Abstracts
Objective:
Cutaneous and mucosal disorders are the most common problems in patients on long-term hemodialysis. The dialysis prolongs the life expectancy, giving time of these changes to manifest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dermatologic problems among patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) undergoing hemodialysis.
Methods:
One hundred forty-five patients with chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis were studied. All patients were thoroughly examined for skin changes, hair, nails and mucous membranes by a single examiner and laboratory tests were assessed. The data were stored in a database Microsoft Excel and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test and categorical variables the chi-square test or Fisher's Exact test.
Results:
The study included 145 patients, mean age of 53.6 ± 14.7 years, predominantly male (64.1%) and caucasian (90.0%). The average time of dialysis was 43.3 ± 42.3 months. The main underlying diseases were: hypertension in 33.8%, diabetes mellitus in 29.6% and chronic glomerulonephritis in 13.1% of the patients. The main dermatologic manifestations observed were: xerosis in 109 (75.2%), ecchymosis in 87 (60.0%), pruritus in 78 (53.8%) and lentigo in 33 (22.8%) patients.
Conclusion:
Our study showed the presence of more than one alteration per patient. Cutaneous alterations are frequent in patients on dialysis. Further studies are needed to better characterization and management of these dermatosis.
dialysis; kidney failure; chronic; skin diseases
Objetivo:
As desordens cutâneas e das mucosas são comuns em pacientes em hemodiálise a longo prazo. A diálise prolonga a expectativa de vida, dando tempo para a manifestação destas anormalidades. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a prevalência de problemas dermatológicos em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em hemodiálise.
Métodos:
Cento e quarenta e cinco pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise foram estudados. Todos os pacientes foram completamente analisados para as alterações cutâneas, de cabelos, mucosas e unhas por um único examinador e foram coletados dados de exames laboratoriais. Os dados foram armazenados em um banco de dados do Microsolft Excel e analisados por estatística descritiva. As variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student e as variáveis categóricas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste Exato de Fischer, conforme adequado.
Resultados:
O estudo incluiu 145 pacientes, com idade média de 53,6 ± 14,7 anos, predominantemente do sexo masculino (64,1%) e caucasianos (90,0%). O tempo médio de diálise foi de 43,3 ± 42,3 meses. As principais doenças subjacentes foram: hipertensão arterial em 33,8%, diabetes mellitus em 29,6% e glomerulonefrite crônica em 13,1%. As principais manifestações dermatológicas observadas foram: xerose em 109 (75,2%), equimose em 87 (60,0%), prurido em 78 (53,8%) e lentigo em 33 (22,8%) pacientes.
Conclusão:
O nosso estudo mostrou a presença de mais do que uma dermatose por paciente. As alterações cutâneas são frequentes em pacientes em diálise. Mais estudos são necessários para melhor caracterização e manejo destas dermatoses.
dermatopatias; diálise; falência renal crônica
Introduction
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often burdened by skin lesions. These
lesions affect both the structure and the color of the skin.11. Choi HK, Thomé FS, Orlandini T, Barros E. Hiperpigmentação cutânea em
pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica em hemodiálise infectados pelo vírus da
hepatite C. Rev Assoc Med Bras 2003;49:24-8. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302003000100029
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302003...
Many systemic diseases produce cutaneous manifestations before
or after the onset of systemic events. Findings of this nature are extremely
important in elucidating patient diagnosis.22. Headley CM, Wall B. ESRD-associated cutaneous manifestations in a
hemodialysis population. Nephrol Nurs J 2002;29:525-7.
CKD refers to a syndromic diagnosis of progressive irreversible loss of kidney
function. It is characterized by the degradation of biochemical and physiological
functions of all bodily systems, causing neurological, gastrointestinal,
cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, endocrine-metabolic, and dermatological
disorders secondary to the accumulation of catabolites (uremic toxins) and the onset
of other organic alterations.33. Peres LAB, Biela R, Hermann M, Matsuo T, Ann HK, Camargo MTA, et al.
Estudo epidemiológico da doença renal crônica terminal no oeste do Paraná. Uma
experiência de 878 casos atendidos em 25 anos. J Bras Nefrol 2010;32:51-6. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002010000100010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002010...
