The design of a volleyball training drill: definition of parameters and assessment of drills’ contents

Desenho de exercícios de treinamento de voleibol: definição de parâmetros e avaliação do conteúdo dos exercícios

Diseño de ejercicios de entrenamiento de voleibol: definición de parámetros y evaluación del contenido de los ejercicios

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to define a model of volleyball drills’ structure. A set of parameters has been designed and tested for: i) pertinence and accuracy; ii) criteria reliability; iii) practical application. Expert judges evaluated model’s pertinence, accuracy and criteria reliability. A sample of 50 drills was assessed for drills’ analysis. The model demonstrated pertinence and accuracy, with complete agreement among experts. Criteria were reliable (Kappa test results > 0.8). Analysis indicated significant differences in the frequency of model’s parameters (graph topology), for instance among attributes (basic complex - 30%) with manifold drills (46,7%) in the technical domain (100%). The model contributes with theoretical support for a coach’s key task of designing practice contents.

Keywords
Teaching; Model; Planning; Team sports

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir um modelo de estruturação de exercícios de treinamento no voleibol. Um conjunto de parâmetros foi determinado e testado por especialistas quanto a: i) pertinência e precisão; ii) confiabilidade; iii) aplicação prática. Uma amostra de 50 exercícios foi avaliada com base no modelo. O modelo demonstrou pertinência e precisão, com total concordância entre os especialistas. Os critérios foram confiáveis ​​(resultados do teste Kappa > 0,8). A análise indicou diferenças significantes na frequência dos parâmetros do modelo (topologia do grafo), por exemplo entre atributos (complexo básico - 30%) com tarefas múltiplas (46,7%) no domínio técnico (100%). O modelo contribui com suporte teórico ao treinador em sua função-chave de planejar os conteúdos de treinamento.

Palavras-chave
Ensino; Model; Planejamento; Esportes coletivos

RESUMEN

El objetivo de este trabajo fue definir un modelo de la estructura de tareas de entrenamiento em voleibol. Un conjunto de parámetros fue determinado y evaluado por expertos cuanto a: i) pertinencia y precisión; ii) fiabilidad; iii) aplicación práctica. Se evaluó una muestra de 50 ejercicios según el modelo. El modelo demostró pertinencia y precisión, con total acuerdo entre los expertos. Los criterios fueron confiables (resultados del teste Kappa > 0.8). El análisis indicó diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de los parámetros del modelo (topología del grafo), por ejemplo entre atributos (complejo básico - 30%) con múltiples tareas (46.7%) en el dominio técnico (100%). El modelo aporta suporte teórico al entrenador en su papel clave de diseñar el contenido de entrenamiento.

Palabras clave
Enseñanza; Modelo; Planificación; Deportes de equipo

INTRODUCTION

In volleyball, team performance is conditioned by technical, tactical, and strategic contents, and players learn from these contents through the training practices. To qualify practice is key for performance, which depends on the correct choice of drills in view of the team's improvement needs (Palao and López-Martínez, 2012; Sarmento et al., 2015).

In training practices, drills address game problems whose repetitive exposure provides players greater competence to solve them (Shondell and Reynaud, 2002; Spooner, 2012). In net sports, training practices have been investigated through two main approaches. In one of them, it has been investigated the effect of training drills on physiological parameters (Nieman et al., 2000; Ferrauti et al., 2001; Reid et al., 2007; Ghosh, 2008).

Alternatively, other studies focused on the development of training contents. Some of the investigations consider parameters such as duration, number of players, playing space, presence and levels of opposition, technique of execution, presence of decision making elements, game phase and combinations of players’ interactions (Morcillo et al., 2001; Sá, 2001; Toro and De Baranda Andujar, 2003; Leite et al., 2009; Spooner, 2012; Ibáñez et al., 2016). Still, some works investigated elements of organization and evolution of tasks, suggesting ways to improve the efficiency of time and space manipulation (Shondell and Reynaud, 2002; Vélez et al., 2004; Andrés and Peña, 2006; Andrés et al., 2007). However, these parameters have been addressed in isolation. The existing literature does not present a model that defines the way in which the various parameters that compose the design of a training drill should be articulated and how they relate to the training goals.

