Elaboration and characterization of Japanese Raisin Tree (Hovenia dulcis Thumb.) pseudofruits fermented alcoholic beverage

Abstract

Hovenia dulcis pseudofruits have underexplored properties for food purposes, despite their pleasant sensory characteristics and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was the elaboration and chemical characterization of the alcoholic fermented beverage of H. dulcis, using selected strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCMA 0200). The resulting fermented beverage presented high content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity when compared to other fruits and beverages (DPPH and ABTS assay). The alcohol content was 12.9 ^oGL and total sugars 3.57g/L. By the GC-MS analysis, 39 compounds were identified including metabolites with therapeutic potential such as eugenol, trans-farnesol salicylates. The flavonoid dihidromyricetin was identified and quantified (75.17 mg/L) by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS. The results reinforce the interest on nutraceutical and functional properties of this beverage and opens perspectives for new studies that value this underexplored pseudofruit.

Keywords:
Hovenia dulcis; fermented beverage; volatile compounds; antioxidant; dyhidromyricetin

1 Introduction

Hovenia dulcis (Thunberg) is a native species from eastern Asia and was introduced in Brazil, probably in 1987, by the Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (CNPFlorestas/EMBRAPA) for ornamental and reforestation purposes. H. dulcis reproduces by seeds and has consistent fruiting, which explains the large capacity of dispersion, besides it is a very rustic and fast growth species In addition, the fruits with pleasant taste are consumed by people and animals, which is a further contribution to seed dispersal of the species (Carvalho, 1994). In China, Japan and Korea, the H. dulcis extracts are processed as tablets, powders, liquids or granules and used as dietary supplements (Hyun et al., 2010). Other food products using H. dulcis pseudofruits have been described as vinegar (Xiang et al., 2012), non-alcoholic beverage containing extract of H. dulcis pseudofruits (Park et al., 2006) and fruit soy sauce (Jung et al., 2012). However, despite its wide application and knowledge of therapeutic benefits in Asia for more than a millennium, Hovenia dulcis is not commonly used for medicinal purposes in Western countries (Hyun et al., 2010).

Despite their pleasant sensory characteristics, the H. dulcis fruits, have unexplored properties for food purposes (Bampi et al., 2010). Due to the ability of some plants have to adapt to different climates, there is an interest in exploring their culture and their application, since they require no significant handling and can be cultivated for productive purposes (Carvalho, 1994).

Considering the high sugar content in the H. dulcis pseudofruits, 16.28% according Bampi et al. (2010), this species presented as a good alternative for the development of alcoholic beverage. Combined with the high sugar content and pleasant sensory characteristics of H. dulcis, the therapeutic benefits already described can add functional potential to the fermented beverage.

The aim of this study was to elaborate a fermented alcoholic beverage of H. dulcis pseudofruits. Antioxidant activity and chemical characterization of the beverage were performed.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Alcoholic fermentation

The H. dulcis fruits were manually collected at the Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, those without physical injury, rot or gross contamination were selected and subsequently washed in 5 ppm chlorinated water and rinsed under running water. The whole juice was obtained by grinding the intact and washed fruits in a multiprocessor. The juice was modified with sucrose solution to reach a value of 20° Brix, being added potassium metabisulphite 100 mg SO₂/liter for bacterial control. The juice was inoculated with approximately 10⁷ cells/mL of the selected yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CCMA 0200), strain that showed good results in previous studies involving fermentation (Duarte et al., 2010; Oliveira et al., 2011; Souza et al., 2011), and is commercially available (LNF CA 11®). The fermentation occurred in Erlenmeyer flasks in a total volume of 1L, in duplicate at 26 °C (BOD incubator) for 156 hours. The parameters: ^oBrix (refractometer), number of viable cells (counting in a Neubauer chamber) and pH (digital potentiometer) were evaluated at each 12 hours, until the end of fermentation (stabilization of ^oBrix). Subsequently, the beverages were filtered under vacuum Kitassato coupled to a Büchner funnel using cellulose filter and pasteurized at 65 °C for 30 minutes in a thermostatic bath.