Recent studies have reported increases in the number of patients with CKD in many
countries, with diabetes mellitus (DM) as the main cause, a
condition that, when left untreated, causes individuals to need dialysis. The number
of diabetic patients included in renal replacement therapy has increased in recent
years in most dialysis centers, with ranks coming mostly from DM type 2, as also seen
in our country.44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
Advancements in nephrology care technology have increased the survival of patients
with kidney disease. Improvements were seen in quality of life, renal replacement
therapies such as peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, and kidney transplantation
procedures. However, a few complications connected to CKD arose from long term
dialysis, such as skin and mucosal injuries.44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
5. Reis CK, Guirardello EB, Campos CJG. O indivíduo renal crônico e as
demandas de atenção. Rev Bras Enferm 2008;61:336-41. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672008000300010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71672008...
6. Queiroz MVO, Dantas MCQ, Ramos IC, Jorge MSB. Tecnologia do cuidado
ao paciente renal crônico: enfoque educativo-terapêutico a partir das necessidades
dos sujeitos. Texto & Contexto Enferm 2008;17:55-63. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000100006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008...
-77. Arenas VG, Barros LFNM, Lemos FB, Martins MA, David-Neto E. Qualidade
de vida: comparação entre diálise peritoneal automatizada e hemodiálise. Acta Paul
Enferm 2009;22:535-9 DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-21002009000800017
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-21002009...
Uremic pruritus affects more than half of the individuals on dialysis. Intense
manifestations compromise patient quality of life.88. Hajheydari Z, Makhlough A. Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations in
patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a study of 101 patients in Sari, Iran. Iran J
Kidney Dis 2008;2:86-90. The causes of uremic pruritus have not been fully established. Involved
factors include xerosis, secondary hyperparathyroidism, increased serum phosphate and
magnesium, intradermal proliferation of mast cells, contact with materials of the
dialysis membranes, high histamine plasma levels, and iron-deficiency anemia.99. Kucharski E, Castro ACLC. Prurido urêmico. Rev Cienc Méd (Campinas)
1999;8:96-8.,1010. Welter EQ, Moreira LL, Bonfá R, Weber MB, Petry V. Relação entre o
grau de prurido e qualidade de vida de pacientes em hemodiálise. An Bras Dermatol
2008;83:137-40. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962008000200006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962008...
Increased pigmentation of the skin may be due to high concentrations of melanin in
the basal and superficial layers of the dermis. The accumulation of
beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (B-MSH) consequent to decreased renal function
has been correlated with skin hyperpigmentation. Among other factors, the hepatitis C
virus has been correlated with porphyrin metabolism disorders that may promote skin
hyperpigmentation.1111. Masmoudi A, Ben Hmida M, Mseddi M, Meziou TJ, Walha N, Hachicha J,
et al. Manifestations cutanées chez les hémodialysés chroniques. Etude prospective de
363 cas. Presse Med 2006;35:399-406. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0755-4982(06)74603-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0755-4982(06)...
,1212. Moon SJ, Kim DK, Chang JH, Kim CH, Kim HW, Park SY, et al. The
impact of dialysis modality on skin hyperpigmentation in haemodialysis patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:2803-9. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp143
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp143...
It is estimated that more than 70% of the patients on dialysis have nail alterations
such as half-and-half nails, characterized by pallor in the proximal portion of the
nails and reddish to brownish coloration in the distal portion of the nails; absence
of a lunula, characterized by the impossibility of seeing the visible portion of the
nail matrix; splinter hemorrhage growing in dark reddish filiform longitudinal lines
in the distal portion of the nail plate, among others.1313. Udayakumar P, Balasubramanian S, Ramalingam KS, Lakshmi C, Srinivas
CR, Mathew AC. Cutaneous manifestations in patients with chronic renal failure on
hemodialysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006;72:119-25. PMID: 16707817 DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.25636
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.2563...
,1414. Martinez MAR, Gregório CL, Santos VP, Bérgamo RR, Machado Filho CDS.
Alterações ungueais nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em
hemodiálise. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:318-23. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010000300004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010...
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the main types of dermatosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis in one center.
