text new page (beta)
English (pdf)
Article in xml format
Curriculum ScienTI
Automatic translation
Cited by SciELO 
Cited by Google 
Similars in
SciELO 
Similars in Google 
uBio 
Permalink
Introduction
Maintenance of 17β-estradiol (E2) production and increasing cholesterol side-chain cleavage A1 (CYP11A1) and aromatase (CYP19) expression are characteristics of healthy ovarian follicles growing in vivo (1, 2). One of the main goals of follicle culture is to reproduce in vitro the functional and biochemical features observed in vivo, including the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and the production of steroids (1- 3) closely related to the fate of the follicle. In addition, follicle cell cultures allow study of the regulation of steroidogenesis and steroidogenic enzyme activity (4- 7). This procedure contributes to understanding the physiology of steroidogenesis and, consequently, folliculogenesis.
One of the most relevant uses of follicle cell culture is to study factors that influence regulation of the steroidogenesis pathway and the fate of follicles bothin vivo and in vitro. The upregulation of steroidogenic enzyme expression is related to follicular health and dominance (1, 2).
The luteinization process of isolated cultures of ovarian follicle cells, such as granulosa cells (GC), is characterized by increased progesterone (P4) and decreased E2 in the presence of serum (4, 5). Gutierrez et al. (6) used a defined medium that allows steroid production and CYP19 activity in vitro. Under defined culture conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin stimulate bovine GC replication and steroid synthesis, and increase gene expression and the activity of CYP11A1 and CYP19steroidogenic enzymes, independent of the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the culture medium (6, 7), so both hormones tend to be prodominance factors.
In the literature, there have been many reports of short-term cultures, most of which have used serum. The present report describes the development of a follicle wall section (FWS) culture system and the behavior of FWS in serum-free defined medium (DM) under basal and chemically defined conditions in the absence of FSH. Nondefined medium (NDM) is a commercial, luteinizing medium that includes serum (4, 5), and DM contains growth factors and antioxidants that positively affect cultured cells (6). Other DMs, as developed by Gutierrez et al. (6), allow bovine GC to respond, even in absence of FSH, and produce high levels of steroids (8), characterizing an ideal model for the study of factors intervening in steroidogenesis, markers of follicle fate; and, consequently, the dominance, atresia, or luteinization processes in vitro. For these reasons, we studied the effect of a DM previously known to induce estrogen production in short-term culture of bovine follicle walls. We aimed to construct an in vitro model as similar as possible to the wall of the growing follicle for study of the cross-talk between the oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells as in a preovulatory follicle.
Material and Methods
Preparation of bovine ovarian FWS
Bovine ovaries (Bos taurus) at various stages of the estrous cycle were obtained from a slaughterhouse, transported to the laboratory in saline solution (0.9% NaCl, w/v, and 100 mg/L streptomycin), and maintained at 30-35°C. Follicles were selected by size (4-5 mm), shape (spherical), fluid appearance (clear), and vascularization (well vascularized). Follicles 4-5 mm in diameter are thought to be at a stage capable of further development ( 9 ,10).
Eighty-four follicles were isolated from different animals and dissected free of stroma in 37°C phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) under sterile conditions using surgical instruments ( 11 ,12). FWS were derived from slices of intact bovine antral follicle wall sections and were composed of granulosa cells attached to the basement membrane and to some layers of mural theca cells. Isolated FWS weighed around 7 mg and were maintained in 37°C PBS until transferred to culture medium (one FWS per well). Different FWS obtained from the same follicle were allocated to DM and NDM to compare the effects of culture in each medium.
