Effect of environmental factors on the polysaccharide content of Dendrobium officinale

Abstract

Dendrobium officinale is a traditional Chinese medicine and nourishing food in China. Polysaccharide content was used as a criterion for evaluating the quality of D. officinale. At present, epiphytic cultivation is the main cultivation method of D. officinale in China. In the present study, D. officinale was collected under various growing conditions to compare its polysaccharide content in an attempt to discover the most favorable growing conditions for D. officinale, which can be used to guide the artificial cultivation production of D. officinale.

Keywords:
Dendrobium officinale ; polysaccharide; quality control

1 Introduction

In recent years, the R&D of natural functional products from herbs has attracted more and more attention in the world (Ruiz-Cisneros et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022a, b; Yin et al., 2022). The genus Dendrobium is one of the largest genera in the orchid family, containing 1500-2000 species (Hou et al., 2017). Among them, Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is the main source of the traditional Chinese medicine Dendrobii caulis, which is widely distributed throughout the world, such as the United States, Australia, and Japan (Tang et al., 2017). In particular, D. officinale is widely grown in various regions of China, including Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces (Liu et al., 2020; Yan et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2020).

D. officinale is firstly recorded in the “Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic” (Dong Han Dynasty, A.D.25-220) and used as traditional Chinese medicine or functional food in China (Yin et al., 2021). In traditional medicine, D. officinale was as a tonic to nourish Yin, clear heat, nourish stomach, and replenish body fluid (Cakova et al., 2017; Shin et al., 2017) and used for various diseases or as beverages (Cakova et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2023). In term of modern pharmacological effects, D. officinale exhibits various pharmacological effects such as enhancing immunity, anti-fatigue, antioxidant, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and others (He et al., 2022; Huang et al., 2019; Lv et al., 2020).

According to current phytochemical investigations, more than 190 compounds have been isolated from D. officinale, including polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids and other nutritional components (He et al., 2022). Among them, polysaccharides have been shown to regulate intestinal homeostasis and protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice, and was considered to be its most important active components. In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Ch.P., 2020 edition) (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2020), polysaccharides have been selected as the only quality markers of D. officinale, and polysaccharide content was used as a criterion for evaluating the quality of D. officinale.

To obtain a large amount of green and organic D. officinale herbs, it is now common to grow D. officinale in China by attaching trees (Figure 1) (Tan & He, 2020). There have been several reports in the literature that the cultivation sites and cultivation techniques of D. officinale affect its polysaccharide content (Tan et al., 2020; Zeng et al., 2020). However, these reported samples are limited in number and do not accurately reflect the main growing factors of polysaccharide content of D. officinale. Therefore, in this study, D. officinale was collected under various growing conditions to compare its polysaccharide content in an attempt to discover the most favorable growing conditions for D. officinale, which can be used to guide the artificial cultivation production of D. officinale.

Figure 1
Growing environment of D. officinale.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

The reagents required for the polysaccharide assay including phenol, anhydrous ethanol, concentrated sulfuric acid, and glucose standards were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China), and Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (Chengdu, China), respectively.

2.2 Plant materials

Under the premise of ensuring sustainable utilization and representativeness, the D. officinale samples were collected from the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) bases located in Guizhou and Zhejiang Province of China in 2019. All samples were authenticated by Associate Professor Daopeng Tan (pharmacognosy, Zunyi medical university).

2.3 Polysaccharides content determination

Sample preparation

Samples of D. officinale was dried at 60 °C, crushed, and sieved through No.3. Take about 0.06 g of sample, weighed precisely, and refluxed with 40 mL of water, heated for 2 h. Cooled, transferred into a 50 mL volumetric flask, and fixed with water to the scale line. 4000 rpm, centrifuged for 15 min. 2 mL of supernatant is taken, 10 mL of anhydrous ethanol is added, mixed well, and left for 1 h at 4 °C. Centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 20 min and discard the supernatant. Add 8 mL of 80% ethanol solution, centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 20 min, discard the supernatant, and repeat once. Dissolve the precipitate with heated water, allow to cool, transfer to a 10 mL volumetric flask, add water to the scale to obtain the sample solution to be tested.

Polysaccharide assay

Take 1.0 mL of the sample to be measured into a 10 mL stoppered test tube, add 1.0 mL of 5% phenol solution (ready to use) and 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid, shake well rapidly, heat in boiling water for 20 min, then ice bath for 5 min. 200 μL of the reaction solution was taken into a 96-well plate, and the absorbance was measured at 488 nm with an enzyme marker, and the polysaccharide content was calculated by substituting into the standard curve.