Methods
The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee in Human Research of the Assisi Gurgacz School of Medicine (Permit No. 227/2011-CEP/FAG). The study was carried out at the Renalclin Clinic, an institution that serves 25 municipalities in western Paraná, offering dialysis, hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis services. At the time of the study, 162 patients were on dialysis at the institution. Patients on hemodialysis (n = 145) were invited to join the study. The protocol included an interview, physical examination, and lab tests for urea, creatinine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, KT/V, AST, parathyroid hormone, hemoglobin, albumin, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin saturation, and transferrin. Clinical examination was performed before or after hemodialysis sessions in individual meetings held in a separate office. Physical examination was performed systematically and included the assessment of the patients' hair, skin, mucosas, and nails.
Data collection took place between December of 2011 and January of 2012. Patients on hemodialysis at Renalclin who signed the informed consent term were enrolled in the study. Patients in need of dermatological treatment were given specialized care by co-advisors to the study. Data sets were stored in Microsoft Excel and analyzed through descriptive statistics parameters such as mean values, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, and gross and percent frequencies. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test; categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test depending on the size of the sample.
Results
A total of 145 patients with a mean age of 53.7 ± 14.7 years (range 19-83 years) were enrolled in the study. Subjects were predominantly males (64.1%) and Caucasian (90.0%). Thirteen patients preferred not to join the study and four died. The mean duration of dialysis was 43.3 ± 42.3 months (range 2-192 months). The duration of hemodialysis session ranged from three to four hours, with a mean duration of three hours and 30 minutes. At Renalclin, hemodialysis is performed on Fresenius 4008 B (Fresenius Medical Care, Berlin, Germany) devices at blood flow rates ranging between 300-400 mL/min, using polysulphone or cellulose acetate dialyzers. Arteriovenous fistula was the main access type used by hemodialysis patients. Prescriptions were individualized based on the needs of each patient. The mean dosage of erythropoietin was 36,428 U/month; the mean dosage of calcitriol was 1.43 mcg/week; and the mean dosage of parenteral iron was 300 mg/week. The main underlying conditions were hypertension (33.8%), diabetes mellitus (29.6%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (13.1%).
Table 1 describes the main patient characteristics. Four of the 145 enrolled patients had positive serology for hepatitis B, three for hepatitis C, and one for both types of hepatitis. None of the patients included in the study was positive for HIV. The main dermatoses observed were xerosis, in 109 patients (75.2%); ecchymosis in 87 (60.0%); pruritus in 78 (53.8%); and lentigo in 33 (22.8%). Table 2 shows all found dermatoses and Table 3 describes the skin and mucosal manifestations observed in the hemodialysis patients. The comparison of patients with and without pruritus revealed that individuals with pruritus had statistically higher potassium levels. Phosphorus plasma levels were higher in the group with pruritus, but the difference was not statistically significant (Table 4).
characteristics of patients on hemodialysis - comparison between individuals with and without pruritus
Discussion
Advancements in nephrology care technology have increased the survival of patients
with chronic kidney disease. Improvements were seen in quality of life, renal
replacement therapies such as peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, and kidney
transplantation procedures. However, a few complications connected to CKD arose from
different dialysis modes and baseline conditions, such as skin lesions.22. Headley CM, Wall B. ESRD-associated cutaneous manifestations in a
hemodialysis population. Nephrol Nurs J 2002;29:525-7.,44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
,66. Queiroz MVO, Dantas MCQ, Ramos IC, Jorge MSB. Tecnologia do cuidado
ao paciente renal crônico: enfoque educativo-terapêutico a partir das necessidades
dos sujeitos. Texto & Contexto Enferm 2008;17:55-63. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008000100006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072008...
Cutaneous involvement in CKD is characterized by a wide range of manifestations, and
many patients have multiple associated lesions, as seen in our study. The main
observed dermatoses were xerosis, ecchymosis, pruritus and the consequent chafing,
and lentigo, among other manifestations seen on skin, attachments, and mucosas.44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
,1515. Gerhardt CMB, Gussão BC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR, Pinto JMN. Alterações
dermatológicas nos pacientes em hemodiálise e em transplantados. J Bras Nefrol
2011;33:268-75. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011...
,1616. Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS,
et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol
2011;86:319-26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000200015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011...
Xeroderma is a frequently reported complication among chronic terminal renal
patients. Prevalence in dialysis populations is estimated at about 70%, as also seen
in our study. The pathophysiological mechanism of xerosis is unknown, and may be
related to structural or functional anomalies of the eccrine glands of individuals
with advanced CKD.1414. Martinez MAR, Gregório CL, Santos VP, Bérgamo RR, Machado Filho CDS.