The absence of systematization of the parameters that define the structure of the training drills (Milistetd et al., 2010; Matias and Greco, 2011) reinforces the empirical approach of sportive coaches in this regard (Lamas et al., 2013; Partington and Cushion, 2013), whose drills’ design are frequently based on own experience and interaction with peers (Côté, 2006; Cushion et al., 2010; Resende et al., 2014). Obviously, previous experience and knowledge exchanges have an important role in qualifying professional intervention of coaches. However, it is enhanced by the scientific approach with its uncontroversial contribution to sports science (Nevill et al., 2008).

Hence, the aim of this study was to create a model encompassing the attributes and parameters that define the structure of any volleyball training drill.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The definition of the set and the sequencing of the elements used in the design of volleyball drills was carried out through the following steps.

First, we defined a set of attributes, which comprises the volleyball game complexes (Hileno and Buscà, 2012; Moraes, 2009) and classes of training domains (e.g. team tactics, technical skills, etc). Additionally, we specified the classes of parameters, and respective levels, that define a training drill. Second, we tested the attributes and parameters in terms of their pertinence and accuracy for decomposing a volleyball training drill and classify its structure. Third, we evaluated the reliability of attributes’ and parameters’ criteria. Fourth, we used the model to analyze the design tendencies of volleyball training drills from a state-of-art dataset.

Modeling volleyball training drills’ structure

The aim of this step was to define a set of parameters that would be adequate to describe the structure of any volleyball training drill. The preliminary model was conceived based on the researches’ expertise, consultation of the literature and data analysis of training drills. The modeling process encompassed several iterations between conception of the model’s structure and analysis of training drills for conference of structure’s adequacy. The review at this stage was done by consensus between the researchers, including argumentation to defend each point of view when necessary (Santana et al., 2019).

All levels of the model (e.g. game complexes, domains, parameters) were assessed for the evaluation of its pertinence and accuracy (Palao et al., 2015; Santana et al., 2019). Pertinence indicates the adequacy of the resolution level applied. If it was excessively general or specific, classes could be, respectively, separated or combined (Santana et al., 2019). Definition accuracy indicates whether the class was properly defined, with clear criteria (Santana et al., 2019). Evaluation focused on making attributes and parameters meaningful and clearly communicated within the volleyball community. Judges complemented their expert analysis by applying the model to decompose volleyball drills. A positive outcome for pertinence occurred whenever we verified a matching between the structure of the drill and the level of attributes and parameters of the model. Complementary, we evaluated the accuracy of the model using a binary criterion. The drill should test true for the matching with one and only one alternative of attribute or parameter. For example, the drill should test true for one domain (e.g. strategic, collective tactic, etc.) and only one. Otherwise, the class of attribute or parameter was considered inaccurate. Thus, attributes and parameters of the model had to present a matching with the training drill inspected to be considered pertinent. And the matching had to be exclusive to be accurate. Non-pertinent or inaccurate attributes and parameters were submitted to researchers’ appreciation and remodeling.

We performed an intra-rater reliability test to verify the consistency of an observer in applying the criteria of attributes and parameters. A set of ten training drills encompassing contents from all attributes of the model were randomly selected and submitted to evaluation by a judge. The judge was an experimented volleyball coach with five years of experience. There was a wash-out period of one-month between analyses. Analysis was performed trough the notation of video footages of the drills. For each drill, the judge was oriented to decompose the drill’s structure searching for a matching with the parameters of the model.

Finally, we applied the consolidated set of attributes and parameters to analyze contents’ recurrences in real training drills. For this purpose, we mapped the inherent structure of training drills into the attributes and parameters of the model.

Sample

The sample assessed for pertinence and accuracy purposes consisted in a sub-set of the drills’ library of the American Association of Volleyball Coaches, publicly available as digital videos. For each content domain (strategic, collective tactics, group tactics, individual tactics, technical), we randomly selected ten drills from the library (50 drills, in total, were analyzed considering all domains). The sample was used to the analysis of drills’ contents design as well.

Data analysis

The evaluation of the pertinence and accuracy of the attributes and parameters consisted in computing any semantic inconsistency in the analysis of training drills in regards to the categorical classes of attributes and parameters. For pertinence there was expected a matching between attribute or parameters and respective structural element of the drill. For accuracy, there was expected a univocal matching between the attribute or parameter and the respective structural element.

