding proteins (lane I) were fractionated by 10% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue. Molecular weight markers (lane P) were: myosin (205 kDa), ß-galactosidase (116 kDa), phosphorylase b (97.4 kDa), bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), ovalbumin (45 kDa), and carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa). The arrow indicates the 66-kDa calmodulin-binding protein.

Figure 2.
MALDI-MS spectrum of the tryptic digests of the 66-kDa protein. The band containing the 66-kDa protein was digested with trypsin and the resulting digest was analyzed by mass spectrometry. One hundred femtomoles of bradykinin and ACTH clip were used as internal calibrants for peptide mass. A total of 38 monoisotopic peaks with molecular masses of 640.35, 678.34, 794.39, 822.39, 883.47, 1041.52, 1095.52, 1123.54, 1167.6, 1185.66, 1218.64, 1242.69, 1260.68, 1270.63, 1278.66, 1377.74, 1.394.75, 1415.75, 1424.68, 1435.75, 1442.72, 1459.77, 1479.75, 1551.82, 1564.82, 1580.79, 1604.8, 1624.8, 1631.82, 1675.73, 1701.79, 1708.81, 1716.86, 1729.97, 1979.94, 2160.13, 2417.78, and 2477.05 Da were obtained that did not appear in the blank control.

Figure 3.
Location of tryptic peptides from the 66-kDa calmodulin-binding protein identified in yeast Ssb1/Hsp75 and Ssb2/Hsp76 sequences. Matches of masses of tryptic peptides identified by MALDI-MS with predicted tryptic peptide masses in Ssb1/Hsp75 (Swiss-Prot accession number P11484) and Ssb2/Hsp76 (Swiss-Prot accession number P40150) sequences are presented in bold. Twenty-one of 38 monoisotopic peptide masses were matched within a ± 0.5-Da error to predicted tryptic peptides expected from Ssb1/Hsp75, covering 37% of its sequence, and 19 of 38 peptide masses were matched to Ssb2/Hsp75, within the same error, covering 32% of its sequence.

Figure 4.
Primary amino acid sequence and helical wheel diagram of the putative calmodulin-binding domain from Ssb1/Hsp75. The helical diagram of the putative calmodulin-binding domain (residues 260 to 277) from Ssb1/Hsp75 (Swiss-Prot accession number P11484) was generated by the helical wheel program of the Antheprot software (23). Residues within shaded circles are hydrophobic whereas those within non-shaded circles are hydrophilic. Hydrophilic amino acids with side chains having basic characteristic are marked with a + sign.

Figure 5.
Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding peptide from the mouse Hsc70 (bold) with other members of the HSP70 family, including Hsp75 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sequences were aligned using the Clustal W program.

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Table 1.
Peptides identified by mass spectrometry in a tryptic digest of the 66-kDa calmodulin-binding protein.

Discussion

Eukaryotic cells respond to environmental stresses through a variety of signal transduction mechanisms, including activation of a Ca²⁺-dependent signaling pathway. Hypotonic (28) or hypertonic (29) shock can induce a transient increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration in yeast cells. Differently from mammalian cells, where the primary Ca²⁺ stores are the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium influx in S. cerevisiae comes from the vacuole and a protein homologue of transient receptor potential channels - known as Yvc1p - is required for this release (29). The heat resistance of mammalian cells is a Ca²⁺- dependent process that can be affected by calcium chelators, calcium ionophores and anticalmodulin compounds (30), and by overexpression of Ca²⁺-binding protein (31). Furthermore, in these cells, some heat shock proteins, as Hsp70 and Hsp90, are calmodulin-binding proteins (25,32).

In the present study, we identified Ssb1/Hsp75, a member of the HSP70 family from S. cerevisiae, as a calmodulin-binding protein based on its ability to complex to calmodulin-agarose in the presence of Ca²⁺. A putative calmodulin-binding sequence was identified inside the N-terminal ATPase domain of Ssb1/Hsp75 (residues 260 to 277) based on its predicted propensity to form an amphipathic a-helix. It is interesting to note that this sequence displays 89% similarity to the experimentally determined calmodulin-binding domain from mouse Hsp70 (residues 257 to 277) (25) and was found to be conserved in near half of 113 Hsp70 sequences investigated from yeast to plants and animals (Figure 5). This relatively low number of Hsp70 sequences possessing the conserved calmodulin-binding motif may be attributed to the very stringent criterion that was used to include a sequence in this functional class. The non-conservative change of only one amino acid was sufficient to exclude a candidate protein since the exchange of a hydrophobic with a hydrophilic amino acid (or vice versa) could disrupt the amphipathic nature of the helix and prevent the binding of calmodulin.

