The effect of obsessive compulsive symptoms on psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia

Abstract

Background:

There is a growing interest on the impact of comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) on the course and severity of schizophrenia in recent years.

Objective:

This study determined the prevalence of OCS in schizophrenia patients and the clinical outcomes of the comorbidity.

Methods:

A total of 220 schizophrenia patients were recruited. All the participants completed Structure Clinical Interview version, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life – Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF).

Results:

Significantly higher number of schizophrenia patients with OCS were taking Clozapine (p = 0.023) and antidepressants (p = 0.013). Schizophrenia patients with OCS showed more severe positive (p < 0.001) and general symptoms (p < 0.001) of schizophrenia, higher depressive symptoms (p = 0.013), higher suicidality (p < 0.001), more hospitalization (p = 0.044), poorer physical (p = 0.034) and psychological (p = 0.032) domain in WHOQOL-BREF.

Discussion:

Schizophrenia patients with OCS are associated with more severe psychopathology and depressive symptoms which subsequently suffered poorer physical and psychological health. Hence, recognition of OCS in schizophrenia and early initiation of effective treatment may be able to reduce the burden for people with chronic mental illness.

Keywords:
Schizophrenia; obsessive compulsive symptoms; depression; quality of life

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a long-term serious psychotic disorder characterized by main clinical features of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts, changes in behavior, and negative symptoms. Over the years, clinicians and researchers paid less attention to non-psychopathological manifestations among the schizophrenia patients, one of which is the obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). Despite a wide variation of prevalence noted in many parts of the world, ranging from 1.1% to 50%¹, a more recent study observed that the pooled prevalence was 30.7%². OCS in schizophrenia were once thought to be rare and benign in nature, however some recent studies have shown not only greater prevalence rate but poorer outcome among these patients³. Interestingly, many researchers were facing difficulties to generalize the findings as there were no standard criteria available to determine the presence of clinically significant OCS, as compared to obsessive compulsive disorder which can be clearly categorized in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM).

In the past, obsession had not only been postulated to protect against psychosis and thought disorganization⁴ but also believed to prevent “personality disintegration” in schizophrenia⁵. However, these findings were not reproducible in subsequent studies, which found that schizophrenia with OCS had actually worse outcomes^6,7. Two years ago, a group of researchers again proved that patients suffering from schizophrenia with OCS had significantly higher scores in both the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) when compared to the non-OCS group⁸. Furthermore, higher rates of suicidal plans or attempts were also found among these patients^9,10. There were findings from various studies to suggest that schizophrenia with OCS might be a distinct subtypes of schizophrenia^7,11,12; and that OCS itself was considered as one of the core clinical features and symptom domains of schizophrenia rather than being an additional clinical condition⁶.

There are growing evidence to suggest the existence of a schizo-obsessive compulsive disorder (Schizo-OCD) subtype of schizophrenia. This subtype is shown to manifest different neuropsychological and clinical outcomes among the schizophrenia patients. A proposed diagnostic criteria for Schizo-OCD was available since 2012¹³. In that proposed criteria, criterion A of OCD must be present at some point in time during the course of schizophrenia. In addition, the obsession/compulsion must be present in substantial amount of time and must not be related to the delusion or hallucination from schizophrenia. Neurological soft signs (NSS) were defined as “minor neurological signs which reflect dysfunction in areas of motor coordination, integrative sensory function and ordering complex motor tasks, but the dysfunctions are not localizable to specific brain structure”^14,15. Studies showed that Schizo-OCD scored higher in the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) compared to healthy controls^16,17, but no difference when compared with schizophrenia alone. These findings have further suggested that Schizo-OCD may be a distinct subtype of schizophrenia, and not merely a more severe form of OCD. In addition, previous studies had consistently reported there were no significant differences between OCS in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Schizo-OCD in term of clinical characteristics^18,19. Faragian et al. reported that the symptoms in Schizo-OCD were comparable to those revealed in “pure” OCD. The author concluded that the universal mechanisms were involved in the pathogenesis of OCD regardless of the presence of schizophrenia^18,19.