Second, we assessed the reliability of attributes’ and parameters’ criteria. For this purpose, we performed an intra-rater reliability test to verify the consistency in applying the parameters criteria. The gathered data was evaluated through the Kappa test (Landis and Koch, 1977). Kappa coefficient related to the following agreement level scale: < 0 less than the chance agreement, 0.01-0.20 slight agreement, 0.21-0.40 fair agreement, 0.41-0.60 moderate agreement, 0.61-0.80 substantial agreement, and 0.81-0.99 almost perfect agreement (Landis and Koch, 1977).

Third, we performed a graph network analysis to characterize general design tendencies of the training drills. We assessed the centrality of the different parameters in their sequential connections to generate the drills. In the graph representation, nodes and edges have, respectively, diameter and thickness proportional to the frequency of occurrence. Analysis was performed with igraph package from R statistical software.

Forth, we applied the Fischer's exact test to analyze differences in the frequencies of the attributes in the 50 training drills of the sample, grouped according to the game complex. We summarized the attributes identified in the drills with tree diagrams.

RESULTS

Pertinence and accuracy

The final set of attributes and parameters of a model of volleyball training drills structure presented a satisfactory performance both for pertinence of the classes and respective accuracy definition. Cases of semantic inconsistencies leaded to remodeling until consensus among judges. The final version of the model indicated attributes and parameters presented univocal relations when paired with the drill’s structure, evidencing a successful decomposition. The consolidated set of attributes and parameters will be presented in the sequence.

Attributes of the model

In volleyball, sequences of actions define game complexes (Moraes, 2009). Thus, complexes support the organization of the game in subsets of actions, which is helpful for designing training drills. The game can be divided into six complexes (Moraes, 2009; Hileno and Buscà, 2012): K0 represents the service; KI - actions that occur from the service reception until the offense is completed; KII - actions that occur after a team defends itself against an opponent’s attack; KIII - actions after a team defends itself against an opponent’s counterattack; KIV - actions required to start a new offense after the previous one has been neutralized; KV - actions initiated from the defense of a ball with a low risk of scoring. In a given complex, consecutive actions can be grouped into subsets called complex parts (Kp). In each complex, drills may relate to the strategic, tactical and technical domains of the game, whose definition is presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Definition of volleyball’s game domains applied to the classification of training practices contents.

Content domain	Description
Strategic (ST)	Content that allows players to perform, without interference from the opponent, the actions and formations specified in the team strategy. Necessarily practiced without opposition. Examples: ’walk-through’ of court positioning, analysis of game excerpts from the opposing team, etc.
Collective Tactics (CT)	Composed of drills that reach the highest degree of similarity with the game in terms of the complexity of game problems, while maintaining the functional configuration of the sport. It is performed with opposition. Example: 6x6 situational.
Group Tactics (GT)	Practice of the interaction between players that, based on synchronized individual actions, coordinate themselves in order to continue a chain of situations coherent with the functional structure of the game and the team strategy. It encompasses between two and five players, with opposition. Example: 2x2 to 5x5 situational, numerical superiority or inferiority.
Individual Tactics (IT)	Practice of decision-making processes and respective physical implementations at the individual level in face of game problems. In specialized game systems, they are closely related to the specific role of each player. Example: attack in specific position against various types of block.
Technical (TC)	Practice of motor skills required in the game in order to be performed as efficiently as possible. Example: exchange of 1x1 overhead pass.

In the formulation of a training drill, explicitly or not, sequencing starts with the complex involved and then the definition of the domain associated with the complex. These two steps correspond to the specification of the attributes of the training content. The attributes are combined with parameters to design the training drill properly. The parameters will be defined in the following.

Parameters of the model

The parameters modulate the training drill and are subdivided into structure and functional parameters.

Structure parameters

Structure parameters are defined through three hierarchically dependent levels. The first order parameters are: i) Opposition (OP) - specifies interaction with an opponent; ii) Ball interaction (BI): specifies how the contact with the ball occurs; iii) Instruction type (IT): coach's choice to proceed with the instruction (Table 2).

Table 2
Structure parameters (first order).