FWS culture media
The media used for FWS culture were: 1) NDM: TCM-199 with Earl's salts (Invitrogen-Gibco/BRL, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 11 mg/mL pyruvic acid, 200 ng/mL FSH (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), 5 IU/mL penicillin and streptomycin as described by Channing ( 5); or 2) serum-free DM: minimum essential medium alpha (Invitrogen-Gibco/BRL), supplemented with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; Sigma-Aldrich), bovine insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), human recombinant IGF-1 (Invitrogen Life Technologies, USA), androstenedione (Sigma-Aldrich), nonessential amino acids (Invitrogen-Gibco/BRL), human transferrin (Invitrogen-Gibco), sodium selenium (AcrosOrganics, USA), 10 mM sodium bicarbonate (Invitrogen-Gibco/BRL), 0.02 M HEPES, and 10,000 IU penicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), as described by Gutierrez et al. ( 6) and modified as described previously (13 ,14) (Patent PI No. 0803140-1, deposit date December 5, 2008, applicant: Fundação Universidade de Brasília).
Both media were distributed on 96-well plates (Nunc) and pre-exposed to culture conditions (38.5°C, 5% CO2:95% air atmosphere with 95% humidity) for at least 2 h before FWS were added and cultured for 24 or 48 h. The medium was not changed during the culture period.
Morphological analysis
Morphological analysis was performed using an optical microscope. For evaluation, follicles were divided into three groups (n=30 FWS per group). One group was immediately processed (fresh tissue) and used as a control. The other two groups were incubated in either 100 µL NDM or DM for 24 or 48 h as described above. After culture, the FWS in each group were washed with PBS and immediately processed.
The FWS in each group were fixed in 4% formalin overnight and embedded in paraffin. Samples were cut at 5-6 µm thickness from paraffin blocks with a rotary microtome (Leica Microsystems, Germany) and mounted on glass microscope slides (Superfrost Plus; Fisher, USA). Slices were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed by light microscopy using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope (Germany). Two slices from each FWS were prepared for microscopy, with three sequential cuts of each slice.
Steroid assays
Media were recovered from FWS (n=21 FWS per group), following culture for 24 or 48 h, and stored at -20°C until steroid hormone analysis was performed. P4 and E2 concentrations in the culture media were measured using radioimmunoassay kits (Coat-A-Count, Diagnostic Products, USA). The values obtained from radioimmunoassay were used to calculate the E2:P4 ratio for each FWS. The assay sensitivity for P4 was 0.03 ng/mL, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 13.2 and 14.8%, respectively. The assay sensitivity for E2 was 10 pg/mL and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 7 and 8.1%, respectively.
Total RNA isolation and reverse transcription
Selected follicles were sliced in three sections for the RT-PCR assays (n=72 FWS per group). One part of each FWS was immediately processed (fresh tissue) while the other two parts were cultured in 100 µL NDM or DM, for 24 or 48 h. Follicles were immediately processed after the pre-established culture periods. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
Fresh and cultured FWS (NDM or DM; 24 or 48 h) were homogenized in Trizol reagent and total RNA was extracted by the guanidium acid-isothyocyanate-phenol-chloroform method following the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen). RNA quality was assessed spectrophotometrically using the A260/A280 ratio (GeneQuant Pro UV/Vis spectrophotometer RNA/DNA calculator, Amersham Bioscience, USA). RNAs were reverse transcribed using the Superscript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen). Briefly, 2 µg total RNA was reverse transcribed with oligo(dT) in first-strand buffer (3 mM MgCl2, 75 mM KCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3) containing 500 µM deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), 10 mM dithiothreitol, 200 U Superscript III RNase H-free reverse transcriptase, and 200 ng oligo(dT). Total reaction volume was 40 µL.
Measurement of mRNA
RT-PCR analyses for bovine steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), CYP11A1, cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17A1), 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD3B1), CYP19, FSH receptor (FSHR), and the housekeeping glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene as an internal control were performed on the target cDNAs prepared from the fresh or cultured FWS using specific primers (Table 1). First, reaction mixes were prepared for each follicle template sample (first-strand reaction), containing all the PCR components except the specific primers, and distributed into 46 µL aliquots for target gene amplification procedures.