2.2 Chromatographic analysis

Characterization and quantification of alcohols, carbohydrates and organic acids

Alcohols, carbohydrates and organic acids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using adapted methodology of Schwan et al. (2001), in Shimadzu LC-10Ai chromatograph, SCR-101H Shimpack column (Shimadzu). Carbohydrates and alcohols were detected by refractive index (RID-10A detector) at 30 °C and the organic acids by the ultraviolet detector (SPD-10Ai) at 210 nm at 50 °C, both using the perchloric acid mobile phase at 100 mM, 0.6 mL min^-1 flow. The quantitation was performed from the interpolation of areas in calibration curves, using certified standard.

Characterization and quantification of vanilic acid and dihydromyricetin by HPLC-DAD

The identification and quantification of vanilic acid and dihydromyricetin was based on adapted methodology from Garcia et al. (2016). Analysis were carried out on a Waters alliance 2695 HPLC system composed of quaternary pump, an auto sampler, a photodiode array detector (DAD) 2996 and a Waters Empower pro data handling system (Waters Corporation, Milford, USA). The analysis was performed on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column (250 mm×4 mm i.d.,5_m; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), in combination with a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 guard column (4mm×4mm i.d., 5_m; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The HPLC profiles were recorded employing a linear gradient of H₂O (A) and CH₃CN (B), each one containing 0.01% phosphoric acid (v/v), as follows: 0 min 95% A, 5% B; 35 min 70% A, 30% B; 40 min 5%A, 95% B; 43 min 5%A, 95% B; 45 min 95%A, 5% B, at a temperature of 40 °C and flow rate of 0.70 ml/min. The chromatograms were obtained at 280 nm and UV spectra from 195 to 400 nm were recorded on line. The reference compounds were dissolved in methanol (HPLC-grade) to concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml. After centrifugation at 8400 g, the sample solutions (10 µL) and the fruit wine were injected into the apparatus in triplicate. Peaks identification in the chromatograms of the wine was achieved by comparison of their retention times for reference compounds in the same conditions. Co-injection of the of the fruit wine with reference compounds and comparison with uv spectra was also employed for peak identification in the fruit wine. The quantities of the compounds were expressed in miligrams per liter (mg/L) by correlating the area of the compound with the calibration curve of standards built in concentrations of 0.5-50 mg/mL.

Characterization of volatile compounds

The alcoholic fermented compounds were measured in gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS), Shimadzu GC model QP2010 equipped with a mass spectrometry (MS) and a capillary column of silica DB-Wax (30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm). The volatile compounds were extracted by the SPME fiber exposition into the headspace for 30 min at 60 °C. The temperature program began with 5 min at 60 °C, followed by a gradient of 60 °C to 230 °C at 10 °C/min; the temperature was then maintained at 230 °C for 15 min. The injector and detector temperatures were maintained at 230 °C. The carrier gas (He) was used at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Injections were performed by fiber exposition for 2 min. Volatile compounds were identified by comparing the mass spectra and retention time, based on adapted methodology from Rodriguez-Campos et al. (2011).

Characterization of dihydromyricetin by UPLC-MS/MS

The characterization of dihydromyricetin was based on adapted methodology from Henriques et al. (2016). UPLC-MS/MS analysis were carried out using an Acquity Ultra Performance LC system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) coupled simultaneously to both PDA 2996 photo diode array detector (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) and an Acquity TQ Detector (Waters MS Technologies, Manchester, UK), equipped with a Z-spray electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in positive and negative mode. MassLynx software (version 4.1, Waters, Milford, MA, USA) was used to control the instruments, as well as for data acquisition and processing.

2.3 Determination of antioxidant activity

The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods were determined in H. dulcis pulp, fermented alcoholic and commercial white wine for comparison. The concentration of phenolic compounds was determined according to described by Waterhouse (2005), using calibration curve of gallic acid and results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g.

