Translation, cultural adaptation, and content validity index of the Juvenile Love Scale to the Brazilian context

Abstract

Background

Passionate love involves physiological, emotional, and cognitive features that greatly changes behavior. This phenomenon seems universal or near universal. Even other animal species choose partners. An intense state of passionate love is associated with activity in dopamine pathways of the brain ‘reward system’, and recently has been regarded as a ‘natural addiction’. Instruments or tools to evaluate romantic love during childhood is still scarce.

Objective

To perform the translation and cultural adaptation of the Juvenile Love Scale (JLS) for use in the Brazilian context targeted for adolescents between 14 and 18 years old.

Methods

The translation and cultural adaptation of JLS followed international recommendations, and its content validity was analyzed by a panel of experts in different areas of knowledge.

Results

The final version of the JLS for use in the Brazilian context showed high content validity (> 90%).

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first scale for measuring romantic or passionate love in adolescents adapted to the Brazilian context. This instrument is a significant contribution to the study of the dimensions of love, as well as to understand the impact of love on the psychiatric phenomena that pervade life in this stage of development.

Romantic love; passionate love; Juvenile Love Scale (JLS); psychometrics; adolescence assessment

Introduction

Romantic love, or passionate love, is associated with an intense desire for union towards another person¹. Passionate love involves physiological, emotional and cognitive features that greatly changes behavior. Although some consider romantic love as a cultural construct promoted by the European historical context, there is evidence that this phenomenon is universal or near universal. Jankowiak and Fischer² analyzed 166 different societies and found reports of passionate love in 147 (88.5%) of them. These results are endowed by evidence that behaviors related to romantic love are also observed in other animal species through partners’ choice mechanisms³. Altogether, passionate love seems to have an evolutive component, which is related to motivation towards a preferred mating partner⁴.

An intense state of passionate love is associated with activity in dopamine pathways of the brain ‘reward system’ (e.g., ventral tegmental area, caudate, and accumbens), and recently has been regarded as a ‘natural addiction’, though with mainly positive effects⁵. However, individuals passionately in love often express non-adaptive behaviors when expressed in extremes such as euphoria, obsession, and risk-behavior, which may lead to harmful consequences, particularly for those experiencing love withdrawn/rejection⁵,⁶. In fact, intense romantic infatuation was proposed as a model for studying “normal” alteration of the mechanisms related to reward processing⁶, and has become an increasing topic of study⁷. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to be able to measure ‘passionate love’ reliably.

Hatfield et al.⁸ found 33 instruments measuring romantic love over the last 70 years approximately. These measures were elaborated by different areas of expertise such as Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Medicine, Biology and Neurosciences. However, two scales stand out as the most used to measure human love, namely the Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale and the Hatfield & Sprecher’s Passionate Love Scale (PLS). From the PLS, Hatfield and Sprecher also elaborated the Juvenile Love Scale (JLS)⁹. The purpose of the JLS is to measure romantic love in children and adolescents from 3 to 18 years-old. The juvenile version contemplates cognitive, physiological, and behavioral aspects of love. Despite the adult version had been translated into more than 12 languages and adapted to many other cultures and countries such as Germany, France, India, Italy, and even Brazil⁸, measures that consider the state of romantic love during childhood and adolescence are still scarce. Nevertheless, adolescence may be a critical sensitive period for the experience of love, a time when love intensity may be lived as in no other point in life, especially in late adolescence¹⁰,¹¹. Puberty brings a cascade of changes putting adolescents at a higher risk of reckless behavior, especially in the face of social situations, making them especially driven by passions¹²,¹³. Therefore, to expand cross-cultural research on passionate love in adolescents is of relevance for its better characterization and further investigation of its influence on a range of adaptive and non-adaptive behaviors.

In this study, we present the translation and cultural adaptation of the Juvenile Love Scale-JLS for use in the Brazilian context. The Content Validity Index (CVI) is also shown for the JLS Brazilian version. The target population for the present adaptation was adolescents between 14 to 18 years.

Methods

Juvenile Love Scale (JLS)

Thirty items compose the JLS, which also has a reduced version with 15 items. The items are rated on a 9 points-Likert scale (from one to nine) with higher scores indicating higher love intensity. It can be used to assess romantic love intensity in children and adolescents from 3 to 18 years. Hatfield and Young¹³ reviewed evidence published in different studies and found high internal consistency with indexes ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. The correlation between the JLS and the Passionate Love Scale, the adult version, is 0.88 for children and 0.87 for adults¹⁴.