Preparation of glucose standard curve

The glucose standard was weighed precisely and prepared into 180 μg/mL of glucose solution, i.e. the reserve solution. The reserve solution was diluted and prepared as 30.47, 60.93, 91.40, 121.87, 152.33 and 182.80 μg/mL, and the phenol-sulfuric acid color development reaction was performed according to the method of polysaccharide assay, and the absorbance was determined together with the samples.

Method validation

The linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and recovery were checked for method validation.

2.4 Statistical methods

SPSS18.0 was used for statistical analysis, and t-test was used to calculate the comparison between two groups, One-way ANOVA was used to calculate the comparison between more than two groups, and the measurement data were expressed as Mean ± SD, and P < 0.05 was statistically different.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Sample collection

The samples were collected at five Dendrobium cultivation sites in Dushan county, Danzhai county, and Xingyi city of Guizhou province, and Taizhou and Yueqing city of Zhejiang province (Figure S1). Dendrobium samples were collected according to different altitudes, different epiphytic species and different illuminance. Eight to ten samples of D. officinale were collected for each factor, 380 samples were collected in total. The information in detail is listed in Table 1. The fresh stems were dried, ground into powder, passed through a sieve with 300 mesh, and stored at -80 °C for subsequent analysis.

Table 1
Sample information of D. officinale.

Location	Epiphytic trees	Longitude and Latitude	Altitude(m)	Illuminance	Sample size
Dushan	Pinus	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	sunny	10
Dushan	Pinus	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	shady	10
Dushan	Pinus	E107°31'2”N25°55'47”	918	sunny	10
Dushan	Pinus	E107°31'2”N25°55'47”	918	shady	9
Dushan	Cunninghamia lanceolata	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	sunny	8
Dushan	Cunninghamia lanceolata	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	shady	9
Dushan	Cunninghamia lanceolata	E107°31'2”N25°55'47”	918	sunny	9
Dushan	Cunninghamia lanceolata	E107°31'2”N25°55'47”	918	shady	10
Dushan	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	sunny	8
Dushan	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	shady	9
Dushan	Quercus fabri	E107°31'2”N25°55'47”	918	sunny	9
Dushan	Quercus fabri	E107°31'2”N25°55'47”	918	shady	9
Dushan	Quercus fabri	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	sunny	9
Dushan	Quercus fabri	E107°31'2”N5°56'5”	852	shady	9
Danzhai	Camellia sinensis	E107°79'90”N26°25'23”	891	shady	28
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca.	E105°24'54”N24°58'37”	835	sunny	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca.	E105°24'54”N24°58'37”	835	shady	8
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca.	E105°27'8”N24°59'12”	978.5	sunny	10
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca.	E105°27'8”N24°59'12”	978.5	shady	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca.	E105°27'57” N24°54'3”	1122	sunny	8
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca.	E105°27'57” N24°54'3”	1122	shady	9
Xingyi	Albizia julibrissin	E105°24'54”N24°58'37”	835	sunny	9
Xingyi	Albizia julibrissin	E105°24'54”N24°58'37”	835	shady	10
Xingyi	Albizia julibrissin	E105°27'8”N24°59'12”	978.5	sunny	9
Xingyi	Albizia julibrissin	E105°27'8”N24°59'12”	978.5	shady	9
Xingyi	Albizia julibrissin	E105°27'57” N24°54'3”	1122	sunny	9
Xingyi	Albizia julibrissin	E105°27'57” N24°54'3”	1122	shady	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E105°24'54”N24°58'37”	835	sunny	8
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E105°24'54”N24°58'37”	835	shady	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E105°27'8”N24°59'12”	978.5	sunny	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E105°27'8”N24°59'12”	978.5	shady	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E105°27'57” N24°54'3”	1122	sunny	9
Xingyi	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	E105°27'57” N24°54'3”	1122	shady	9
Taizhou	Amygdalus persica	E121°6′57″N28°26′26″	34	sunny	9
Taizhou	Cinnamomum camphora	E121°6′57″N28°26′26″	34	shady	10
Yueqing	Myrica rubra	E121°9′53″N28°22′7″	166	sunny	9
Yueqing	Myrica rubra	E121°9′53″N28°22′7″	166	shady	8
Yueqing	Ziziphus jujuba	E121°7′14″N28°26′16″	28	sunny	9
Yueqing	Ziziphus jujuba	E121°7′14″N28°26′16″	28	shady	8
Yueqing	wooden pile	E121°7′14″N28°26′16″	28	sunny	10

3.2 Validation of the method

Linear regression equations (e.g., y = ax + b) were constructed by absorbance (x) of each analyte against analyte concentrations (y; μg/mL). The results are shown as Figure 2, and the linear equation of the standard curve was y=215.18x-0.9978, r=0.9999. The results indicated that there was a good linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration of glucose in the range of 30.47~182.80 μg/mL.