The antioxidant capacity was determined by the modified DPPH method (Brand-Williams et al., 1995). A methanol solution containing 0.06 mM DPPH was prepared. After adjusting the blank with methanol, an aliquot of 100 µl of fruit extract was added to 3.9 mL of this solution. The decrease in absorbance at 515 nm was measured at 1 min intervals for the first 10 min, and then at 5 min intervals until stabilization.

The ABTS^.+ assay was based on a method developed by Miller et al. (1993) with modifications. ABTS^.+ radical cations were produced by reacting 7 mM ABTS stock solution with 145 mM potassium persulfate and allowing the mixture to stand in the dark for 12 h before use. Then, the solution was diluted with ethanol to reach an absorbance of 0.70 ± 0.02 at room temperature at 734 nm. Samples (30 µl) or trolox standard were added to 3 ml of diluted ABTS^.+ solution, the absorbance were recorded at 6 min after mixing. Known trolox concentrations were used to build a calibration curve and the results were expressed as µM trolox/g fruit.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Alcoholic fermentation

After the inoculation with the Saccharomyces cerevisae (CCMA 0200) strain, the °Brix decreased gradually until the stabilization at 5° Brix after 156 hours of fermentation. The pH observed in the final fermented was 5.1. The number of viable cells remained between 10⁷ and 10⁸ cells mL^-1, similar to the behavior observed by Oliveira et al. (2011) and Souza et al. (2011), using the same strain (CCMA 0200) for cagaita and apple fermentation, respectively. Whereas H. dulcis fermented is a unique beverage, there are no parameters to compare the fermentation kinetics and final characteristic of the product.

3.2 Chromatography analysis

The chromatography analysis by HPLC-DAD allowed the identification of different organic acids, sugars and alcohols and dihidromyricetin (Table 1). The alcohol content of the beverage (101.84 g/L or 12.9 °GL) was similar to the content observed for the cajá, 12 °GL (Dias et al., 2003) and caju, 11.5 °GL fermented beverages (Torres et al., 2006). The glycerol content was similar to the content observed by Duarte et al. (2010) (5.35 g L^-1) during the process to obtain gabiroba fermented beverage, and lower than the values observed for jabuticaba and umbu fermented beverages (7.56 g/L and 7.69 g/L), using the same yeast (CCMA 0200).

Table 1
Organic acids, sugars and alcohol contents detected in the fermented alcoholic beverage of Hovenia dulcis by HPLC analysis.

Organic acids	Concentration (mg/L)	Sugars	Concentration (g/L)
Tartaric	469.46 ± 13.87	Sucrose Glucose Fructose	2.57 ± 0.10 0.23 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.08
Malic	138.74 ± 27.66
Succinic	549.18 ± 25.59
Latic	483.88 ± 145.13
Acetic	994.50 ± 28.76
Propionic	107.23 ± 15.51
Isovaleric	37.89 ± 2.53	Alcohols	Concentration (g/L)
Vanillic	112.59 ± 2.54	Glycerol	5.16 ± 0.24
Others	Concentration (mg/L)	Ethanol	101.84 ± 2.17
Dihydromyricetin	75.17 ± 1.98

The fructose content was similar to the content observed by Childs et al. (2015), between 1.9 g L^-1 and 2.7 g L^-1 for different modified grape musts. The sugar content (3.57 g L^-1) was lower than 5.0 g L^-1, which classifies the beverage as “dry”. Regarding the organic acid content, only one study was found using H. dulcis pseudofruits for vinegar production (Xiang et al., 2012). In this study, the authors described that the alcoholic fermented beverage used as substrate for the acetic fermentation presented lower content of acetic, succinic and malic acids (295.09 mg/L; 71.52 mg/L and 41.91 mg/L, respectively) and higher tartaric and lactic acid content (2057.85 mg/L and 764.42 mg/L respectively) than the present study. According to the same authors, the lack of data and the regional variables interference make difficult the metabolites content comparison.