Contradictions on the effects of atypical anti-psychotic (AAPs) medications such as clozapine on schizophrenic patients still exist. The risk of AAPs-induced OCS has been reported in many studies^20–22. AAPs with higher serotonergic activities has higher propensities in inducing OCS²³. Clozapine stands out as the most frequently reported AAPs to induce OCS due to its highest propensity in serotonergic activities^24,25. In contrary, existing literatures also showed that AAPs such as Aripiprazole and Risperidone to be effective in the augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI)-resistant OCD^26,27. In addition, AAPs with strong dopamine receptor 2 (D2) blockade were reported to be effective in treating Schizo-OCD.

Some studies, however, found no significant difference between schizophrenia with or without OCS in terms of their psychopathology and suicidality^28–30. We believe that this finding could have been a result of different methodological approach. Studies which recruited inpatients tended to reflect a higher severity in psychopathological domains^6,7 as compared to those which studied on patients recruited from the outpatient settings^28,29. During acute episodes of psychosis, it would also be very difficult to discern obsessions from delusions of schizophrenia³¹. In addition, some studies had used different definitions for clinically significant OCS resulted in a non-homogenous recruitment of study participants^8,32, while some researchers had shown that both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia with OCS were no different in terms of their obsessive and compulsive symptom structures¹⁸.

Since the co-occurrence of OCS and schizophrenia had always been an interesting topic of discussion and a real challenge faced by the treating clinicians, but studies had mainly been done in the western countries, we decided to conduct this study in Malaysia to determine the prevalence of OCS among a group of stable schizophrenia patients attending a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic. In addition, our study also intended to resolve any conflicting evidence in literatures and examine the clinical variables of OCS in schizophrenia.

Methods

Subjects

In this cross-sectional study, participants consisted of stable outpatients who were attending their follow up sessions in the psychiatric clinic in University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) – a tertiary hospital situated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – between August 2014 and July 2015. All recruited participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorder, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), understood English or Malay language and were on the same antipsychotic treatment for at least six months. Patients were excluded if (1) they were having active psychotic symptoms, which would affect their capacity for informed consent; (2) they had intellectual disability and dementia, and (3) patients who refused to participate. The study was approved by the UMMC medical ethics committee. All participants were thoroughly briefed on the study protocol and their informed consent obtained. After participants' demographic data were obtained from the case files, all the participants were assessed by the author using Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) Symptoms Checklist, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), Positive and Negative Symptoms for Schizophrenia (PANSS), Calgary Depression Rating Scale (CDSS), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Malay Version (WHOQOL-BREF).

Demographic variables

The socio-demographic questionnaire was used to record relevant information about the participants of this study which included age, gender, ethnic group, marital status, education level, religion, employment status, family mental history, duration of illness and type of medication. Participants were instructed to complete the questionnaire by filling in the blanks and selecting one response that best described them.

Obsessive compulsive symptomatology

Obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) were first screened with Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) Symptoms Checklist. Subsequently, patients were assessed with YBOCS³³ to determine the severity of their OCS. It consists of 2 subscales; obsession and compulsion. Total YBOCS score was used to assess the severity of OCS. In this study, clinically significant OCS was defined as total YBOCS score of 8 and above. YBOCS was suitable in the assessment of OCS in Schizophrenia³⁴.

Schizophrenia psychopathology

Severity of schizophrenia symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)³⁵ with the help of the Structure Clinical Interview version (SCI-PANSS). PANSS is a well-defined instrument to assess positive, negative as well as general symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The higher the score, the more severe the psychopathologies. PANSS has 3 main sub-scales, namely positive, negative and general psychopathology. Overall, total PANSS score reflected the severity of schizophrenia.

Depressive symptomatology

In this study, we utilized the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)³⁶ to assess participants' depressive symptoms. CDSS contains nine items. Each item consists of 4 options – 0 for absent, 1 for mild, 2 for moderate and 3 for severe symptoms. Higher score represents worse depressive symptoms.

Suicidality assessment

Suicidality in the present study was assessed using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (screening version) (CSSR-S)³⁷. Suicidality is defined as any suicidal behavior or ideation during the period of assessment according to the scoring and data analysis guide for CSSR-S. In this study, dichotomous outcome was used to ascertain presence or absence of suicidality.