Alterações ungueais nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em
hemodiálise. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:318-23. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010000300004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010...
15. Gerhardt CMB, Gussão BC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR, Pinto JMN. Alterações
dermatológicas nos pacientes em hemodiálise e em transplantados. J Bras Nefrol
2011;33:268-75. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011...
-1616. Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS,
et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol
2011;86:319-26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000200015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011...
Ecchymosis is a common skin alteration in hemodialysis patients which occurs
subsequently to platelet disorders. High concentrations of urea alter platelet
aggregation and increase the accumulation of guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA). GSA
inhibits platelet activity induced by adenosine diphosphate, thus becoming one of the
factors responsible for uremic bleeding.1515. Gerhardt CMB, Gussão BC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR, Pinto JMN. Alterações
dermatológicas nos pacientes em hemodiálise e em transplantados. J Bras Nefrol
2011;33:268-75. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011...
,1616. Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS,
et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol
2011;86:319-26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000200015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011...
The cause of uremic pruritus is not entirely understood. Triggering factors include
xerosis, secondary hyperparathyroidism, high levels of serum phosphate and magnesium,
intradermal proliferation of mast cells, materials of the dialysis membranes,
increased plasma histamine levels, and iron deficiency anemia. Uremic pruritus may
occur in a localized or generalized manner, and has been a frequent symptom in CKD,
and especially of patients on dialysis.1717. Pipili C, Grapsa E, Vasilopoulos K, Tzanatos H. Multiple
histopathological skin alterations in a hemodialysis patient with severe pruritus.
Ren Fail 2012;34:394-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2011.647339
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2011....
,1818. Narita I, Iguchi S, Omori K, Gejyo F. Uremic pruritus in chronic
hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 2008;21:161-5. In our study,
53.8% of the patients had pruritus, similarly to what had been reported by Lupi
et al. in a recent study.1515. Gerhardt CMB, Gussão BC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR, Pinto JMN. Alterações
dermatológicas nos pacientes em hemodiálise e em transplantados. J Bras Nefrol
2011;33:268-75. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011...
,1616. Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS,
et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol
2011;86:319-26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000200015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011...
,1919. Picó MR, Lugo-Somolinos A, Sánchez JL, Burgos-Calderón R. Cutaneous
alterations in patients with chronic renal failure. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:860-3.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03543.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.19...
The comparison of patients with and without pruritus revealed that individuals with pruritus had higher potassium and phosphorus levels, possibly as an outcome of poor compliance with dieting requirements or lower dialysis dosages. KT/V was low and the time of dialysis was below recommended levels. Improved patient management and more adequate dialysis dosing may reduce the incidence of pruritus.
Chronic aphthous stomatitis is a common disease characterized by the appearance of
ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa. Lesions may vary in size, number, and involved
site. They usually resolve spontaneously and may relapse. The etiology is
multifactorial, and has been correlated with trauma and systemic diseases such as
infection and immune hematologic disorders. Prevalence in our study was 17.2%.2020. Fraiha PM, Bittencourt PG, Celestino LR. Estomatite aftosa
recorrente revisão bibliográfica. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol 2002;68:571-8. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-72992002000400019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-72992002...
,2121. Onelmis H, Sener S, Sasmaz S, Ozer A. Cutaneous changes in patients
with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:286-91. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012.657726
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012....
Tongue alterations were seen in 14.5% of the patients, with saburral (white coated)
tongues being the most frequent manifestation. In a study carried out in 2001, Junior
et al. reported higher incidences, as over 50% of their patients
had tongue alterations, with saburral tongues ranking first.44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
,2121. Onelmis H, Sener S, Sasmaz S, Ozer A. Cutaneous changes in patients
with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:286-91. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012.657726
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012....
Hair disorders such as hair loss and dry hair were observed in 33.1% and 26.9% of the
patients, respectively. The occurrence of hair disorders in chronic hemodialysis
patients has been attributed to heparin, endocrine disorders, hypervitaminosis A,
accumulation of toxins, drug therapies used in the management of CKD, drugs such as
beta blockers, indomethacin, methyldopa, cimetidine, allopurinol, and iron deficiency
anemia.44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
,88. Hajheydari Z, Makhlough A. Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations in
patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a study of 101 patients in Sari, Iran. Iran J
Kidney Dis 2008;2:86-90.,1111. Masmoudi A, Ben Hmida M, Mseddi M, Meziou TJ, Walha N, Hachicha J,
et al. Manifestations cutanées chez les hémodialysés chroniques. Etude prospective de
363 cas. Presse Med 2006;35:399-406. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0755-4982(06)74603-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0755-4982(06)...
