Nephrologists and patients: between vulnerability and equity

Dear editor

The word “vulnerability” derives from the Latin term vulnerabilis, or from the Greek vulnus, and means “to hurt”.¹ It was first added to the field of Bioethics in 1978, after the publication of the document called Belmont Report, which aimed to outline the ethical principles guiding research with human beings in the United States.¹

Since then, the term “vulnerable” has been used in caring ethics, and can be attributed to individuals, patients, family members, caregivers, health professionals or populations that are incapable of consent and/or reduced autonomy.

The vulnerability among chronic renal patients is multifactorial and multi-faceted, as these patients are deprived of their autonomy, requiring the availability, access and adherence to various forms of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for the maintenance of one’s life.

In this context, Obregón et al.’s² paper is quite original, since it reverses the traditional viewpoint, concentrating not on the vulnerability of the patient, but rather on nephrologists themselves, regarding the technological, economic and professional contingencies that affect their field of work, their medical fees and their labor ties.²

A recent paper produced by our group sought to expand the view on vulnerability in the developing countries that make up the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).³These countries account for 40% of the world population, 25% of the World’s Gross Product and 40% of the Global Burden of Disease.³ Through documentary analysis and systematic bibliographic research, the objective was to analyze the main bioethical issues in accessing the various forms of RRT in these countries.

Regarding renal transplantation, there were permissive legislation on organ tourism (South Africa), the occurrence of renal transplants with deceased donors without prior consent (China), a high number of kidney transplants involved with evidence of commercialization of organs (India), difficulty concerning extra-official data in the international literature (Russia) and regional disparities in access to renal transplantation (in all).³ About dialysis, we find the most sensitive bioethical issues: prioritization of dialysis only for patients eligible for renal transplantation (South Africa), lack of government funding for dialysis and high-cost drugs (India), and inequalities in the provision of dialysis (all).³

While equity is a bioethical concept distinct from vulnerability, based on the Aristotelian premise that “unequal must be treated unequally,” promoting a fair provision of RRT to the most vulnerable countries, especially developing countries, would bring an improvement to the individuals’ vulnerabilities, as a bioethical reference, both for patients (due to better accessibility to treatment) and for nephrologists themselves (who often need to make difficult ethical choices in the context of scarce resources). The “Kidney Health for All” theme for the celebrations for the 2019’s World Kidney Day is an invitation to such a reflection. In fact, issues related to inequality in access to renal health are increasingly common in the world literature.⁵

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Neves MP. Sentidos da vulnerabilidade: característica, condição, princípio. Rev Bras Bioética 2006;2:157-72.
• ²
  Obregón JMV, Anjos MF. Nephrologists between power and vulnerability in times of technology. J Bras Nefrol 2018;40:403-9.
• ³
  Ferraz FHRP, Rodrigues CIS, Gatto GC, Sa NM. Differences and inequalities in relation to access to renal replacement therapy in the BRICS countries. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva 2017;22:2175-85.
• ⁴
  Wolf U. A "Ética a Nicômaco" de Aristóteles. São Paulo: Edições Loyola; 2010.
• ⁵
  Crews DC, Bello AK, Saadi G; World Kidney Day Steering Committee. Burden, Access, and Disparities in Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2019;4:372-9.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  12 Sept 2019
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2019

History

• Received
  28 Mar 2019
• Accepted
  02 July 2019