Figure 2
Standard curve of glucose solution.

Precision was evaluated by using variability assessed with six replicates within one day. The variation (RSD%) for precision was shown in Table 2. The repeatability was conducted using six replicates of the same sample, and the variations of repeatability was 0.63% (Table 3). The stability of the sample solution was investigated at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 h. The RSD% of absobances of the analyzed sample was 2.39%(Table 4), indicating that the samples were stable at least 12 h.

Table 2
Precision of polysaccharide content in D. officinale.

No.	Absorbance	Mean	RSD
1	0.5422	0.5372	0.63%
2	0.5397
3	0.5377
4	0.5361
5	0.5344
6	0.5331

Table 3
Repeatability of polysaccharide content of D. officinale.

No.	Content	Mean	RSD
1	39.50%	38.35%	2.05%
2	38.18%
3	37.53%
4	38.73%
5	38.68%
6	37.45%

Table 4
Stability of polysaccharide content in D. officinale.

Time (h)	Absorbance	Mean	RSD
0	0.5353	0.5266	2.39%
0.5	0.5241
1	0.5359
2	0.5089
4	0.5371
6	0.5097
12	0.5353

The recovery test was used to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Precisely weighed six powders of D. officinale in parallel, and about 23 mg of dextran was added to each of them. The test samples were prepared according to the method of polysaccharide assay, and the absorbance was determined according to the method of preparation of glucose standard curve. The recovery of each spiked reference standards was calculated by the formula recovery%= [(found amount−original amount)/spiked amount] × 100%. The results are shown in Table 5. The recoveries of polysaccharides ranged from 95.27% to 100.73% with the RSD value of 2.00%, indicating that the method is accurate.

Table 5
Accuracy of polysaccharide content in D. officinale.

No.	Recovery	RSD
1	98.62%	2.00%
2	100.30%
3	100.73%
4	98.05%
5	95.27%
6	99.52%

3.3 Analysis of polysaccharide content of D. officinale

Overall profile of polysaccharide content of D. officinale

A total of 380 D. officinale samples were collected according to different regions, altitudes and illuminance (Figure S1). The overall profile of polysaccharide content in 380 D. officinale samples was analyzed to determine the polysaccharide content. The horizontal coordinate in the figure is the sample number, the vertical coordinate is the percentage content of polysaccharide in D. officinale, and the dotted line is the standard limit of 25.00% of polysaccharide content in D. officinale as stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition, a part of herbs and beverages, and higher than this line means that the D. officinale samples are qualified. As shown in Figure 3, the polysaccharide content in 380 D. officinale samples was significantly different, and the highest polysaccharide content was 61.69%. 42% of the 380 samples were qualified. Among them, the polysaccharide content of D. officinale was mainly concentrated between 20% and 35%.

Figure 3
Overall profile of polysaccharide content in D. officinale of 380 batch.

Effect of different origins on polysaccharide content of D. officinale

For the polysaccharide content of D. officinale from five regions, including Dushan county, Danzhai county, and Xingyi city of Guizhou province, and Taizhou and Yueqing city of Zhejiang province were analyzed as shown in Figure 4. The polysaccharide content of D. officinale in Yueqing city was the highest among the five regions, and the polysaccharide content of D. officinale in Xingyi city was the lowest. The polysaccharide contents of D. officinale in Yueqing city were compared with those of Dushan, Denzhai, Xingyi and Taizhou respectively, and P<0.05, which was statistically different, and the polysaccharide contents of D. officinale in Yueqing city were significantly different from those of Dushan, Denzhai, Xingyi and Taizhou. The polysaccharide contents of Xingyi city was statistically different from those of Dushan, Denzhai, Taizhou and Yueqing by two-by-two comparison with P<0.05, and the polysaccharide contents of D. officinale in Xingyi city was significantly lower than those of the other four origins.

Figure 4
The effect of origin on polysaccharide content of D. officinale (‾x ±SD, n=19-162, a compared to Xingyi, *P < 0.05, b compared to Yueqing, *P < 0.05).