A representative dendrogram constructed from a subset of sequences spanning the calmodulin-binding domain pinpointed among all Hsp70s (in order to avoid crowding in the final plot) is shown in Figure 6. This dendrogram shows the members of Hsp70 family grouped in three distinct branches (labeled A, B, and C in Figure 6). Two such branches (A and C) solely consist of non-calmodulin-binding Hsp70 corresponding to the subfamilies of BIP/GR78 proteins localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, and of DnaK proteins of prokaryotes, respectively, which are not expected to be accessible to calmodulin. On the other hand, branch B forms a heterogeneous group of eukaryotic cytosolic Hsp70s composed of putative calmodulin-interacting proteins (all Hsp70 listed in Figure 5) together with other eukaryotic cytosolic proteins whose sequences do not conform to the conserved calmodulin-binding motif.

This last observation raises the question of whether the criterion used to include an Hsp70 member in the class of calmodulin-binding proteins should be so stringent, excluding a functional domain despite its slight divergence from the deduced motif. Conversely, our arbitrary division could have a real physiological significance and, in fact, eukaryotic cytosolic Hsp70 could exist in two types: regulated or non-regulated by calmodulin.

It is surprising that the well-characterized calmodulin-binding motif of mouse Hsp70 (25) was long considered not to be functional in any other member of the numerous HSP70 family, except for a maize Hsp70 (33). This was probably due to the fact that this motif was originally considered to be a divergent one, different from known "classical" calmodulin-binding motifs, and restricted only to mouse Hsp70. In the present study, we have assigned the potential calmodulin-binding activity of Hsp70 to more than half of the known members of this family, from yeast to plant and animal cells, opening the possibility to analyze the new evolutionarily conserved role of calmodulin in such key processes as protein biosynthesis and folding as well as in the quality control of biosynthesis. Furthermore, the present study incorporates members of the HSP70 family as important co-players of the Ca²⁺ signaling pathway.

These considerations lead us to predict that calmodulin and Bag-1 compete for binding to the same region of Hsp70, where the binding of calmodulin would block the ADP-ATP exchange cycles of this protein. Indeed, it has been reported that the binding of calmodulin to maize Hsp70 inhibited the ATPase activity of this protein (33). However, the effect of the displacement of Bag-1 by calmodulin on the Hsp70 activity could not be anticipated, since in mammalian cells Bag-1 isoforms differentially affect the chaperone property of Hsp70.

Among the Hsp70s having a calmodulin-binding sequence is bovine Hsc70 (Swiss-Prot accession number Q27965), a structurally well-characterized protein whose N-terminal 44-kDa ATPase domain crystal structure has been solved at a resolution of 2.3 Å (PDB identifier 1NGJ) (34). The conserved calmodulin-binding domain of bovine Hsc70 lies on an a-helix (residues 257-274) at the border of its ATP-binding pocket (Figure 7A), which is also the target site for Bag-1 binding (35) (Figure 7B).

The chaperone activity of Hsp70 involves cycles of peptide binding and release, which are coupled to ATP binding, hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange. Efficient substrate release then requires the exchange of ADP for ATP mediated by Bag-1. Upon interaction with the ADP-bound state of Hsp70, Bag-1 promotes ADP release by opening the nucleotide-binding cleft of Hsp70. Since there is an excess of ATP over ADP and Bag proteins in the eukaryotic cytosol, ATP enters the nucleotide-binding pocket and displaces bound Bag-1, resulting in an acceleration of nucleotide exchange rate (36).

