Extraction optimization of antioxidant polysaccharides from leaves of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC

RESEARCH PAPER

Extraction optimization of antioxidant polysaccharides from leaves of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC

Fen Yan; Xuena Yang; Chang Liu; Shangrong Huang; Lan Liao; Caili Fu^*

College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China, e-mail: [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

Orthogonal design was employed to study the effect of extraction time, temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio on the production of antioxidant polysaccharides from leaves of Gynura bicolor (PLG). Analysis of variance was performed on the data obtained. The most relevant variable was extraction time. A liquid-solid ratio of 30:1 (v/w), a temperature of 80 °C and an extraction time of 3 h were found to be optimal for PLG. The optimal extraction yield of 4.9% was obtained through additional verification test. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability of PLG were determined. PLG possess concentration-dependent antioxidant potency and IC₅₀ of PLG was 4.67, 0.24 and 4.31 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical-scavenging and ferric ion chelating abilities as well as reducing power, respectively. The results suggest that G. bicolor polysaccharides could be potential source of natural antioxidant and be contributor to the health benefits of G. bicolor.

Keywords:Gynura bicolor; polysaccharide; orthogonal design; antioxidant activity.

1 Introduction

Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC., an edible plant with a good flavor, is widely consumed as a traditional vegetable in Asian countries. G. bicolor was also used for treating diabetes mellitus in folk medicine and pioneers investigated some bioactive components in this plant with modern techniques. It was reported that water-extracts of G. bicolor could significantly reduce the level of blood glucose in diabetes rats (Wang et al., 2013). Hayashi et al. (2002) reported that hot water extract of G. bicolor inhibited proliferation of the HL60 human leukemia cell. In addition, G. bicolor water-extract and sub-fraction scavenged DPPH radical (Hayashi et al., 2002). Shimizu et al. (2000) insolated three antioxidant anthocyanins from water-extracts of the G. bicolor. Excitingly, G. bicolor anthocyanins can be a natural food color with high stability and safety (Shimizu et al., 2000). Besides anthocyanins, polysaccharides were important phytochemcals in the water-extracts from many medical plants. However, research on the polysaccharides from G. bicolor is rare.

Polysaccharides are polymeric biomacromolecules commonly composed of more than 10 monosaccharide units existing in plants, bacteria, algae and animals. Lots of health-benefit polysaccharides have been isolated successfully from natural sources such as mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis. These polysaccharides showed multiple and complex biological activities such as antitumor, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

Nie et al. (2013) and Wang et al. (2013) isolated polysaccharide with good antioxidant activities such as scavenging hydroxyl, reducing power, and superoxide anion radicals from Cordyceps sinensis and Phellinus nigricans, respectively. In addition, Mamani Chambi & Ferreira Grosso (2011) also inferred that polysaccharides are ideal materials for preparation of biodegradables functional films.

Hydroxyl radical is the most unstable radicals which can react easily with other substances in the body resulting in damages of adjacent biomolecules such as DNA, nucleic acid and proteins. These damages lead to human diseases such as cancer and aging (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 1989; Aruoma, 1998). Antioxidant could be used to remove the hydroxyl radicals to make effective defenses of a living body against various diseases. Reducing power assay is widely used to assess the potency of a selected antioxidant. During the reducing power assay, the presence of reductants in the fractions could result in reducing Fe³⁺/ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form (Fe²⁺) (Chung et al., 2002). Transition metals, such as Co²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Pb²⁺, have been indicated that could trigger the process of free radical reaction to damage the cellular (Chen et al., 2012). Thus it is necessary to prevent the case happen by introducing antioxidant to inhibit the activity of free radical. Some reports pointed that metal chelate could reduce the concentration of the catalyzing transition metal in lipid peroxidation, which means it plays an important role in antioxidant mechanisms (Qiao et al., 2009).

The objective of this study was to optimize the production of polysaccharides from leaves of G. bicolor (PLG). The antioxidant abilities of PLG were then analyzed by in vitro systems including reducing power, hydroxyl radical-scavenging and ferrous ion chelating abilities.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

G. bicolor was purchased from local market (Fuzhou, Fujian province, China). The plant with the reddish purple color on the abaxial side was authenticated by Prof. Hong Fu in College of Bioscience & Biotechnology. A voucher specimen (No. GbLFCL22) is deposited at the College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, China. The sample was ground into fine powder using a grinder after natural drying in the sun at room temperature (22 - 30 °C) for a day. The materials were stored at room temperature in a desiccator for further research. Ascorbic acid, ferrozine, EDTA, salicylic acid, ferrous chloride, ferric trichloride, potassium ferricyanide, ferrous sulfate and ethanol were purchased from Sigma Chemicals.