All PCR reactions contained 2.5 mM MgCl2, 2000 µM dNTPs, 1.5 U Taq DNApol (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, USA), and 2 µL cDNAs (first-strand reaction derived from the RT-PCR procedure), as templates in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, reaction buffer. At the end, 2500 µM of a forward and a reverse primer were added to the reaction mixture and placed in a thermal cycler. Target cDNAs were amplified following the hot-start PCR cycles as follows: 94°C for 2 min, 29 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, specific melting temperature (shown inTable 1) for 40 s, and 72°C for 60 s. The number of cycles was controlled to standardize analysis of the fold-increase in expression of each gene at the log phase.
Aliquots of PCR products (10 µL) were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gels and visualized with ethidium bromide staining. The relative integrated density of each band was scanned and digitalized using a Typhoon™ 86 Variable Mode Imager (Molecular Dynamics, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, USA). The ratios of densitometric readings of the amplified target cDNAs and GAPDHwere also calculated on GelEval 1.22 for Macintosh. The relative integrated density of all PCR products was scanned and digitalized using the Typhoon™ 86 Variable Mode Imager.
Statistical analysis
Data obtained from NDM and DM groups were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni least-significant difference test. Differences among NDM or DM data during the period of culture were tested for significance by one-way ANOVA also followed by the Bonferroni least-significant test. Differences between NDM and DM groups for each culture time were analyzed by the Studentt-test. All data are reported as means±SD and P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
FWS morphology
Fresh FWS controls (Figure 1A) had round GC with a low cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio, and similar results were observed in DM culture after 24 h (data not shown) and 48 h (Figure 1C). FWS cultured in NDM for 24 (data not shown) and 48 h (Figure 1B) revealed that cells lost their polyhedral shape and acquired an irregular and elongated fibroblast-like form.
Figure 1 Morphological characteristics of granulosa cells (GC) and theca cells (TC) in A, fresh bovine ovarian follicle wall sections (FWS), FWS cultured in B, nondefined medium (NDM) or inC, defined medium (DM) after 48 h revealed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Note the similar morphology between GC inPanels A and C and fibroblast-like GC in Panel B. The results of 24 h were similar to those observed at 48 h (data not shown). Bar=20 µm.
Steroid concentrations
Concentration of P4 in the culture medium increased gradually from 24 to 48 h of culture in both experimental groups (DM and NDM; Table 2). However, P4concentrations observed in the DM group were two times lower than the concentrations in the NDM group, in both culture periods (P<0.0001).
Concentrations of E2 were higher after 24 h of incubation in both experimental groups, with higher concentrations in the NDM group than in the DM group. Lower, but stable, concentrations of E2 were observed in both the NDM and DM groups cultured in FWS for 48 h (Table 2). There were no significant differences in E2concentration in the NDM and DM groups (P=0.12, two-way ANOVA).
The E2:P4 ratio was higher in DM than in NDM at each culture time (Figure 2); however, the ratio decreased in both groups during the culture period. There were no significant differences between the DM and NDM groups during the whole period of culture (P=0.27, two-way ANOVA).
Figure 2 E2:P4 ratio of nondefined medium (NDM) and defined medium (DM) after 24 and 48 h of culture.a,bSignificant differences between NDM and DM (t-test, P<0.05). A,BSignificant differences between data obtained at 24 and 48 h in NDM or DM (one-way ANOVA, P<0.05). Two-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences between groups (P=0.27).
StAR, steroidogenic enzyme gene expression andFSHR
Analyses of bovine StAR, steroidogenic enzymes (CYP11A1, CYP17A1,HSD3B1, and CYP19), and FSHRmRNA expression were performed in fresh FWS and FWS cultured in NDM or DM for 24 or 48 h. Gene expression was very low in fresh FWS; incubation in NDM did not alter expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Figure 3). Expression of all genes was enhanced in DM culture compared with fresh FWS or NDM culture (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Semi-quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), steroidogenic enzymes, andFSHR. Circles represent data for follicle wall sections (FWS) cultured in defined medium (DM) and squares represent data for FWS cultured in nondefined medium (NDM). A, Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR).B, Cholesterol side-chain cleavage A1 (CYP11A1). C, Cytochrome P45017A1 (CYP17A1).D, 3 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD3B1). E, Aromatase (CYP19). F, Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Data of fresh follicle mRNA were used as a control. Each transcript level of target genes was normalized on the basis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) level. One-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni least-significant test were used to verify differences among NDM or DM data during the period of culture. Differences between NDM and DM groups for each time of culture were identified using the Studentt-test. *P<0.05, significantly different between culture periods and within group medium type.
