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Use of artisanal simulators in the ultrasound training for invasive procedures in nephrology: venous access and renal biopsy

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Vascular access and renal biopsy are common procedures in nephrology. In this study, two artisanal simulators of very low cost and excelent image quality are (prented) presented to guide, by ultrasound, the venous access and renal biopsy.

Methods:

The simulators are constructed using chicken breast slices, Penrose drain, plastic milk shake straw and pig kidney.

Results:

Both simulators enable immediate identification of the anatomical structures of interest, vessels and kidney, and enable spatial orientation and hand-eye coordination, essential for the development of the necessary skills to safely carry out invasive procedures.

Conclusion:

The simulators described, were extremely useful for simulating venous access and renal biopsy guided by ultrasonography, enabling training to reduce the failure rate in punctures and the potential complications associated with the described procedures.

Keywords:
High Fidelity Simulation Training; Ultrasonography; Image-Guided Biopsy; Vascular Access Devices; Nephrology

RESUMO

Introdução:

O acesso vascular e a biópsia renal são procedimentos comuns na prática nefrológica. Neste estudo, são apresentados dois simuladores artesanais de baixo custo e excelente qualidade de imagem para guiar, ultrassonograficamente, o acesso venoso e a biópsia renal.

Métodos:

Os simuladores são construídos utilizando fatias de peito de frango, dreno de Penrose, canudo plástico milk shake e rim de porco.

Resultados:

Ambos os simuladores permitem a identificação imediata das estruturas anatômicas de interesse, vasos e rim, e possibilitam a orientação espacial e coordenação olho-mão, essenciais para o desenvolvimento das habilidades necessárias para realizar seguramente procedimentos invasivos.

Conclusão:

Os simuladores descritos, extremamente úteis para as simulações do acesso venoso e a biópsia renal guiados por ultrassonografia, possibilitam o treinamento objetivando a redução do insucesso das punções e das complicações potenciais associadas aos procedimentos descritos.

Palavras-chave:
Treinamento com Simulação de Alta Fidelidade; Ultrassonografia; Biópsia Guiada por Imagem; Dispositivos de Acesso Vascular; Nefrologia

INTRODUCTION

Simulation is an effective pedagogical strategy in medicine and has gained momentum at different levels in healthcare education.11 Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Hart IR, Mayer JW, Felner JM, Petrusa ER, et al. Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment. JAMA 1999;282:861-6. For instance, an important step in the training of ultrasound-guided procedures is the development of dexterity in simultaneous manipulation of the ultrasound probe and the puncture-needle within a three-dimensional space from a two-dimensional image.22 Troianos CA, Hartman GS, Glas KE, Skubas NJ, Eberhardt RT, Walker JD, et al.; Councils on Intraoperative Echocardiography and Vascular Ultrasound of the American Society of Echocardiography; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Special articles: guidelines for performing ultrasound guided vascular cannulation: recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 2012;114:46-72. In this sense, the use of realistic simulators has great potential to guarantee the development of skills to perform venous access (internal jugular, subclavian, femoral and arteriovenous fistula) and US-guided renal biopsy, frequent procedures in a nephrologist’s practice. In the present work, we describe the development of non-human artisanal simulators extremely easy to mount and of low coast, for the practical training of venous access and renal biopsy guided by ultrasonography.

METHODS

Two artisanal simulators for vascular access and renal biopsy training were assembled from slices of chicken breast, pig kidney and other easily accessible and low cost materials. The vessel simulator was developed with a Penrose drain (number 2), a soft, flexible rubber tube, latex type used as a surgical drain, to prevent the buildup of fluid in a sugical site, and a milk shake plastic straw (10 mm diameter), stiffer plastic material, both filled with ultrasound gel (Figure 1A). Next, both “vessels” were placed parallel to each other, between two chicken breast slices of about 1 cm thick (approximately the depth of the internal jugular vein relative to the skin of an adult individual), and involved with transparent PVC film.

Figure 1
Material used in the construction of the homemade simulators from chicken breast. In A, we see a chicken breast slice, a Penrose drain and a milkshake straw, already filled with ultrasound gel. In B, we see a pig kidney and a slice of chicken breast.

The artisanal simulator for renal biopsy was developed using pig kidney, dissected in order to remove perirenal fat and the renal capsule (Figure 1B). The kidney was then wrapped with layers of chicken breast (about 1.0 cm thick each), one below and two or three above, to simulate the depth of the adult kidney and finally wrapped with transparent PVC film.

Ultrasound images were obtained in B mode using high frequency 4 to 15 MHz (for “vascular” images) and low frequency of 2 to 5 MHz (in the simulation of renal biopsy), conected to uSmart ultrasound (Terason, USA).

RESULTS

The homemade simulator for the training of vascular access guided by ultrasonography enabled the identification and differentiation between the “vein”, represented by the Penrose drain and comprehensible to the probe pressure on the anterior surface of the simulator, and the “artery”, portrayed by the milk shake straw, resistant to compression (Figure 2). High quality imaging also enabled the identification and manipulation of the puncture needle under the insonation area of the ultrasound probe by different techniques (in the plane, out of plane and oblique) (Figure 2). Additionally, the filling of the "vessels" with ultrasound gel, a viscous material that does not leak after the puncture, allows multiple punctures of the Penrose drain. Also, the texture of chicken breast enables to follow the puncture needle from the surface of the phantom to the interior of the Penrose drain.