Quality of life assessment

Participants' quality of life was assessed by using the 26-item World Health Organization Quality of Life – Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). A validated Malay Version of WHOQOL-BREF³⁸ was used in this study. Four domains were assessed, namely physical, psychological, social and environmental which denotes individuals' perception of their quality of life in each domain. Higher score denotes higher quality of life. WHOQOL-BREF (M) score was transformed into domain score comparable with the score used in WHOQOL-100 for data analysis according to the provided guideline.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. Normal distribution of quantitative data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Chi Square Test and Fisher Exact Test were used when necessary to compare categorical variables between schizophrenia with OCS and without OCS. Mann Whitney's U test was used to compare non-normally distributed continuous variables. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to control the effect of chronicity of illness which was assessed empirically using duration of illness and the use of clozapine mainly for treatment resistance schizophrenia. Spearman's correlation was performed to examine the possible correlation between obsessive compulsive symptoms and schizophrenia psychopathology. Finally, logistic regression was carried out to analyze independent variables which were associated with OCS in schizophrenia. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Demographic data

A total of 220 outpatients were recruited. There was equal gender distribution between males (48.6%) and females (51.4%). Mean age for the participants was 43.7 years old (SD = 12.4). Majority of the participants were Chinese (57.7%), followed by Indian (23.6%), Malay (15.6%) and others (2.7%). More than two third of the study participants were single (70.0%) and their majority were unemployed (76.8%). Patients were divided into two groups; schizophrenia with OCS and without OCS. There was no significant difference in terms of age, gender, race, education level, employment status, duration of illness and family history of any psychiatric illness between the two groups. In addition, the use of antipsychotic drug classes (both first and second generations) were of no significant difference between the schizophrenia patients with OCS and those without. However, significantly higher number of schizophrenia patients with OCS were taking Clozapine at the time of recruitment (odds ratio = 2.267, p = 0.023) (Table 1).

Table 1
Comparison between Schizophrenia with and without OCS

		OCS		OR or U	95% CI or Z	P value
		Yes (n = 48) N (%)	No (n = 172) N (%)
Age, median		38 (98.14)c	44 (113.95)c	3535.50a	-1.523b	0.128
Male		24 (50.0)	83 (48.3)	0.933	0.492 – 1.769	0.871
Female		24 (50.0)	89 (51.7)
Chinese		24 (50.0)	103 (59.9)	0.670	0.352 – 1.274	0.249
Non-Chinese		24 (50.0)	69 (40.1)
Malay		8 (17.0)	27 (15.7)	0.908	0.382 – 2.155	0.824
Non-Malay		39 (83.0)	145 (84.3)
Indian		15 (31.3)	37 (21.5)	1.658	0.815 – 3.375	0.180
Non-Indian		33 (68.8)	135 (78.5)
Single		35 (72.9)	119 (69.2)	0.834	0.408 – 1.703	0.723
Married		13 (27.1)	53 (30.8)
Secondary and below education		30 (62.5)	129 (75.0)	1.800	0.913 – 3.548	0.102
Tertiary education		18 (37.5)	43 (25.0)
Employed		10 (20.8)	41 (23.8)	0.841	0.385 – 1.834	0.847
Unemployed		38 (79.2)	131 (76.2)
Family history of mental illness
	Yes	20 (41.7)	55 (32.0)	1.519	0.788 – 2.932	0.230
	No	28 (58.3)	117 (68.0)
Duration of illness
	Less than 5 years	8 (16.7)	24 (14.0)	0.811	0.339 – 1.941	0.646
	5 years and above	40 (83.3)	148 (86.0)
Antipsychotics
	Typical	6 (12.5)	42 (24.4)			0.171
	Atypical	35 (72.9)	112 (65.1)
	Combination	7 (14.6)	18 (10.5)
	Clozapine	30 (62.5)	36 (20.9)	2.267	1.137 – 4.520	0.023 *
	Olanzapine	8 (16.7)	30 (17.4)	0.947	0.403 – 2.226	1.000
	Risperidone	9 (18.8)	50 (29.1)	0.563	0.254 – 1.248	0.197
	Antidepressant	15 (31.3)	23 (13.4)	2.945	1.388 – 6.246	0.008 **
Clinical variables
	More than 5 admissions	29 (60.4)	133 (77.3)	2.234	1.132 – 4.409	0.026*
	Antidepressant prescription	15 (31.3)	23 (13.4)	2.945	1.388 – 6.246	0.008**
	Suicidality	27 (56.3)	45 (26.2)	3.629	1.868 – 7.048	< 0.001**
PANSS Positive		139.65c	102.37c	2729.00a	-3.603b	< 0.001 **
PANSS Negative		121.39c	107.46c	3605.50a	-1.343b	0.179
PANSS General		133.22c	104.16c	3038.00a	-2.801b	0.005 **
PANSS Total		133.22c	104.16c	3037.50a	-2.798b	0.005 **
CDSS		134.31c	103.85c	2985.00a	-3.183b	0.001 **
Physical QOL		93.34c	115.29c	3304.50a	-2.121b	0.034 *
Psychological QOL		93.13c	115.35c	3294.00a	-2.147b	0.032 *
Social QOL		105.22c	111.97c	3874.50a	-0.656b	0.512
Environmental QOL		104.97c	112.04c	3862.50a	-0.683b	0.494