2.2 Extraction and purified of polysaccharides from the leaves of G. bicolor

Extraction and purified of polysaccharides from the leaves of G. bicolor was performed according to a previous method (Nour et al., 2014). Briefly, the dry powdered leaves (10 g) were separately suspended in distilled water at the established volume and then stirred for extraction at the established temperature and time. The mixture was then centrifuged for 20 min at 5000 rpm. The supernatant was concentrated to 1/5 of the original volume by evaporation at 45 °C. Three volumes of absolute ethanol was added into the filtered solution and produced polysaccharide precipitate. The precipitated materials were collected by centrifugation for 20 min at 5000 rpm and then purified using the classic Sevag method (Sevag et al., 1938).

2.3 Experimental design

Design of the experiment can not only reduce the experimental time and costs but economize the work. Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction time and temperature on polysaccharide production was preliminarily investigated by one-factor-at-a-time tests, which vary one independent parameter with fixing the others in a group of experiments. Then, the optimization process was performed with an orthogonal design, which was widely used for extraction optimization (Chen et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2012). Table 1 presented that the code and levels for each factor which may affect the yield of polysaccharides from the leaves of G. bicolor.

2.4 Statistical analysis

All measurements were performed in triplicate. Means were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Duncan's New Multiple-range test were applied to determine the differences among the means. P values < 0.05 were regarded as being statistically significant.

2.5 Determination of polysaccharides content

The determination of polysaccharides content was done by phenol-sulfuric acid method (Masuko et al., 2005). Briefly, 100 ∝l of crude polysaccharides solution was mixed with 300 ∝l concentrated sulphuric acid to initiated the reaction, following 60 ∝l of 5% phenol was added and the mixture was kept at 100 °C for 15 min, after cooling to the room temperature, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 490 nm using the spectrophotometer. The total polysaccharides content was calculated with D-glucose as standard.

2.6 Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities

Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities of polysaccharide from G. bicolor were determined according to previous method with slightly modification (Vissotto et al., 2013). 0.5 ml of sample solutions with various concentrations were mixed with 1.5 ml of 2.0 mmol/L FeSO₄, then 1.5 ml of 6.0 mmol/L H₂O₂ and 1.5 ml of 6.0 mmol/L sodium salicylate were added. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C water bath for 30 min. The absorbance of the mixture was measured at 510 nm after cooling to the room temperature. VC was used as the positive control.

2.7 Reduction power

The reducing powers of polysaccharides from G. bicolor were determined according to the method described by Gulcin with minor modification (Gulcin et al., 2003). Briefly, 1 ml of sample solutions with various concentrations were mixed with 2.5 ml phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml potassium ferricyanide (1%), the mixture was incubated at 50 °C for 20 min. Aliquots (1.0 ml) of 10% trichloroacetic acid was added to the mixture, and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. After which, 2.5 ml of the upper layer of solution was mixed with 2.5 ml distilled water and 0.5 ml of 0.1% ferric chloride. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 700 nm using a spectrophotometer. Increased absorbance of the reaction indicates increased reducing power. VC was used as the positive control.

2.8 Ferrous ion chelating activity

Ferrous ion chelating activity was estimated by the decrease in the maximal absorbance of the iron-ferrozine complex (Dinis et al., 1994). Briefly, 1 ml of sample solutions with various concentrations were mixed with 100 ∝l of 2.0 mmol/L FeCl₂•4H₂O solution and 3.7 ml distilled water. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 200 ∝l of 5.0 mmol/L ferrozine and after the mixture had reached equilibrium (20 min), the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 562 nm using a spectrophotometer. EDTA was used as the positive control.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio, time and temperature on polysaccharide production

It is needful and useful to perform one-factor-at-a-time tests, which vary one independent parameter with fixing the others in a group of experiments, to investigate the parameters towards the yield of polysaccharides. Some reports indicated that liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction time and temperature affected the yield of polysaccharides (Nie et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2014). To find a suitable time, extraction was performed for 1-4h while keeping extraction temperature at 50 °C and liquid-to-solid ratio at 20:1.(Figure 1a). As shown in Figure 1a, the extraction yield of polysaccharide from leaves of G. bicolor quickly increased from 1 to 2.5 h and the highest extraction yield was obtained at 2.5 h. The yield was leveled off in spite of further increasing extract time. Similarly, Figure 1b shows the effect of different between 10:1 and 50:1 (ml/g) on the extraction of polysaccharide and the extraction yield showed an obvious increase as the ratio increased form 10:1 to 30:1. Figure 1c shows a sharp increase in extraction efficiency as the temperature was increased from 40 to 70 °C and then leveled off with further increased. To save energy, temperature being lower than 70 °C was suitable.