Parameter	Description
Opposition
Without opposition (W/O)	Absence of opponent
Formal (FM)	Number of opponents according to official rules
Modified (MF)	Number of opponents less than official rules
N/D (NA)	Parameter is not applicable
Interaction with the ball
Without ball (WB)	No contact with the ball
Catched (CD)	Retention after contact
Conventional (CV)	Contact according to the official rule
Control (CO)	Consecutive contacts to keep the ball in the air
Educative (ED)	Contact partially or fully compatible with official rules
N/D (NI)	Not applicable
Instruction
Theorectical (TH)	Stimulation to declarative knowledge. Performance analysis in games and practices (numerical, videos, etc)
Practical (PR)	Stimulation to procedural knowledge through training practice.

Second order parameters are defined consistently with the specifications of the first order parameters (Table 2). Similarly, the third order parameters are defined consistently with the second order parameters (Table 3).

Table 3
Structure parameters (second and third order)

1st Order	2nd Order	Description	3rd Order
Opposition	Number of players		1x0, 1x1, 1x2, 2x0, etc.
	Regular (RG)	According to the official rules
	Altered (AT)	Different from the official rules
	N/D (NP)	Not applicable
			Hitter; Setter, Outside Hitter, Right Side Hitter, Middle Blocker; Libero
	Tactical roles
	Specific role (SP)	Player performs according to pre-defined tactical role
	Non-specified role (NS)	Every player performs each action
	Game field
	Unchanged (UC)	According to the official rules	Net height
			without net; lower; official; higher
	Changed (CH)	Different from the official rules	Court size
			irrelevant; lower; official; higher
	No field (NF)	Without field
Interaction with the ball
	Outcome
	Absent (AB)	Continuous action	Score
	After action (AA)	Achievement of a specific goal	absent; unitary; differentiated by objective
	After rally (AR)	Score a point according to official rules
	N/D (NO)	Not applicable
	Game skills		Posture; displacement; overhead pass; forearm pass, serve; spike; tip; block; roll, diving
	Free (FR)	According to the player’s choice
	Specific (SPS)	According to pre-defined skill
	N/D (NSK)	Not applicable
Instruction			Target; Beacon; Corrector; Simulator; Facilitator; Distraction element
	Implement
	No implement (WI)	Absence of accessories
	With implement (WOI)	Presence of accessories
	Instructional resources		Filming; White board; Scout; Video
	No resources (NR)	Absence of accessories
	With resources (WR)	Presence of accessories

The implementation of structure parameters is not sufficient to characterize a training drill, since they represent only properties of the drill. The drill's dynamics depends on spatial and temporal specifications. The drill's dynamics is determined by the implementation of functional parameters.

Functional parameters

The functional parameters add spatial and temporal elements over the parameters of structure. Three first-order functional parameters should be considered: i) kinematic, ii) pressure; iii) logistic.

The kinematic parameter is divided in two classes: i) ball trajectory; ii) players' displacement complexity. Both are time-dependent and used to specify the beginning, course and end of the action (Table 4). The ball's trajectory class is defined by two factors: i) unpredictability of the trajectory; ii) time evolution. Player's displacement complexity is defined by the dynamics of each player’s positioning (i.e. magnitude and speed of movement, and the amount of changes in direction) at the beginning, course and end of the action.

Table 4
Kinematic parameter classes: unpredictability of the ball trajectory and players’ displacement.

Unpredictability of the ball trajectory
Start
Low (LTS)	Ball trajectory is pre-defined and known
Medium (MTS)	Ball trajectory is limited in alternatives, which are known from the beginning
High (HTS)	Ball trajectory is unknown and has unlimited variability
N/D (NTS)	Not applicable
Course
Low (LTC)	Ball trajectory is pre-defined and known.
Medium (MTC)	Ball trajectory is limited in alternatives, which are known from the beginning
High (HTC)	Ball trajectory is unknown and has unlimited variability
N/D (NTC)	Not applicable
End
Low (LTE)	Ball should be attacked in specific regions
Medium (MTE)	Ball should be attacked in specific regions with attacking skills previously informed
High (HTE)	Balls attacked without any restriction of region or attacking action
N/D (NTE)	Not applicable
Players’ Displacement Complexity
Start
Low (LDS)	Initial positioning has few variations although adjusted to ball position
Medium (MDS)	Initial positioning may vary although without exchange of players’ positioning on court
High (HDS)	Player positioning may vary and players may exchange positions on court
N/D (NDS)	Not applicable
Course
Low (LDC)	Single action in a pre-defined displacement path
Medium (MDC)	Execution of two or more actions that demand exchange of directions with a pre-determined sequence
High (HDC)	Execution of two or more actions that demand exchange of directions with a sequence determined by the game dynamics
N/D (NDC)	Not applicable
End
Low (LDE)	Recovery without repositioning
Medium (MDE)	Repositioning and wait for a new sequence of pre-determined actions
High (HDE)	Repositioning and wait for a new sequence of actions determined by the game dynamics
N/D (NDE)	Not applicable