However, culture in DM for 24 or 48 h was followed by increased expression of steroidogenic-related genes. Higher expressions of StAR (Figure 3A), CYP11A1 (Figure 3B), CYP17A1 (Figure 3C), and HSD3B1(Figure 3D) were observed after 24 and 48 h of culture in DM compared with NDM. CYP19 (Figure 3E) showed augmented expression after 48 h of culture. Only FSHR (Figure 3F) was not significantly enhanced by DM culture. The banding pattern of steroidogenic enzymes and FSHR gene expression at 48 h is shown in Figure 4.
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the morphological, endocrine, and molecular events associated with culture of FWS in DM under basal and strictly chemically defined conditions (developed by our group) and NDM containing serum (5). The study also analyzed the steroid profile of cultured FWS, and established the fate of follicles in vitro. GC and theca cell (TC) co-culture of FWS for 24 and 48 h using a modified serum-free DM without FSH demonstrated, for the first time, the conditions under which FWS maintains the morphology of growing healthy follicles, upregulates steroidogenic enzymes, and sustains a high E2:P4 ratio.
In NDM culture, the morphology of FWS cells exhibited an elongated fibroblast-like appearance when compared with fresh FWS. The fibroblast phenotype may be related to culture conditions (15), the absence of the oocyte inside the follicle in vitro (16), the advance of the atresic process in vivo (17), or the absence of connections between GC and TC in monoculture and during luteinization (5, 18). Gutierrez et al. (6) also described the same fibroblast-like cells in the presence of high FSH concentrations. NDM also contains serum, which includes unknown concentrations of several molecules such as growth factors, steroids, cholesterol, and peptides that may affect the physiological processes of tissues (19, 20) and consequently cell morphology.
The concentration of P4 in NDM was at least twice as high as that observed in DM, and E2 levels were increased after 24 h of culture and decreased after 48 h. The increased levels of P4 may be related to the luteinization process observed in the presence of serum in the culture medium (5). In addition, the E2:P4 ratio was lower in NDM than in DM at 24 and 48 h, demonstrating the luteinizing process in vitro. However, more experiments are needed to determine the fate of FWS cultured in NDM. NDM also did not alter gene expression of StAR, steroidogenic enzymes, andFSHR when compared to fresh FWS. The presence of serum decreased the expression of various genes in culture, as described previously (21) and as seen in our results.
A serum-free condition in vitro is crucial for understanding and control of the identity of all the constituents of serum that affect cultured cells (8, 22). Serum-free medium can be achieved by replacing serum with PVA, a synthetic polymer that does not have any negative effects on cells in cultures (23). In addition to PVA, DM is comprised of IGF-1, insulin, androstenedione, nonessential amino acids, selenium, and transferrin (6, 13, 14). Insulin and IGF-1 can modulate the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, includingCYP19, as well as steroidogenesis (6, 7), and insulin-transferrin-selenium can maintain GC viability in culture (24). Transferrin and selenium are essential trace elements that may have antioxidant activity in biological systems (24).
FWS cultured in DM maintained the round shape and high nucleus-to-cytoplasm relationship as seen in fresh FWS. The same result was reported by Gutierrez et al. (6) and Piccinato et al. (8), demonstrating the beneficial effects of our DM. P4 values in DM were at least one-half of those observed in NDM and, in addition, maintained a higher E2:P4 ratio, indicating that DM maintains steroidogenesis and avoids luteinization in vitro. In our results, the P4 increase was concomitant with increased expressions of CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and HSD3B1, demonstrating a possible relationship between steroidogenesis and expression of these genes.