The JLS was designed to assess cognitive, emotional and behavioral signs of passionate love⁸,¹⁰. Cognitive components consist of [1] intrusive thought or concern for the partner; [2] idealization of the other or the relationship; and [3] desire to get to know each other and be known by him/her. The emotional components are [1] attraction to the partner, especially sexual; [2] positive feelings when things are going well; [3] negative feelings when things go wrong; [4] yearning for reciprocity; [5] desire for a whole and permanent union; and [6] physiological arousal (sexual). Finally, the behavioral components consist of [1] actions to determine the feelings of others; [2] studying the other person; [3] be at the disposition for the other; and [4] the maintenance of physical proximity.

Translation and adaptation

The adaptation process of the original instrument to the Brazilian context occurred in six stages as recommended by Sousa and Rojjanasrirat¹⁴.

Stage 1. The translation of the original scale into Brazilian Portuguese was elaborated by two independent bilingual translators (T1 and T2).

Stage 2. A preliminary version was synthesized combining the best cultural translation of each item between T1 and T2. This first synthesis was performed by a third independent bilingual individual who was knowledgeable about the instrument and its theoretical foundation.

Stage 3. Two independent native English-speakers back-translated the preliminary version from Brazilian Portuguese to American English.

Stage 4. The two back-translated versions were examined by a committee composed of bilingual clinical psychologists, English native speakers, and English teachers and translators in Brazil. They assessed the initial conceptual, semantic and content equivalence of both back-translated versions until reaching a final agreement. In this stage, only item 26 (“_____ can make me feel bubbly, like coke.”) had to go through the earlier stages again in order to be considered equivalent in both languages.

Stage 5. Twenty-two adolescents between 14 and 18 years participated in a pilot testing of the scale for assessment of the clarity of the instructions and items regarding language. Participants were asked to rate the instrument on a dichotomous scale (i.e., clear vs. unclear).

Stage 6. The preliminary final version was submitted to an expert committee of scholars and professionals to assess the content validity of the scale to elaborate a final version. Data regarding content validity was collected trough a questionnaire developed following the model suggested by Polit and Beck¹⁵. The items in the preliminary version of the scale were rated in a 4 point-Likert scale (1-irrelevant, 2-little relevance; 3-relevant; and 4-extremely relevant). Ten judges among scholars and professionals in the Psychology and Neuroscience fields answered the content validity questionnaire. We then calculated the Content Validity Index (CVI) per item and of the scale, i.e., the degree of agreement of the judges about the classification of the items¹⁵. For analysis, the rates were merged into two categories, so items ranked as 1 and 2 were considered irrelevant for the scale, while those scored as 3 and 4 were considered relevant. First, we calculated the CVI individually for each item (proportion of experts rating the item as relevant). The CVI of the whole scale was then obtained as the mean of the CVI of the items. Polit and Beck¹⁵ recommended values above 0.90 to achieve significant content validity.

All participants consented to have their data used in the research. The project was approved by the local ethics board (CAAE: 57272416.1.0000.5149).

Results

The pilot testing sample (stage 5) was composed by 22 adolescents from 14 to 18 years old (15.7 ± 1.2; 3 males, 19 females). All adolescents were students (9.8 ± 1.03 years of education). The interrater agreement for the instructions and all items was higher than 80%. Therefore, no item had to be reconsidered in this stage.

The expert committee was composed of ten individuals among four University professors (neuroscientists in university departments of Psychology [n = 2], Pediatrics, and Physical Education), four Clinical Psychologists coursing post graduation (one Ph.D. student in Neuropsychology, and three master students in Molecular Medicine), and two Clinical Neuropsychologists coursing their Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine. Table 1¹ shows the Content Validity Index (CVI) per item and of the whole scale. Thirteen out of 30 items were rated as relevant by a 100% of the experts. The agreement in the remaining, but two items, ranged between 80% and 90%. A CVI of 78% or higher is considered ideal for the item judgment¹⁵. Therefore, the items 4 (Sometimes I think it is fun just to see ______ move) and 22 (I want _____know me, know what I am thinking, what scares me and what I desire) were considered poor in content validity. The version of 30-items of the scale obtained a 91% CVI, while the 15-items version reached a 93% CVI. Therefore, overall, the complete and short versions had a satisfactory CVI. Table 2 presents the original item and its final cultural adaptation for the Brazilian population. Both versions are available to download in www.labepneuro.com or by the authors on demand.