3.2 Orthogonal experimental design for polysaccharide extraction

In order to study the relevance of variables and optimize the best condition for the extraction of polysaccharide from leaves of G. bicolor (PLG), an orthogonal experiment design was used to explore the best combination of liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction time and temperature (Table 1). PLG yield and magnitude order of R (the index of Max Dif) were recorded in Table 2. According to the results of the orthogonal experimental test, the order effects of all factors on extraction yield of PLG was A (extraction time) > C (temperature) > B (liquid-to-solid ratio). The optimum level of each factor can be determined according to the magnitude order of R (Bai et al., 2012), thus the optimum conditions would be extraction time of 3 h, liquid-to-solid ratio of 30:1 (mL/g) and temperature of 80 °C.

Significance was investigated by Fisher's test and the corresponding ANOVA for PLG production is shown in Table 3. Agreed with Max Dif analysis, the most relevant variable was extraction time followed by extraction temperature. The results pointed out that it is important to keep enough extraction time. To certify experimental reproducibility and realities for optimal combination, three additional verification tests under above optimal conditions were carried out. The maximum extraction yield of 4.9% based dry weight was obtained and this yield is higher than that of any experiment in Table 2, which implied that a liquid-to-solid ratio of 30: 1 (v/w), a temperature of 80 °C and an extraction time of 3 h were really the most suitable conditions for PLG production.

3.3 Antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from leaves of G. bicolor

Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities

In our study, dose-response curves of hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the polysaccharide from leaves of G bicolor (PLG) was shown in Figure 2. The scavenging effect of PLG towards the hydroxyl radical was 90% at the concentration of 10 mg/mL. The IC₅₀ of polysaccharide from G. bicolor and VC was 4.67 mg/mL and 1.20 mg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that PLG should be explored as a promising antioxidant. Similarly, Jia et al. (2014) also verified that the hydroxyl scavenging activity increased with increasing concentration of Hawk tea polysaccharides. The EC₅₀ values of three polysaccharides products from the P. cocos were reported as 1.457, 2.109 and 1.754 mg/mL, respectively (Tang et al., 2014).

Reducing power

Figure 3 presented the dose-response curves for reducing power of the polysaccharide from G. bicolor. VC was a positive control, the IC₅₀ of polysaccharide from G. bicolor and VC was 4.31 mg/mL and 0.05 mg/mL, respectively. Reducing power is not the main antioxidant point of PLG. Similar results have been deduced by Kozarski et al. (2012) who evaluated the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from G. lucidum. Kozarski et al. (2012) proved the reducing power of the polysaccharide from G. lucidum increased as the concentration increased from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/mL and reached a highest level of 3.2 at 5.0 mg/mL.

Ferrous ion chelating activity

In our study, we purified the polysaccharide which was extracted from G. bicolor and analyzed the ferrous ion chelating activity. As shown in Figure 4, the ferrous ion chelating activity increased as the concentration of the extract increased. The effect on the chelating activity was above 90% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. EDTA was a positive control, the IC₅₀ of polysaccharide from G. bicolor and EDTA was 0.24 mg/mL and 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. It was reported that metal ion chelating ability of polysaccharides may be due to the formation of cross-bridge between carboxyl group in uronic acid and divalent ion (Ge et al., 2014).

4 Conclusions

In summary, G. bicolor is an ideal source of antioxidant polysaccharides. A liquid-to-solid ratio of 30: 1 (v/w), a temperature of 80 °C and an extraction time of 3 h were found to be optimal for antioxidant polysaccharide extraction from leaves of G. bicolor. The antioxidant abilities of G. bicolor polysaccharides mainly appeared as hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity as evidenced by IC₅₀ of 4.67 mg/mL. The results suggest that G. bicolor polysaccharides could be a promising source of natural antioxidant and be contributor to the health benefits of G. bicolor.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (Grant No. 2012J05056), the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Scholars, Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. LXKQ201301) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31201287).

Received 15 Mar., 2014

Accepted 21 Apr., 2014 (006324)