Nail manifestations observed in our study included onycholysis (22.7%), half-and-half
nails (22%), and absence of a lunula (20%). In a recent study with Brazilian
individuals, Martinez et al. reported absence of lunula in 62.9% and
half-and-half nails in 14.4% of their patients. Changes were more frequent in the
dialysis population when compared to control subjects.1414. Martinez MAR, Gregório CL, Santos VP, Bérgamo RR, Machado Filho CDS.
Alterações ungueais nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em
hemodiálise. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:318-23. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010000300004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010...
,1515. Gerhardt CMB, Gussão BC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR, Pinto JMN. Alterações
dermatológicas nos pacientes em hemodiálise e em transplantados. J Bras Nefrol
2011;33:268-75. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011...
,2121. Onelmis H, Sener S, Sasmaz S, Ozer A. Cutaneous changes in patients
with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:286-91. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012.657726
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012....
,2222. Salem A, Al Mokadem S, Attwa E, Abd El Raoof S, Ebrahim HM, Faheem
KT. Nail changes in chronic renal failure patients under haemodialysis. J Eur Acad
Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:1326-31. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02826.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.20...
Absence of the lunula is characterized by the impossibility of seeing the visible
portion of the nail matrix. It may occur as a consequence of a number of metabolic
manifestations, including anemia. Splinter hemorrhage is a frequent finding in
dialysis patients, described as dark reddish filiform longitudinal lines growing in
the distal portion of the nail plate.1414. Martinez MAR, Gregório CL, Santos VP, Bérgamo RR, Machado Filho CDS.
Alterações ungueais nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em
hemodiálise. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:318-23. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010000300004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962010...
,1515. Gerhardt CMB, Gussão BC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR, Pinto JMN. Alterações
dermatológicas nos pacientes em hemodiálise e em transplantados. J Bras Nefrol
2011;33:268-75. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-28002011...
,2121. Onelmis H, Sener S, Sasmaz S, Ozer A. Cutaneous changes in patients
with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:286-91. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012.657726
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012....
,2222. Salem A, Al Mokadem S, Attwa E, Abd El Raoof S, Ebrahim HM, Faheem
KT. Nail changes in chronic renal failure patients under haemodialysis. J Eur Acad
Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:1326-31. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02826.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.20...
Lentigo, senile purpura, and altered skin coloration were also seen in our study.
Pallor is believed to be correlated with chronic anemia, and a yellow-grayish skin
tone to the accumulation of carotenoids and nitrogen pigments in the dermis.
Hyperpigmentation may be due to excess melanin in the basal and superficial layers of
the skin. Multiple analyses suggest that lentigo, purpura and other dermatoses occur
due to accelerated skin aging caused by dialysis.44. Peres LAB, Matsuo T, Delfino VDA, Peres CPA, Almeida Netto JH, Ann
HK, et al. Aumento na prevalência de diabete melito como causa de insuficiência renal
crônica dialítica: análise de 20 anos na região Oeste do Paraná. Arq Bras Endocrinol
Metabol 2007;51:111-5. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000100018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007...
,1313. Udayakumar P, Balasubramanian S, Ramalingam KS, Lakshmi C, Srinivas
CR, Mathew AC. Cutaneous manifestations in patients with chronic renal failure on
hemodialysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006;72:119-25. PMID: 16707817 DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.25636
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.2563...
,1616. Lupi O, Rezende L, Zangrando M, Sessim M, Silveira CB, Sepulcri MAS,
et al. Manifestações cutâneas na doença renal terminal. An Bras Dermatol
2011;86:319-26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011000200015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962011...
Conclusion
Cutaneous manifestations are very common in CKD patients and impact their quality of life. Advancements in medicine have helped improve patient management and reduce the occurrence of some dermatoses such as uremic frost. However, some dermatoses such as xeroderma and uremic pruritus still prove quite challenging. The patients in our study had more than one type of dermatosis. Further studies are needed to better characterize and improve the management of dermatoses.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Jan-Mar 2014
History
-
Received
17 Aug 2012 -
Accepted
08 Aug 2013