Table 1
Content Validity Index (CVI) of the Juvenile Love Scale items, complete version, and short version in the Brazilian context

Item	CVI	Item	CVI	Item	CVI
Item 1	80%	Item 11ª	100%	Item 21	90%
Item 2ª	100%	Item 12	90%	Item 22ª	70%
Item 3	90%	Item 13	100%	Item 23	100%
Item 4	40%	Item 14ª	90%	Item 24ª	89%
Item 5ª	90%	Item 15ª	100%	Item 25	90%
Item 6ª	100%	Item 16	100%	Item 26	100%
Item 7ª	100%	Item 17ª	80%	Item 27ª	90%
Item 8ª	100%	Item 18	90%	Item 28	90%
Item 9	80%	Item 19ª	100%	Item 29	100%
Item 10ª	100%	Item 20	90%	Item 30ª	90%
Scale-CVI	30 itens	91%
	15 itens	93%

• ^a Indicates inclusion on the JLS-15 short form.

Table 2
Juvenile Love Scale items – Brazilian Portuguese version

Item	Original Version	Brazilian Version
1.	When _____ is around I laugh and cry more often.	Quando ____ está por perto eu sorrio e choro mais vezes.
2.	I feel like things would always be sad and gloomy if I had to live without _____ forever.	Eu sinto que as coisas são sempre tristes e sombrias se eu viver sem ____ para sempre.
3.	Sometimes I feel shaky all over when I see ______.	Algumas vezes, eu me sinto bambo quando vejo ______.
4.	Sometimes I think it is fun just to watch _____ move around.	Às vezes, eu acho divertido apenas ver _________se mover.
5.	Did you ever keep thinking about ____ when you wanted to stop and couldn’t?	Você já continuou pensando em alguém, mesmo quando você queria parar e não conseguiu?
6.	I feel happy when I am doing something to make _____ happy.	Eu me sinto feliz quando estou fazendo algo que faz ____ feliz.
7.	I would rather be with _____ than anybody else.	Eu prefiro estar com ____ do que com qualquer outra pessoa.
8.	I’d feel bad if I thought _____ liked somebody else better than me.	Eu fico triste se penso que ____ gosta de outra pessoa.
9.	No one else could like _____ as much as I do.	Ninguém poderia gostar de _____ tanto quanto eu.
10.	I want to know all I can about _____.	Eu quero saber tudo que eu puder sobre ____.
11.	I’d like _____ to belong to me in every way.	Eu gostaria se ______ fosse minha (meu) de todas as formas.
12.	I will always like _____.	Eu sempre vou gostar de ____.
13.	I feel all happy inside when _____ looks at me and I look at _____.	Eu me sinto todo feliz por dentro quando _____ olha para mim e eu olho para _____.
14.	I’d like it a lot if _____ played with me all the time.	Eu realmente adoraria se ____ brincasse comigo o tempo todo.
15.	If I could, when I grow up I’d like to marry (live with) _____.	Se eu puder, quando crescer, gostaria de me casar (viver) com ____.
16.	_____ is the person who can make me feel the happiest.	____ é a pessoa que me faz mais feliz.
17.	When _____ hugs me my body feels warm all over.	Quando ____ me abraça, eu sinto todo meu corpo se aquecer.
18.	I feel all soft and happy inside about _____.	Eu me sinto leve e feliz por dentro quando penso em _______.
19.	I am always thinking about _____.	Estou sempre pensando em ____.
20.	If I were alway from _____ for a long time I would be very lonely.	Se eu ficasse longe de ______ por muito tempo, eu me sentiria muito sozinho.
21.	Sometimes I can’t do my school work because I am thinking about _____.	Às vezes, eu não consigo fazer meu dever de casa porque estou pensando em _____.
22.	I want _____ to know me, what I am thinking, what scares me, what I am wishing for.	Eu quero que _____me conheça, conheça o que estou pensando, o que me assusta e o que eu desejo.
23.	Knowing that _____ cares about me makes me feel more like I am OK.	Saber que ____ se importa comigo faz eu me sentir bem.
24.	I look at _____ a lot to see if he/she likes me.	Eu olho bastante para ____ para ver se ele/ela gosta de mim.
25.	If _____ needed help from me, I’d stop what I was doing, even if it was lots of fun and go help him (her).	Se ____ precisasse da minha ajuda, eu pararia o que estivesse fazendo, mesmo que fosse muito divertido, para poder ajudá-lo(a).
26.	_____ can make me feel bubbly, like coke.	____ faz eu me sentir radiante, nas nuvens.
27.	When _____ is around I really want to touch him/her and be touched.	Quando ____ está por perto eu quero muito tocá-lo/a e ser tocado.
28.	Living without _____ would be very, very sad.	Viver sem ____ seria muito, muito triste.
29.	I want to hug _____ very, very tight.	Eu quero abraçar ____ muito, muito apertado.
30.	When I think _____ might be mad at me, I feel really sad.	Quando eu penso que ____ pode estar bravo(a) comigo, eu fico muito triste.