The vanilic acid and dihidromyricetin was identified together once that the developed method allowed the separation with good resolution, the Figure 1 shows the chromatograms of the fruit wine, isolated chemical compounds and co-injection with the both. The peaks of the vanilic acid and dihydromyricetin in the fruit wine showed same retention time and uv spectra that standard compounds, was observed the increased of the peaks of the compounds in the chromatogram of the co-injection analysis (Figure 1C). The presence of vanillic acid is typical in wines (Xiao et al., 2015) and a constituent of vanilla flavor (Rao & Ravishankar, 2000). The vanillic acid has also been described in H. dulcis pseudofruits (Li et al., 2005).

Figure 1
HPLC-DAD characterization of the chemical markers. (A) fruit wine chromatogram; (B) co-injection (fruit wine and compounds) chromatogram; (C) Isolated compounds chromatograms, 1: Vanilic acid; 2: Dihydromyricetin.

The dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a very common flavonone in H. dulcis (Park et al., 2016; Yoo et al., 2006). This compound presence is extremely important to establish a quality parameter, once it’s a new beverage. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate the potential of DHM in disorders related to liver and alcohol detoxification, functional evidence that can add therapeutic value to fermented due the possibility that substance ameliorate the effects caused by alcohol (Shen et al., 2012). The identification and quantification represent quality parameters that allow the adulteration control the raw material for fermentation and nutraceutical enrichment, in this propose, the presence of this compound was confirmed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis, the Table 2 shows the main fragments and the Figure 2 shows the fragmentation proposes for the main peaks.

Table 2
UPLC MS/MS characterization of dihydromyricetin.

Compound	Retention time	[M+H] [M-H]	MS/MS fragments
Dihydromyricetin	2.7	321.26	302.52; 195.16; 153.04;
		319.21	193.14

Figure 2
Fragmentation propouses for dihidromyricetin by MS/MS.

The MS/MS analysis of the DHM (Figure 2) showed classic fragmentation of flavanones (Tsimogiannis et al., 2007), like the lost of the ring B (a) fragment and the cynamoil (c) fragment, comom in B ring, but the bolth shoed same mass in positive and negative mode. It’s possible observe the fragment of A ring in positive mode with mass of 153.04.

Shen et al. (2012) demonstrates that DHM potently (1 mg/Kg) counteracts acute EtOH intoxication. DHM antagonizes EtOH exposure/removal-induced alterations in responsiveness of GABA_ARs and ameliorates EtOH exposure/withdrawal-induced behavioral changes, including tolerance to EtOH, increase in basal anxiety. At the same doses, DHM does not cause intoxication, sedation, anesthesia, nor hyperexcitability, and prevents the escalation of alcohol consumption in an intermittent voluntary alcohol intake paradigm in rats.

Others studies demonstrated that DHM effectively inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). In addition, DHM exhibited no significant hepatotoxicity to normal liver cells, which supports the possibility of DHM serving as a therapeutic antitumoral candidate (Zhang et al., 2014). Hou et al. (2015) indicates that DHM can protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress, increase production of NO, inhibit production of ROS, and enhance cellular antioxidant defense capabilities, therefore protecting endothelial cells from damaging effects of oxidative stress damage by regulating mitochondrial pathways. Other study indicates that DHM improves glucose and lipid metabolism and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in fatty liver disease (Chen et al., 2015). The amount of recent discoveries about the therapeutic potential of DHM stimulates further studies on natural products containing this substance.

Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS and are shown in Table 3.

Table 3
Volatile compounds identified from H. dulcis alcoholic beverage by CG-MS.