The pressure parameter (Table 5) combines spatial and temporal constraints of pressure: i) rhythm (i.e. level of temporal pressure); ii) amplitude of attention (i.e. number of stimuli to be processed); iii) type of start (i.e. type of ball handling skill to start the task).

Table 5
Classes of the pressure parameter: i) rhythm; ii) amplitude of attention; iii) type of start.

Spatial and temporal constraints
Rhythm
Low (LR)	Few actions performed in low velocity
Medium (MR)	Some sequential actions performed in moderate velocity
High (HR)	Several sequential actions performed in high velocity
N/D (NRT)	Not applicable
Amplitude of attention
Low (LA)	External stimuli that demand strict focus of attention
Medium (MA)	External stimuli that demand focus of attention similar to those of game actions
High (HA)	External stimuli that demand broad focus of attention
N/D (NAT)	Not applicable
Type of start
Commom (CM)	Offensive potential of the attack similar to the game
Free ball (FB)	Low offensive potential of the attack intending to keep the drill dynamic
N/D (NST)	Not applicable

The logistic parameter (Table 6) refers to the periodicity of the actions and their consequences for training practice organization, being divided in the classes: i) density (relation between the time in effective activity and the time of pause); ii) concatenation (presence and manner of carrying out activities by all players in the same period of time); iii) cyclicity (existence of periodic and uninterrupted repetition of a set of actions).

Table 6
Classes of the parameter logistic: i) density; ii) simultaneity; iii) cyclicity.

Logistic parameters
Parameter	Description
Density
Low (LD)	Recovery time superior to activity time
Medium (MD)	Recovery and activity time are equivalent
High (HD)	Recovery time inferior to activity time
N/D (ND)	Not applicable
Concatenation	Type
	Out (OC)	Each player executes the task on its turn
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Per entry (PE)	A group of players is completely or partially replaced by another after performing a task
	Task relay (TR)	All players perform a task simultaneously but are separated by groups that alternate in the performance of different tasks (circuit)
	Role relay (RR)	Players of a group assume different roles in a task and alternate roles until all perform according to every role
	Simultaneous (SM)	All players perform the same task simultaneously
	N/D (NT)	Not applicable
	Substitution criterion
	Task conclusion (TS)	Players are replaced when accomplish a task
	Chosen by the coach (SC)	Players are replaced (or not) according to specific criteria defined by the coach (e.g. to loose in a dispute or after perform a specific task or continue to conclude the task successfully, etc)
	Without substituition (WS)	Have no substituition
Cyclic (CC)	An action (or a set of actions) is performed a single time or is repeated after interruption
Acyclical (AC)	A single action (or a set of actions) is performed several times without an interval
N/D (NC)	Not applicable

To summarize the model, in Figure 1 we present a pictorial view of the complete process of volleyball training drill design, considering the sets of attributes and parameters.

Figure 1
Model of attributes and parameters used in the design of a volleyball’s training drill (K = game complex; Kp = complex part; D = content domain).

Criteria reliability

Symmetry test of the Kappa values indicated no significant differences within observer on identifying classes of attributes and parameters of the model (p>0.05). Agreement was above (0.90) in all of the cases, except by the parameters: tactical roles, ball trajectory – start, simultaneity (0.80-0.85) and players’ displacement – start (0.70). Satisfactory levels of reliability were achieved in all cases.

Recurrence of attributes and parameters in drills

Figure 2 displays the results of the model application for analyzing the design tendencies of the sampled drills. Nodes of the graph are aligned by columns. Each column represents a class of parameters. The centrality degree of the node (i.e. the frequency each node is used in the design of the sampled drills) is indicated by its diameter. The node’s diameter is proportional to the amount of connected edges. The edges are unidirectional, with left to right orientation. Similarly, to the nodes, the thickness of the edges is proportional to the frequency it connects two nodes.

Figure 2
Graph representation of the parameters and attributes utilization in the design of training drills. The labels of the nodes correspond to the abbreviations indicated in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-6.