E2 concentration was stimulated after 24 h and decreased after 48 h of DM culture, and CYP19 expression was higher only at 48 h. A possible explanation is that we can obtain higher levels of estrogens, maintained by higher levels of androstenedione supplementation in our DM, not only byCYP19 expression. In addition, our previous results (Vasconcelos RB, Oliveira e Silva I, Gulart LVM, Rosa e Silva AAM, unpublished data) demonstrated that changing 70% of the medium after 48 h of culture significantly enhanced the production of E2 in DM culture, reversing a possible inhibition of E2 synthesis in the DM that was caused by the depletion of androstenedione in vitro. More experiments are needed to determine the E2 profile during culture in DM.
DM also increased mRNA gene expression of enzymes related to steroidogenesis, with no FSH or luteinizing hormone (LH) present in the medium. The addition of insulin to GC culture medium induced CYP19 mRNA (7, 25); and after treatment with IGF-1, resulted in a significant increase in CYP11A1,HSD3B1, and CYP19 mRNA expression (26, 27) in the absence of FSH and LH. In cultures of theca cells, the presence of inhibin produced by GC increased the expression of StAR,CYP17, and HSD3B, demonstrating the interaction of the two cell types in steroidogenesis (28).
Our results showed a positive effect of DM, resulting in increased levels ofStAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1,HSD3B1, and CYP19 mRNA expression. It is well known that insulin and IGF-1, as well as other regulators produced by follicular cells, regulate StAR, CYP11A1, andHSD3B expression of various species in culture (29). Previous reports of GC in culture did not show an increase in StAR expression (30); however, our results corroborate the data reported by Zhang et al. (31) that demonstrated upregulation of StAR gene expression in TC culture with insulinin vitro.
It is well known that LH controls CYP17A1 expression in theca cells (32); however, our results demonstrate that DM significantly enhanced CYP17A1 expression, independently of the presence of gonadotropins. It was demonstrated previously that insulin can influence CYP17 expression in cultures of porcine TC (31), as seen in our results.
The presence of theca cells in culture with GC (33) and IGF-1 (34) meant they were able to enhance CYP19 expression, and that no FSH was necessary to sustain E2 production and CYP19 activityin vitro (6, 8). In addition, CYP19decreased significantly if no IGF-1 or insulin were included in the culture medium (7). These data demonstrate that, depending on the conditions of the defined culture medium, expression and activity of aromatase can be sustained independent of the gonadotropins, as seen in other papers and in our results. It should be noted that in DM culture at 48 h, enzyme expression, including CYP19, had increased, and the E2:P4 ratio decreased significantly probably because E2 inhibited synthesis and/or metabolism.
While the steroidogenic enzymes were upregulated by DM, FSHRexpression was not altered during 48 h of culture. Usually, FSHRexpression is enhanced by FSH (34), and there is some evidence that IGF-1 enhances FSHR expression in vitro with no FSH in the medium (27). Our previous data (Vasconcelos RB, Oliveira e Silva I, Gulart LVM, Rosa e Silva AAM, unpublished data) demonstrated that FSHR mRNA expression was enhanced only after 72 h of culture, demonstrating the positive effect of DM.
In conclusion, our in vitro serum-free FWS-DM model was able to maintain cell morphology, steroid profile, and enhanced levels of steroidogenic enzyme mRNAs. Cell morphology observed in growing follicles was sustained by the presence of major ovarian steroids (E2 and P4) and a high E2:P4 ratio. Increased expression of follicular dominance markers, (e.g., CYP19 and CYP11A1 mRNA expression), strongly indicates that FWS was similar to the follicular wall of the growing and dominant follicle. Based on the results obtained, this in vitro FWS-DM model could be used to study the effect of gonadotropins independent of putative pro-dominant and pro-atretic factors, in follicular steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis. These results also allow construction of anin vitro model of a growing and/or dominant follicle, in which both follicular wall and oocyte may be present, to study the cross-talk between the germinal and somatic compartments involved in the in vitroregulation of oocyte maturation.