Figure 2
Homemade Simulator used to practice ultrasound-guided vascular Access. A and B, ultrasound images from the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery of one of the authors (RD); C and D, images generated from the homemade Simulator built from chicken breast; E, using the compression technique to differentiate the artery (on the left) from the vein (on the right); F, visualization of the guide-wire and the puncture needle inside the vein in the simulation.

The kidney biopsy simulator made with chicken breast, of easy and quick assembly, mimics the acoustic properties of the tissues and represents the sonographic image of the kidney. It enables visualizing the biopsy needle in its path to the kidney (identified by the arrows in Figure 3), to train the “jabs” technique and practice harvesting renal tissue with a biopsy needle. In addition, the chicken breast is not damaged with the repeated passage of the needle, differenty what happens with commercially available simulators. The short shelf life and the strong odor exhaled by the chicken breast when kept at room temperature are factors that can be overcome by keeping the simulators in the refrigerator at low temperature (-20⁰C), for till three weeks. Finally, filling the Penrose drain with ultrasound gel, enables multiple punctures to be made, which is very important in training sessions involving multiple participants.

Figure 3
Homemade renal simulator with the biopsy needle (arrows) in its trajectory to the kidneys.

DISCUSSION

Simulation is not a new strategy, it has been in use since 1929, when Ed Link developed a simulator to train airplane pilots.33 Johnson L, Patterson MD. Simulation Education in Emergency Medical Services for Children. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2006;7:121-7. In healthcare, and simulation has gained space, particularly with regard to invasive medical procedures. For example, the use of ultrasonography before or during venous access allows to increase the rate of success of the first cannulation and reduction of complications.44 Davidson IJA, Yoo MC, Biasucci DG, Browe P, Dees C, Dolmatch B, et al. Simulation training for vascular access interventions. J Vasc Access 2010;11:181-90.,55 Davidson IJ, Lok C, Dolmatch B, Gallieni M, Nolen B, Pittiruti M, et al. Virtual reality: emerging role of simulation training in vascular access. Semin Nephrol 2012;32:572-81.

Technological advances have enabled the development of highly sophisticated and realistic phantoms, enabling the training of risky invasive procedures in low stress environments. However, these commercial phantoms are invariably costly and the material used is often damaged as the number of manipulations increases, particularly when using a needle.

In our study, we present two artisanal simulators for vascular access training and ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. The simulators were developed using chicken breast - a tissue that bears similar echogenicity to its human counterpart,66 Rippey JC, Blanco P, Carr PJ. An affordable and easily constructed model for training in ultrasound-guided vascular access. J Vasc Access 2015;16:422-7. a tissue showing similar echogenicity to human being counterpart, Penrose drain and a milk shake straw (to simulate blood vessels); and a pig kidney (for renal biopsy training), low cost and easily accessible materials. The assembly of both homemade simulators are very simple and quick, not exceeding five minutes for each one. In addition, the images obtained with both simulators are highly reliable in relation to the human structures simulated in this study.

The homemade simulators also enable the trainee to learn how to adjust the ultrasound machine to obtain goog image, by mastering three basic knowledge: 1. Correct choice of ultrasound probe; 2. Adequacy of image gain; and 3. Adjust image depth.77 Shriki J. Ultrasound physics. Crit Care Clin 2014;30:1-24.

However, it is worth mentioning that, although these artisanal simulators have received positive assessments of participants in practical sessions about renal biopsy and venous access guided by ultrasonography in severa ultrasound courses for nephrologists, it will be important validate, in future studies, whether the training with these models will enable physician to perform both procedures in humans in a secure and accurate manner.

In short, the artisanal simulators described, inexpensive and easy and quick to assemble, allows the simulation of ultrasound-guided venous access and renal biopsy, and should be considered an alternative to the commercial phantoms available in the market.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Hart IR, Mayer JW, Felner JM, Petrusa ER, et al. Simulation technology for health care professional skills training and assessment. JAMA 1999;282:861-6.
  • 2
    Troianos CA, Hartman GS, Glas KE, Skubas NJ, Eberhardt RT, Walker JD, et al.; Councils on Intraoperative Echocardiography and Vascular Ultrasound of the American Society of Echocardiography; Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Special articles: guidelines for performing ultrasound guided vascular cannulation: recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 2012;114:46-72.
  • 3
    Johnson L, Patterson MD. Simulation Education in Emergency Medical Services for Children. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2006;7:121-7.
  • 4
    Davidson IJA, Yoo MC, Biasucci DG, Browe P, Dees C, Dolmatch B, et al. Simulation training for vascular access interventions. J Vasc Access 2010;11:181-90.
  • 5
    Davidson IJ, Lok C, Dolmatch B, Gallieni M, Nolen B, Pittiruti M, et al. Virtual reality: emerging role of simulation training in vascular access. Semin Nephrol 2012;32:572-81.
  • 6
    Rippey JC, Blanco P, Carr PJ. An affordable and easily constructed model for training in ultrasound-guided vascular access. J Vasc Access 2015;16:422-7.
  • 7
    Shriki J. Ultrasound physics. Crit Care Clin 2014;30:1-24.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    27 June 2019
  • Date of issue
    Jul-Sep 2019

History

  • Received
    20 Oct 2018
  • Accepted
    13 May 2019
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