• ^a
  Median are compared with Mann Whitney's U test with b Z score.
• ^b
  Median are compared with Mann Whitney's U test with b Z score.
• ^c
  Non-normally distributed variables are expressed in mean rank.
• Categorical variables with Fisher exact test.
• ^*
  Significant level at p < 0.05.
• ^**
  Significant level at p < 0.01.

Prevalence of OCS in Schizophrenia

In this study, we found that the prevalence of OCS in schizophrenia was 21.8% by using the total YBOCS score of 8 and above (N = 48). The most common obsessions were aggression (8.2%), contamination (8.2%) and miscellaneous (7.8%). For compulsion, the most commonly elicited compulsion was checking (8.2%) and cleaning/washing (7.8%).

Clinical variables of schizophrenia with OCS

Spearman's correlation was performed and showed that obsession was significantly correlated with positive symptoms (r = 0.292, p < 0.001) and general symptoms (r = 0.217, p = 0.001) of schizophrenia. For compulsions, results showed they were significantly correlated with positive symptoms (r = 0.195, p = 0.004).

In this study, the group of schizophrenia patients with OCS documented significantly more hospitalizations (OR = 2.234, p = 0.026), higher number of prescription of antidepressants (odd ratio = 2.945, p = 0.008) and higher suicidality rate (OR = 3.629, p < 0.001). The same group of patients also scored higher in the PANSS positive subscale (n = 48, U = 2729.00, p < 0.001), general subscale (N = 48, U = 3038.00, p = 0.005), total PANSS (N = 48, U = 3037.50, p = 0.005), and CDSS total score (N = 48, U = 2985.00, p = 0.001). In addition, schizophrenia patients with OCS were also found to be associated with poorer physical quality of life (N = 48, U = 3304.50, p = 0.034) and poorer psychological quality of life (N = 48, U = 3294.00, p = 0.032) (Table 1).

We continued to observe statistically significant differences between schizophrenia patients with OCS and those without, as reflected in the PANSS positive subscale, PANSS general symptoms subscale, PANSS total score and CDSS score (Table 2) after all the confounders were adjusted. For categorical clinical variables, logistic regression was performed by using illness chronicity as the covariate. Results showed the number of hospitalization; presence of suicidality and the use of antidepressant were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients with OCS (Table 3).

Table 2
Comparison between Schizophrenia with or without OCS in clinical variables (PANSS, CDSS and WHOQOL-BREF) using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Generalized Linear Models after controlled for chronicity of illness in the study sample

		OCS		Mean difference	P value
		Yes (n = 48) (Mean)	No (n = 172) (Mean)
PANSS
	Positive	14.98	12.56	2.42	< 0.001**
	General	25.78	22.95	2.82	0.001**
	Total	55.57	49.39	6.18	< 0.001**
CDSS Total		3.79	2.10	1.69	< 0.001**
WHOQOL-BREF
	Physical	62.35	57.12	5.23	0.145
	Psychological	57.71	59.20	1.51	0.679

• P value significant level at P < 0.01**.

Table 3
Logistic regression for clinical variables using chronicity of illness as covariate: hospitalization, suicidality and use of antidepressant

Variables	B	SE	Exp (B)	P value
Hospitalization	0.744	0.369	2.105	0.044*
Suicidality	1.257	0.348	3.516	< 0.001**
Use of antidepressant	0.974	0.392	2.650	0.013*

• P value significant level at p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**.