Effect of different altitudes on polysaccharide content of D. officinale

Analysis was conducted to compare the polysaccharide content of D. officinale at different altitudes (Figure 5.). The samples collected in Guizhou province ranged from 835 m to 1122 m in altitude, and the highest polysaccharide content of D. officinale was found at 918 m in altitude. The samples collected in Zhejiang Province ranged from 28 to 166 m above sea level, and the highest polysaccharide content of D. officinale was found at 28 m above sea level. Altitude was found to be the main factor affecting the polysaccharide content of D. officinale.

Figure 5
The effect of altitudes on polysaccharide content of D. officinale (‾x ±SD, n=17-71).

Effect of different tree species on polysaccharide content of D. officinale

The areas with more epiphytic tree species were selected to analyze the effects of different tree species on the polysaccharide contents of D. officinale in Dushan county of Guizhou province. As shown in Figure 6, there was no significant difference in the polysaccharide contents of D. officinale attached to different tree species such as Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Quercus fabri, Cunninghamia lanceolata, and Pinus, however, the polysaccharide content of D. officinale at an altitude of 918 m was significantly higher than that of the sample at an altitude of 852 m. Those results indicated that the main influencing factor is related to the altitude, but not to the epiphytic tree species.

Figure 6
The effect of tree on polysaccharide content of D. officinale.

Effect of illuminance on polysaccharide content of D. officinale

For the analysis of the effect of illuminance on the polysaccharide content of D. officinale, the polysaccharide content of D. officinale with shade and sunny growth was compared. It was found that the polysaccharide content of sunny-grown D. officinale was generally higher than that of the shady-grown. The passing rate of sunny-grown D. officinale was generally high, and all samples of sunny-grown D. officinale at an altitude of 1122 m passed in this sampling. The mean values of the polysaccharide content of D. officinale at different elevations of sunny and shady grown D. officinale were subjected to paired t-test, and the results showed that the polysaccharide content of sunny-grown D. officinale was significantly higher than that of the shady-grown (Figure 7).

Figure 7
The effects of illuminance on polysaccharide content of D. officinale (A) illuminance on polysaccharide content of D. officinale (B) the proportion of qualified sunny and shady grown D. officinale ‾x ±SD, n=19~81, *P < 0.05).

4 Conclusion

At present, epiphytic cultivation is the main cultivation method of D. officinale in China. In the present work, the results of our study showed that different epiphytic tree species did not have significant effects on the polysaccharide content of D. officinale. The environmental factors affecting the polysaccharide content of D. officinale mainly include the origin and altitude. Those results will provide valuable guidance for the cultivation of D. officinale.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material accompanies this paper.

Figure S1 Sample collection of D. officinale

This material is available as part of the online article from https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.127422

• Practical Application: This investigation provides valuable guidance for the cultivation production of D. officinale.

• Funding

  This work was financially supported by the Department of Science and Technology of Guizhou Province (Nos. QKHZC [2019]2953, QKHZC[2021]420, QKHZC [2020]4Y072, QKHZC [2023] general 426), Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile (QJJ [2022]048 and QJJ [2022]006) and the Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of Domestic Science and Technology Cooperation Projects in Shanghai (20025800400), Zunyi City of China (ZSKHHZ[2021]188, ZSKXX[2020]1 and ZSKXX[2020]2).