Discussion

The translation and cultural adaptation of the Juvenile Love Scale (JLS) for use in the Brazilian context were executed under a rigorous methodological approach known to improve reliability and validity of cross-cultural instruments or scales¹⁶. The Brazilian version of the JLS showed good language clarity considering a target population of adolescents between 14 to 18 years with the straight approval of all 30 items and the instructions. The expert panel evaluating the content-related validity of the scale found the JLS to be a conceptual measure of romantic love in children and adolescents and an equivalent measure of the original instrument with a Content Validity Index (CVI) higher than 90% for both the complete and the short forms of the JLS. Overall, the results suggest that the Juvenile Love Scale, translated and adapted to the Brazilian context, is pursuant to its proposal and suitable for application in the population of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years.

The use of the JLS can contribute to academic research and the widening understanding of various aspects of children and adolescent lives. Romantic love in adolescence is a recent topic of scientific interest with studies on the subject only becoming more significant in the last two decades. It is no longer possible to ignore such an impressive part of the lives of the young. According to a study conducted with American teenagers, about 25% of people in early adolescence affirmed they had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months, increasing for 53% in the 15-year-olds, and reaching more than 70% of adolescents by age 18¹⁷. So, romantic love is a central topic of human development with adolescence being a critical age.

Being in a loving relationship in adolescence was associated with well-being in the short and the long term with benefits to the self-esteem and social integration¹⁸,¹⁹. On the other hand, young people who were involved romantically manifest more symptoms of depression than those who were not, with the probability of a first episode of major depression during adolescence being higher if a break-up had recently been reported¹⁸-²⁰. Similarly, a conflictual relationship heightens an already stressful phase in life, a critical period for the development of various psychiatric disorders, especially concerning emotional disorders⁵,²¹-²³. Therefore, a reliable and valid measure of the intensity of romantic love in adolescence is pivotal for a better understanding of the impact of love on several aspects of the adolescent life and their potential consequences.

By a clinical perspective, instruments such as the JLS can be useful to evaluate possible altered states and behaviors related to passionate love in adolescence. Brand et al.²⁴, for example, says that adolescents’ early-stage of intense romantic love can be highly comparable to hypomania, changing sleep patterns, mood, daily concentration, and daily activity. Also, especially in psychotherapy contexts, adolescents have a chance to talk about their feelings and thoughts about love, sex, and intimacy during the time they use to complete the scale. Besides, it allows therapists to have a chance to evaluate some skills that adolescents must come to develop⁹.

It is noteworthy to acknowledge some limitations in this translation and cross-cultural adaptation process. There is no consolidated or consensual theory on romantic love in children and adolescents. Therefore, the evaluation of the judges may be somewhat biased by their impressions and observations of passionate love. Moreover, some key expressions on the original content of the scale have no equivalent in Brazilian Portuguese, which hampered the translation process. In such cases, new expressions were developed to ensure the semantic quality issues. However, the translation process requires specific care in linguistic terms since it must preserve the idiosyncrasy of the language in which the scale will be translated to and have in mind the target community of interest. Moreover, the semantic adaptation of any scale or test is necessary to the extent that ensures language understanding to the population for which it is intended to²⁵,²⁶. Additionally, though the JLS was originally developed for children from 3 to 18 years, we have assured language clarity only for adolescents from 14 to 18 years. Thus, future studies are needed to ensure the adequacy of the Brazilian version of the JLS for a younger population. Also, the scale should be administered to a large sample of teenagers so that psychometric properties can be verified.

For the first time, a scale measuring romantic or passionate love in adolescents was adapted to the Brazilian context in this study. The JLS is a significant contribution to the study of the dimensions of love in the Brazilian population, as well as to understand the impact of love on the psychiatric phenomena that pervade life in this stage of development. After all, “few phenomena reflect the euphoria and the despair of this stage of life more poignantly than romantic relationships”²⁷.

Acknowledgments

We thank professor Elaine Hatfield of the University of Hawaii for kindly agrees with the translation and cultural adaptation of the Juvenile Love Scale for the Brazilian context. This study was supported by INCT-MM that is financed by the Brazilian agencies for research development: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  May-Jun 2017

History

• Received
  22 Nov 2016
• Accepted
  9 Mar 2017