Fischer’s exact test indicated differences in the frequencies of the model’s attributes and parameters in the sampled drills (p < 0.001), see Figure 3. Most of the drills used the basic sequence (30%). For the basic complex and KI, most of the drills are, respectively, manifolds and composed by isolated fundamentals. For domains, to the basic complex, the greatest proportion of drills related to technical skills. For KI, most of the drills focused on tactics.

Figure 3
Tree diagram with the proportions of attributes of the complexes Basic and KI (Fj-i: frequency of attribute in j level according to attribute in i level).

DISCUSSION

The aim of the present work was to define a model encompassing the attributes and parameters that define the structure of any volleyball training drill. Additionally, we presented an approach for applying the model into the analysis of design tendencies of a set of drills. According to the results, the categorical classes that define the attributes and parameters of the model are pertinent and accurate. Thus, the model systematizes drills’ structure by gathering, expanding and organizing designing principles, extending previous works (Shondell and Reynaud, 2002; Andrés and Peña, 2006; Andrés et al., 2007). Besides that, the analytic techniques implemented indicated the model was well-succeeded in capturing the differences of drills design in the assessed sample, summing to other efforts in this regard (Toro and De Baranda Andujar, 2003; Ibáñez et al., 2016).

The model has demonstrated pertinence and accuracy in regards to its attributes and parameters. According to the tests performed, the classes map the contents of the drills precisely. Following the sequence of model levels, it was possible to decompose each drill by relating each element of the drill to a single model class. And, at the end, it was possible to obtain a structural decomposition of the drill sufficient to characterize and compare it to other drills in terms of its structure.

The graph visualization (Figure 2) evidences the diversity of contents and choices in the design of the training drills, assessed through the proposed model. It evidences not only a great number of nodes that are reached by the connections in each level but also a diversity of combinations between nodes. The pertinence and accuracy levels achieved in the attributes and parameters definition supported the assessment of design alternatives. It is worth noting that in the first levels of the model (left-right orientation of the graph display) nodes present higher centrality, indicating a greater recurrence (greater diameter of nodes). It may be due to the fact that in the first levels there are fewer design options in comparison to the higher resolution of subsequent parameters, which provide drills specifications, for instance, in the functional level.

The diversity of design alternatives is reinforced by the analysis of specific sub-sets of the sample, such as those presented in the tree diagrams (Figure 3). In the case a set of drills constitute the training repository of a coach, through this analytic approach it is possible to check the consistency between the coach’s drills and the intentions previously pointed out in the season planning, as suggested elsewhere (Cushion et al., 2012; Ibáñez et al., 2016). For instance, high-level championship winning teams may have approximately 70% efficiency in the KI complex (Palao and López-Martínez, 2012) against 40% in KII. Comparatively, The present proportion of 18% would indicate a low proportion.

These evidences suggest how the model can be applied to analyze the drills and the design tendencies of coaches both for a single drill and in terms of sequences of drills in one or multiple training sessions. It fosters elements to the coach self-reflection on his practices’ decisions (Cushion et al., 2012) and is aligned with studies that investigate the manipulation of training constraints to improve tactical learning, game intelligence and creative motor actions (Davids et al., 2012; Light et al., 2014; Orth et al., 2017).

Results obtained with Fischer's exact test indicated the design alternatives used in the sample with reference to the game complexes were significantly different from each other. These differences corroborate the fact the model structure covers several arrangements between attributes, which can naturally be extended to the parameters.

The study presents the limitation related to a broader empirical testing of the adequacy between its attributes and parameters and the phenomenon itself – i.e. the volleyball training drills. Larger and more diversified samples of drills from different training levels and coaches should be assessed in order to provide additional evidences of the model’s quality.

In synthesis, the present contribution enables a systematic and explicit presentation of the features of each training drill. It also supports a more systematic intervention of the coaches, by disrupting the notion of drills’ design as a necessarily empirical task. The support provided by the model for the elaboration of drills may be of special value for less experienced coaches. Thus, it may contribute to the curriculum of volleyball coaches’ courses.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Milena Cristina Machado da Costa for the technical support in the design of the images available in the text.

• FUNDING

  The present work did not have financial support of any kind for its realization.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 May 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  16 May 2020
• Accepted
  03 Sept 2020