• Aruoma, O. I. (1998). Free radicals oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 75(2) 199-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0032-9
• Bai, Y. H., Feng, Y. Q., Mao, D. B., & Xu, C. P. (2012). Optimization for betulin production from mycelial culture of Inonotus obliquus by orthogonal design and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43(5) 663-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.03.004
• Chen, G. T., Ma, X. M., Liu, S. T., Liao, Y. L., & Zhao, G. Q. (2012). Isolation, purification and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa. Carbohydrate Polymers 89(1) 61-66. PMid:24750604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.045
• Chen, S., Chen, H., Tian, J., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Xing, L. (2014). Enzymolysis-ultrasonic assisted extraction, chemical characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharides from corn silk. Carbohydrate Polymers 101 332-341. PMid:24299781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.046
• Chung, Y. C., Chang, C. T., Chao, W. W., Lin, C. F., & Chou, S. T. (2002). Antioxidative activity and safety of the 50 ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtilis IMR-NK1. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(8) 2454-2458. PMid:11929313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf011369q
• Dinis, T. C., Maderia, V. M., & Almeida, L. M. (1994). Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 315(1) 161-169. PMid:7979394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1994.1485
• Ge, Q., Huang, J., Mao, J. W., Gong, J. Y., Zhou, Y. F., & Huang, J. X. (2014). Optimization of total polysaccharide extraction from Herba Lophatheri using RSM and antioxidant activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 67 37-42. PMid:24608027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.055
• Gulcin, I., Oktay, M., Kirecci, E., & Kufrevioglu, O. I. (2003). Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry 83(3) 371-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00098-0
• Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1989). Free radicals in biology and medicine Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hayashi, M., Iwashita, K., Katsube, N., Yamaki, K., & Kobori, M. (2002). Kinjiso (Gynura bicolor) coloredextract induce apoptosis in HL60 leukemia cells. Japan Society of Nutrition and Food Science 49(8) 519-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.49.519
• Jia, X., Ding, C., Yuan, S., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Du, L., & Yuan, M. (2014). Extraction, purification and characterization of polysaccharides from Hawk tea. Carbohydrate Polymers 99 319-324. PMid:24274513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.090
• Kozarski, M., Klaus, A., Niksic, M., Vrvic, M. M., Todorovic, N., Jakovljevic, D., & Griensven, L. V. (2012). Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharide extracts from the widely used mushrooms Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 26(1-2): 144-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2012.02.004
• Mamani Chambi, H. N., & Ferreira Grosso, C. R. (2011). Mechanical and water vapor permeability properties of biodegradables films based on methylcellulose, glucomannan, pectin and gelatin. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 31(3) 739-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000300029
• Martin, T. M., Yu, Y., Cui, Z. Q., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Optimization and orthogonal design of an ultrasonic-assisted aqueous extraction process for extracting chlorogenic acid from dry tobacco leaves. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 10(4) 311-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1009.2012.00311
• Masuko, T., Minami, A., Iwasaki, N., Majima, T., Nishimura, S., & Lee, Y. C. (2005). Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format. Analytical Biochemistry 339(1) 69-72. PMid:15766712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.12.001
• Nie, S. P., Cui, S. W., Xie, M. Y., Phillips, A. O., & Phillips, G. O. (2013). Bioactive polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis: Isolation, structure features and bioactivities. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 1(1) 38-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2012.12.002
• Nour, V., Trandafir, I., & Cosmulescu, S. (2014). Antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds and minerals content of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves as influenced by harvesting date and extraction method. Industrial Crops and Products 53 133-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.12.022
• Qiao, D. L., Ke, C. L., Hua, B., Luo, J. G., Ye, H., Sun, Y, Yan, X. Y., & Zeng, X. X. (2009). Antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Hyriopsis cumingii. Carbohydrate Polymers 78(2) 199-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.018
• Sevag, M. G., Lackman, D. B., & Smolens, J. (1938). The isolation of the components of streptococcal nucleoproteins in serologically active form. Journal of Biological Chemistry 124(2) 425-436.
• Shimizu, Y., Imada, T., Zhang, H., Tanaka, R., Ohno, T., & Shimomura, K. (2000). Identification of novel poly-acylated anthocyanins from Gynura bicolor leaves. Food Science and Technology Research 16(5) 479-486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.16.479
• Tang, J., Nie, J., Li, D. P., Zhu, W. N., Zhang, S. P., Ma, F., Sun, Q., Song, J., Zheng, Y. L., & Chen, P. (2014). Characterization and antioxidant activities of degraded polysaccharides from Poria cocos sclerotium. Carbohydrate Polymers 105 121-126. PMid:24708960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.049
• Vissotto, L. C., Rodrigues, E., Chisté, R. C., Benassi, M. T., & Mercadante, A. Z. (2013). Correlation, by multivariate statistical analysis, between the scavenging capacity against reactive oxygen species and the bioactive compounds from frozen fruit pulps. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 33(supl 1) 57-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612013000500010
• Wang, H. S., Wu, L., Cao, Y. M., & Zang, L. Q. (2013). Hypoglycemic effects of Gynura bicolor on diabetes model rats. China Pharmacy 11 985-986.
• Wang, Z., Wang, C., & Quan, Y. (2014). Extraction of polysaccharides from Phellinus nigricans mycelia and their antioxidant activities in vitro. Carbohydrate Polymers 99 110-115. PMid:24274486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.073

*

Corresponding author

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 Aug 2014
• Date of issue
  June 2014

History

• Received
  15 Mar 2014
• Accepted
  21 Apr 2014