The structure of the complex between Bag-1 and bovine Hsc70 has been solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å (PDB identifier 1HX1) (37). Interaction between Bag-1 and Hsc70 is stabilized by electrostatic interactions, mainly exploiting residues Glu²¹², Asp²²², Arg²³⁷, and Gln²⁴⁵ in Bag-1. Interestingly, Glu²¹² and Asp²²² interact with Arg²⁶¹ and Arg²⁶², two residues located inside the putative calmodulin-binding sequence of Hsc70.

These observations lead us to predict that calmodulin and Bag-1 could compete for binding to the same region of Hsp70, where the binding of calmodulin would block the ADP-ATP exchange cycles of this protein. However, the effect of the displacement of Bag-1 by calmodulin on Hsp70 activity could not be anticipated, since in mammalian cells Bag-1 isoforms differentially affect the chaperone property of Hsp70.

A unique yeast protein containing a Bag-1 domain (InterPro accession number IPR003103) was identified by robotics server analysis at InterPro (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/) and it was experimentally confirmed that the Bag domain of Sln1 (SwissProt accession number P40548) can specifically bind to Ssa and Ssb cytosolic forms of Hsp70 and that this interaction modulates the nucleotide exchange activity of this chaperone (38).

In addition to interacting with Ssb1/Hsp75, the Ca²⁺/calmodulin complex has also been reported to interact with the ribosomal protein L19 (39), the elongation factors EF-1a (40) and Dst1p (7), all proteins involved in the translation machinery. Thus, it appears that Ca²⁺/calmodulin regulates several steps of protein biosynthesis in a concerted way, although the role of calmodulin in the translational process requires further clarification.

Figure 6.
Dendrogram from the alignment of a subset of calmodulin-binding regions pinpointed among all Hsp70s generated by Clustal W. Members of the Hsp70 family were grouped into three distinct branches (labeled A, B, and C). Branches A and C comprise the non-calmodulin-binding BIP/GR78 proteins localized in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and by DnaK proteins of prokaryotes, respectively. Branch B forms a heterogeneous group of eukaryotic cytosolic Hsp70s composed of putative calmodulin-interacting proteins together with other eukaryotic cytosolic proteins whose sequences do not conform to the conserved calmodulin-binding motif. A reduced set of sequences was used in order to avoid crowding in the final plot but the general appearance of the dendrogram does not change if all sequences are included in alignment.

Figure 7.
A, Crystal structure of the N-terminal ATPase domain of bovine Hsc70 (SwissProt accession number Q27965, PDB entry 1NGI). B, Crystal structure of the N-terminal ATPase domain of bovine Hsc70 in complex with a Bag-1 domain of a human protein (PDB identifier 1HX1). In both cases the putative calmodulin-binding domain situated within an a-helix located in the ATP-binding pocket of bovine Hsc70 (residues 257-274) is shown in black and the ATP molecule in white.

Address for correspondence: V.M.F. Paschoalin, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, UFRJ, CT, Bloco A, Sala 545, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Fax: +55-21-2562-7266. E-mail: paschv@iq.ufrj.br

Research supported by FAPERJ, CAPES, CNPq, and FUJB (Fundação Universitária José Bonifácio). Received July 29, 2005. Accepted June 14, 2006.