Group	Compound	Odor descriptors *	LRI **
Ketones	3-penten-2-one	-	1106
	2-heptanone	Acetone, floral, geranium odor	1225
	Geranyl acetone	Fresh floral	1834
Higher Alcohols	2-methyl-1-propanol	Wine	1098
	1-butanol	Malty, solvent-like, spirituous	1140
	2-methyl-1-butanol	Malty, solvent-like	1294
	2-heptanol	Coconut	1334
	1-hexanol	Light branches, leaf, fruity	1337
	3-hexen-1-ol	Lettuce-like; Strong fruity, green grass	1374
	2-octanol	Unpleasantaromaticplant odor	1385
	2-propyl-1-pentanol	-	1395
	3-ethyl-4-methyl-1-pentanol	-	1401
	Phenylethylalcohol	Honey, spice, rose, lilac, flowery, caramel	1912
	1,4-butanediol	-	1916
	2,3-butanediol	Buttery, creammy	1539
	Docecylalcohol	-	1973
Acids	Isobutyricacid	Rancid, butter, cheese, hammy	1415
	Isovalericacid	Sweat, acid, rancid	1665
	Hexanoicacid	Sweat, pungent, sickening, rancid, sour	1832
	2-hexenoic acid	-	1971
	Octanoicacid	Sweat, cheese, oily, fatty	2050
	Nonanoicacid	Green, fat	2169
	Decanoicacid	Wax, tallow,rancid,soap	2260
	Benzoicacid	-	2411
	Dodecanoicacid	Mild, fatty, coconut	2488
	Tetradecanoicacid	Waxy, fatty, soapy, coconut	2697
	Hexadecanoicacid	Waxy, creamy, fatty	2879
Esters	Isoamylacetate	Banana	1101
	Ethyldecanoate	Fruity odor	1633
	Ethylbenzoato	Fruity	1639
	Methylsalicylate	-	1765
	Ethylsalicylate	-	1780
	Isopropylpalmitate	-	2203
Others	alpha-Terpineol	Pine, terpenoids	1687
	cis-Geraniol	Rose-like, citrus-like	1836
	beta-Citronellol	Citronella	1757
	Eugenol	Sweet, spicy, clove like, woody	2133
	trans-Farnesol	mild, delicate, sweet-oily odor	2315
	Benzothiazole	-	1959

• ^*
  Feng et al. (2015), Vararu et al. (2016), Bonvehí (2005);
• ^**
  LRI: Linear retention index.

These compounds are typically observed in fruit fermented beverages such as Cupuaçu, Gabiroba, Jaboticaba and Umbu and during cocoa fermentation, as described by Duarte et al. (2010) and Rodriguez-Campos et al. (2011), respectively. Volatile compounds in wine matrices, such as higher alcohols, acids, esters and volatile phenols are not perceived separately (Escudero et al., 2004), being that the totality of the compounds characterizing the flavor of the beverage. The presence of geraniol has also been described in H. dulcis pseudofruits and was associated to the typical floral fragrance of this species (Yoshikawa et al., 1993).

Furthermore, molecules with reports of therapeutical effects were detected, such as eugenol, a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Recently, Prasad et al. (2016) demonstrated the neurorestorative potential of eugenol in terms of its ability to abrogate pre-existing oxidative impairments, mitochondrial dysfunctions and cholinergic deficit in different brain regions. Eugenol shows protective action against the oxidative stress induced by ethanol, evidenced by plasma reduction of transaminases ALT and γGT, and elevate levels of enzymatic antioxidants in rats (Anbu & Anuradha, 2012).

In addition, sesquiterpenoid trans-farnesol was also detected, this compounds one of the most efficient molecules with hepatoprotective action, according to the in vitro model (3D-QSAR) for hepatoprotective analysis (Vinholes et al., 2014). Santhanasabapathy & Sudhandiran (2015) shows that farnesol exerts neuroprotective effect by regulating intrinsic apoptotic cascade through its antioxidant effect during LPS-induced neurodegeneration. Beyond that, farnesol ameliorates massive inflammation, oxidative stress and lung injury induced by pneumotoxicants (Qamar & Sultana, 2008).

Furthermore, it is believed that the presence of salicylates in the diet (fruits and vegetables) may be beneficial due to its effect on inflammatory process, which explains why either salicylic acid as diets with fruits and vegetables assist in prevention of cancer and possibly in other inflammatory diseases (Patterson & Lawrence, 2001).