Discussion

From this study, we found that the prevalence of OCS among schizophrenia patients in our setting is 21.8%. This figure is very closed to the finding of a study done in another Asian country, Korea, which revealed a prevalence of 21.1%²¹. Nevertheless, our figure is lower when compared to the prevalence of 30.7% documented in a meta-analysis done in 2014². Despite many studies conducted on this topic over the decades, there are still no universally accepted criteria for the diagnosis of OCS in schizophrenia. We believe that this shortcoming may have further complicated the estimation of prevalence of OCS in schizophrenia. In addition, studies which recruited inpatients^6,7,39 and outpatients^29,40,41 also showed a large difference in the prevalence of the comorbidity.

In terms of the socio-demographic factors between schizophrenia patients with OCS and those without, we observed that the duration of illness is not significantly associated with the presence of OCS in schizophrenia. This is in contrast with previous studies which reported that the longer the illness, the higher the prevalence of OCS in schizophrenia^2,8,42. As expected, the usage of clozapine in schizophrenia was associated with high OCS, a finding consistent with previous studies^25,43–45. It was postulated that high propensity of anti-serotonergic properties in clozapine could lead to or exacerbate serotonin deficiency, which subsequently trigger the onset of OCS and yield a full threshold OCD^22,24. This iatrogenic mental disorder would pose additional challenge to the treatment. Clozapine is the only second generation antipsychotic that is effective in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia (TRS)⁴⁶. Previous studies have identified few treatment options for clozapine induced OCS. One of the treatments is to combine Aripiprazole with Clozapine. Aripiprazole is a second-generation antipsychotic with few trials already carried out showing its effectiveness in treating Clozapine induced OCS in TRS. TRS patients who received the combination of Aripiprazole-Clozapine not only had reduced total YBOCS score at one month after treatment, but also showed better tolerability⁴⁷ and improvement in quality of life⁴⁸ as compared to Clozapine-placebo group⁴⁹. In fact, by adding on a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) it is more effective in treating induced OCS, in cases of treatment-resistant schizophrenia which normally only responds to clozapine. Escitalopram⁵⁰, fluvoxamine⁵¹ and fluoxetine⁵² had shown their effectiveness in treating induced OCS. However, more trials needed to be done to identify the most effective medication to be used in clozapine induced OCS in treating TRS.

In some of the previous studies, it was reported that schizophrenia patients with OCS were associated with more severe psychopathology^7,8 and depressive symptoms^9,10,40,53. Our study findings are consistent with these previous studies, as our patients also had more psychotic symptoms and higher depressive symptom scores. These findings were not influenced by chronicity of illness in the participants, as well as the concurrent use of Clozapine. Furthermore, the presence of OCS had been associated with higher suicidality in patients with schizophrenia^12,54 in which our study also revealed similar finding. This is clinically important as practicing clinicians ought to be aware of the impact of OCS, hence be more vigilant when assessing this group of patients for suicidality.

Our study also noted poorer physical and psychological quality of life among these schizophrenia patients with OCS. These findings are in line with a recent study conducted in Amsterdam which revealed that comorbid OCS in schizophrenia was associated with a lower mean across all domains, namely subjective wellbeing, social integration, emotional regulation, physical and mental health⁴¹. Similar findings were also reported by Tiryaki and Özkorumak in their study involving 62 patients with schizophrenia and OCS ⁶. Thus, we need to create awareness among all practicing clinicians when they treat comorbid OCS, as this will contribute in the improvement of patients' quality of life⁵⁵.

Some limitations were present in our study. Firstly, by the nature of a cross-sectional design of our study, we were unable to explore the causal relationship between the presence of OCS and clinical variables. Secondly, there was no universally accepted criteria to diagnose OCS in schizophrenia. Previous studies had used different criteria to diagnose OCS which produced variabilities in their study outcome. Thirdly, since this study was done at a local outpatient setting, the findings could not be generalized to other parts of the world. Thus, further systematic studies are needed in near future to explore the diagnostic criteria for OCS and a prospective study design to determine the causal relationship of OCS in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia with OCS remains prevalent in many parts of the world. The awareness of this non-schizophrenia psychopathological comorbid among practicing clinicians is crucial as this is a different entity of psychiatric disorder needing special attention and treatment approach. Gross oversight of this comorbid will result in severe depressive symptoms and higher suicidality. In addition, clinicians need to also be aware of the pro-obsessive effect of Clozapine in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. It is our hope that more attention will be given to this prevalent condition through rigorous research within this area in near future.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the University of Malaya Research Management Centre for providing Postgraduate Research Fund (PO048-2014B) to fund this study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  21 June 2017
• Accepted
  06 June 2018