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27. Reddy VS, Ali GS, Reddy AS. Genes encoding calmodulin-binding proteins in the Arabidopsis genome. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 9840-9852.
28. Batiza AF, Schulz T, Masson PH. Yeast respond to hypotonic shock with a calcium pulse. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 23357-23362.
29. Denis V, Cyert MS. Internal Ca(2+) release in yeast is triggered by hypertonic shock and mediated by a TRP channel homologue. J Cell Biol 2002; 156: 29-34.
30. Landry J, Crete P, Lamarche S, Chretien P. Activation of Ca²⁺-dependent processes during heat shock: role in cell thermoresistance. Radiat Res 1988; 113: 426-436.
31. Evans DP, Simonette RA, Rasmussen CD, Means AR, Tomasovic SP. Altered synthesis of the 26-kDa heat stress protein family and thermotolerance in cell lines with elevated levels of calcium-binding proteins. J Cell Physiol 1990; 142: 615-627.
32. Minami Y, Kawasaki H, Suzuki K, Yahara I. The calmodulin-binding domain of the mouse 90-kDa heat shock protein. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 9604-9610.
33. Sun XT, Li B, Zhou GM, Tang WQ, Bai J, Sun DY, et al. Binding of the maize cytosolic Hsp70 to calmodulin, and identification of calmodulin-binding site in Hsp70. Plant Cell Physiol 2000; 41: 804-810.
34. Johnson ER, McKay DB. Mapping the role of active site residues for transducing an ATP-induced conformational change in the bovine 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 10823-10830.
35. Takayama S, Xie Z, Reed JC. An evolutionarily conserved family of Hsp70/Hsc70 molecular chaperone regulators. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 781-786.
36. Gassler CS, Wiederkehr T, Brehmer D, Bukau B, Mayer MP. Bag-1M accelerates nucleotide release for human Hsc70 and Hsp70 and can act concentration-dependent as positive and negative cofactor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 32538-32544.
37. Sondermann H, Scheufler C, Schneider C, Hohfeld J, Hartl FU, Moarefi I. Structure of a Bag/Hsc70 complex: convergent functional evolution of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors. Science 2001; 291: 1553-1557.
38. Sondermann H, Ho AK, Listenberger LL, Siegers K, Moarefi I, Wente SR, et al. Prediction of novel Bag-1 homologs based on structure/function analysis identifies Snl1p as an Hsp70 co-chaperone in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 33220-33227.
39. Sonnemann J, Bauerle A, Winckler T, Mutzel R. A ribosomal calmodulin-binding protein from Dictyostelium J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 23091-23096.
40. Kaur KJ, Ruben L. Protein translation elongation factor-1 alpha from Trypanosoma brucei binds calmodulin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 23045-23050.

Correspondence and Footnotes

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
22 Sept 2006
Date of issue
Nov 2006

History

Accepted
14 June 2006
Received
29 July 2005

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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[28] 28. Batiza AF, Schulz T, Masson PH. Yeast respond to hypotonic shock with a calcium pulse. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 23357-23362.

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[31] 31. Evans DP, Simonette RA, Rasmussen CD, Means AR, Tomasovic SP. Altered synthesis of the 26-kDa heat stress protein family and thermotolerance in cell lines with elevated levels of calcium-binding proteins. J Cell Physiol 1990; 142: 615-627.

[32] 32. Minami Y, Kawasaki H, Suzuki K, Yahara I. The calmodulin-binding domain of the mouse 90-kDa heat shock protein. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 9604-9610.

[33] 33. Sun XT, Li B, Zhou GM, Tang WQ, Bai J, Sun DY, et al. Binding of the maize cytosolic Hsp70 to calmodulin, and identification of calmodulin-binding site in Hsp70. Plant Cell Physiol 2000; 41: 804-810.

[34] 34. Johnson ER, McKay DB. Mapping the role of active site residues for transducing an ATP-induced conformational change in the bovine 70-kDa heat shock cognate protein. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 10823-10830.

[35] 35. Takayama S, Xie Z, Reed JC. An evolutionarily conserved family of Hsp70/Hsc70 molecular chaperone regulators. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 781-786.

[36] 36. Gassler CS, Wiederkehr T, Brehmer D, Bukau B, Mayer MP. Bag-1M accelerates nucleotide release for human Hsc70 and Hsp70 and can act concentration-dependent as positive and negative cofactor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 32538-32544.

[37] 37. Sondermann H, Scheufler C, Schneider C, Hohfeld J, Hartl FU, Moarefi I. Structure of a Bag/Hsc70 complex: convergent functional evolution of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors. Science 2001; 291: 1553-1557.

[38] 38. Sondermann H, Ho AK, Listenberger LL, Siegers K, Moarefi I, Wente SR, et al. Prediction of novel Bag-1 homologs based on structure/function analysis identifies Snl1p as an Hsp70 co-chaperone in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 33220-33227.

[39] 39. Sonnemann J, Bauerle A, Winckler T, Mutzel R. A ribosomal calmodulin-binding protein from Dictyostelium J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 23091-23096.

[40] 40. Kaur KJ, Ruben L. Protein translation elongation factor-1 alpha from Trypanosoma brucei binds calmodulin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 23045-23050.