3.3 Antioxidant activity

According to the results presented on Table 4, 319.9 ± 15.9 mg EAG 100g^-1 of phenolic compounds was observed on H. dulcis pulp. This result was above the observed by Kuskoski et al. (2006) for nine different commercial fruit pulp, with values from 20.0 to 229.6 mg EAG 100g^-1. Breksa et al. (2010) evaluated the phenolic content of 16 grape cultivars (Vittis vinifera L.) and observed contents between 316.3 and 1141.3 mg EAG 100g^-1.

Table 4
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of H. dulcis alcoholic fermented and pseudofruits.

Sample	Total Phenolic coumponds	Antioxidant activity (DPPH method)	Antioxidant activity (ABTS method)
H. dulcis pulp	319.9 ± 15.9 (mg EAG/100g fruit)	EC50= 348.0 ± 13.2 g fruit/g DPPH	429.55 ± 18.10 µm Trolox/g fruit
H. dulcis alcoholic fermented	2520.3 ± 17.31 (mg EAG. L -1)	% AAT*= 80.22 ± 1.77	11.87 ± 2.14 mmolTrolox/L
Commercial White wine	1479.3 ± 27.5 (mg EAG. L-1)	% AAT*= 23.79 ± 1.12	4.94 ± 0.56 mmolTrolox/L

• ^*
  sample diluted to 20%.

About the fermented alcoholic beverages, the observed results are in accordance to Lins & Sartori (2014) that studied nine commercial red wines from Brazil and observed phenolic content between 1014.5 and 2971.0 mg EAG. L ^-1. The fermented alcoholic beverage produced from H. dulcis, although it is not classified as a wine (white or red) by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, showed high phenolic content (2520.3 ± 17.31 mg EAG. L ^-1). It was almost two times higher than the phenolic content observed for commercial white wine, encouraging the continuation of studies with this fruit. Regarding the antioxidant activity assay, by DPPH method, the H. dulcis pulp showed the EC₅₀ of 348.0 g fruit/g DPPH, similar to those values found for brazilian fruits Cajá, Caju, Umbu and Jambolao and lower than values observed for Acerola, Jabuticaba, Camu-camu and Juçara using the same methodology (Rufino et al., 2010). In addition, the antioxidant activity evaluated by ABTS method also showed higher value (429.55 ± 18.10 µM Trolox/g fruit) for H. dulcis pulp than those observed for 15 of the 18 fruits (around 16.4 to 953.0 µM Trolox/g fruit) studied by Rufino et al. (2010), being lower only when compared to Acerola, Camu-camu and Juçara. In regards of alcoholic beverages, Stratil et al. (2008) observed values between 4.30 and 8.44 mmolTrolox L^-1 for white wines and Gris et al. (2011) observed values between 11.2 to 23.17 mmolTrolox L^-1 for Brazilian red wines. The alcoholic beverage produced from H. dulcis showed an antioxidant activity of 11.87 ± 2.14 mmolTrolox/L evaluated by ABTS methods, almost three times higher (4.94 ± 0.56 mmolTrolox/L) than a commercial white wine.

Thus, the H dulcis fermented alcoholic beverage showed higher antioxidant activity (by DPPH and ABTS methods) and phenolic content than commercial white wine and other beverages described in the literature.

4 Conclusions

The fermented alcoholic beverage from H. dulcis was elaborated through a simple and reproducible methodology, using a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. High total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed in vitro, for pulp and elaborated fermented, besides metabolites with therapeutic potential, as eugenol, trans-farnesol, salicylates, and dihydromyricetin which reinforces the interest on functional properties of this beverage and opens perspectives for new studies, creating agribusiness opportunities and valorization of this pseudofruit.

Acknowledgements

The authors thanks CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Brasil), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo a pesquisa de Minas Gerais) for financial support and scholarships.

• Practical Application: The preparation of an alcoholic fermented from pseudofruits of Hovenia dulcis is unprecedented and results in a technological use strategy, trough simple and reproducible methodology, which may value this raw material. H. dulcis species is widely used as food products in Eastern countries, but in Western countries is still unexplored.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 July 2017
• Date of issue
  Dec 2017

History

• Received
  25 Nov 2016
• Accepted
  30 Apr 2017