References

• Cakova, V., Bonte, F., & Lobstein, A. (2017). Dendrobium: sources of active ingredients to treat age-related pathologies. Aging and Disease, 8(6), 827-849. http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/AD.2017.0214 PMid:29344419.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.14336/AD.2017.0214
• Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. (2020). Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Vol. 1, pp. 295). Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
• He, Q., Lu, A., Qin, L., Zhang, Q., Lu, Y., Yang, Z., Tan, D., & He, Y. (2022). An UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based analysis of the differential composition of dendrobium officinale in different regions. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2022, 8026410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8026410 PMid:36385774.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8026410
• Hou, B., Luo, J., Zhang, Y., Niu, Z., Xue, Q., & Ding, X. (2017). Iteration expansion and regional evolution: phylogeography of Dendrobium officinale and four related taxa in southern China. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 43525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep43525 PMid:28262789.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep43525
• Huang, S., Wu, Q., Liu, H., Ling, H., He, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Lu, Y., & Lu, Y. (2019). Alkaloids of Dendrobium nobile Lindl: altered hepatic lipid homeostasis via regulation of bile acids. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 241, 111976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111976 PMid:31132462.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111976
• Liu, Y., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Wu, Z., Gilbert, R. G., Deng, B., & Wang, K. (2020). Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide ameliorates diabetic hepatic glucose metabolism via glucagon-mediated signaling pathways and modifying liver-glycogen structure. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 248, 112308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112308 PMid:31622745.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112308
• Lv, L. L., Liu, B., Liu, J., Li, L. S., Jin, F., Xu, Y. Y., Wu, Q., Liu, J., & Shi, J. S. (2020). Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in senescence accelerated SAMP8 mice by decreasing amyloid-β aggregation and enhancing autophagy activity. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 76(2), 657-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200308 PMid:32538851.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200308
• Ruiz-Cisneros, M. F., Ornelas-Paz, J. J., Olivas-Orozco, G. I., Acosta-Muñiz, C. H., Salas-Marina, M. A., Molina-Corral, F. J., Berlanga-Reyes, D. I., Fernández-Pavía, S. P., Cambero-Campos, O. J., & Rios-Velasco, C. (2022). Effect of rhizosphere inoculation with Bacillus strains and phytopathogens on the contents of volatiles and human health-related compounds in tomato fruits. Food Science and Technology, 42, e51120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.51120
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.51120
• Shin, H. K., Kim, T. W., Kim, Y. J., Park, S. R., Seo, C. S., Ha, H., & Jung, J. Y. (2017). Protective effects of Dendrobium nobile against cisplatin nephrotoxicity both in-vitro and In-vivo. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(Suppl.), 197-206. PMid:29844791.
• Tan, D. P., & He, Y. Q. (2020). The review of artificial cultivation of Dendrobii caulis Journal of Zunyi Medical University, 43(6), 791-795. http://dx.doi.org/10.14169/j.cnki.zunyixuebao.2020.0142
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.14169/j.cnki.zunyixuebao.2020.0142
• Tan, D. P., Ling, L., Zeng, Y., Du, Y. M., Qin, L., Lu, Y. L., Zhang, Q. R., & He, Y. Q. (2020). Comparative study of Dendrobium officinale with different cultivation methods based on principal component analysis. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 31(7), 1635-1637.
• Tan, D. P., Song, Y. Y., Wang, J. M., Gao, C. X., Qin, L., Zhao, Y. X., Lu, Y. L., Yang, Z., & He, Y. Q. (2023). Identification of sesquiterpene glycosides from Dendrobium nobile and their α-glycosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Food Science and Technology, 43, e99722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.99722
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.99722
• Tang, H., Zhao, T., Sheng, Y., Zheng, T., Fu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo: a review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and industrialization. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 7436259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7436259 PMid:28386292.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7436259
• Wang, G. P., Wang, J. M., Deng, Y. D., Qin, L., He, Y., & Tan, D. (2022a). Chemical constituents and nutritional health functions of Dendrobium nobile: a review. Food Science and Technology, 42, e84522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.84522
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.84522
• Wang, J. M., Wang, G. P., Wang, X. T., Qin, L., Xu, C., She, X. Q., He, Y. Q., & Tan, D. P. (2022b). Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Rosa roxburghii a systematic review. Food Science and Technology, 42, e72722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.72722
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.72722
• Yan, L., Wang, X., Liu, H., Tian, Y., Lian, J., Yang, R., Hao, S., Wang, X., Yang, S., Li, Q., Qi, S., Kui, L., Okpekum, M., Ma, X., Zhang, J., Ding, Z., Zhang, G., Wang, W., Dong, Y., & Sheng, J. (2015). The genome of Dendrobium officinale illuminates the biology of the important traditional Chinese orchid herb. Molecular Plant, 8(6), 922-934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.011 PMid:25825286.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.011
• Yang, J., Chen, H., Nie, Q., Huang, X., & Nie, S. (2020). Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide ameliorates the liver metabolism disorders of type II diabetic rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 1939-1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.007 PMid:32763406.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.007
• Yin, M. Y., Xie, J., Xie, C., Luo, M., & Yang, X. (2022). Extration, identification and stability ananlysis of anthocyanins from organic Guizhou blueberries in China. Food Science and Technology, 42, e33520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.33520
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.33520
• Yin, X. Z., Chi, W. M., Zhang, L., Su, Y. Q., Zhang, Z. Y., & Xue, C. B. (2021). Protective effects of Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl. on high-fat diet-induced liver damage in mice. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45(4), e13687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13687 PMid:33665859.
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13687
• Zeng, Y., Lu, A. J., Tan, D. P., Qin, L., Du, Y. M., Yang, M. T., Jiang, Y., Lu, Y. L., & He, Y. Q. (2020). Difference of polysaccharide contents in Dendrobium officinale from different cultivation. Journal of Zunyi Medical University, 43(2), 174-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.14169/j.cnki.zunyixuebao.2020.0035
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.14169/j.cnki.zunyixuebao.2020.0035

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 Feb 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  12 Nov 2022
• Accepted
  26 Dec 2022