Ecologia de populações de morcegos cavernícolas em uma região cárstica do sudeste do Brasil

Trajano, Eleonora

doi:10.1590/S0101-81751984000100001

Resumo

The upper valley of the Rio Ribeira, a carbonatic rock region in the south of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, has a great number of caves; the bat community of the area is the subject of the present study. Between October 1978 and October 1980 specimens of five families and 23 species were captured. The species showed an irregular distribution among 32 of 39 caves visited. The community is very diversified, consisting of a specially abundant species (Desmodus rotundus), some very common species (Carollia perspicillata, Artibeus lituratus and Anoura caudifer), and several common and rare species. It differs from other neotropical communities studied in the relatively high frequence of A. caudifer, which probably takes over the ecological role of Glossophaga soricina, and in the great diversity of medium to large sized Phyllostominae. The great diversity and the high relative abundance of some species is probably related to the availability of food afforded by farms and domestic stock Ñ important for the herbivorous and hematophagous species Ñ and to the high number of caves Ñ important mainly for the Phyllostominae and probably for D. rotundus. It is suggested that the structure of a roost's community is primarily determined by the location: the more isolated a cave, the greater and more diversified tends to be its community, regardless of the caveis morphometric characteristies («opportunistic occupation»). Only in densely grouped caves factors such as size would tend to be of some importance. Due to the great number of roosts and the lotv sociability of the bats, the Upper Ribeira populations tend to be distributed all over the available caves, that have small populations (with exception of some relatively isolated ones) varying in density through the year. The occurrence of certain species in individual caves seems to be affected by presence of others in the same roost: A. lituratus, Diphylla ecaudata and Chrotopterus auritus tend to occupy the same caves as D. rotundus, whereas Puripterus horrens and A. caudifer avoid them. Common species showed a «sunset-related» timing of flight activity. The emergence of the majority of the populations begins at dusk, but the activity peak at cave entrance varies in timing and duration. The strictly insectivorous species (Peropterix macrotis, Myotis nigricans and P. horrens and also A. caudifer leave the roost earlier, showing an emergence peak during the crepuscle; for the others, the peak occurs after darkening. A few species, such as D. rotundus and Lonchorhina aurita, emerge only after total darkness. The use of temporary, nocturnal roosts seems to be frequent in the Upper Ribeira, occurring during or after foraging activities; individuals of A. lituratus can use caves as ingesting places. C. perspicillata finishes its feeding activities earlier than the other common species, which indicates a high foraging efficiency. With few exceptions, bats of the Upper Ribeira do not carry their young during foraging. The supply of food for the hematophagous species is represented by small and medium sized domestic animals (poultry and pigs); wild animals may also be significant as prey.

Ecologia de populações de morcegos cavernícolas em uma região cárstica do sudeste do Brasil

Eleonora Trajano

Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo

ABSTRACT

The upper valley of the Rio Ribeira, a carbonatic rock region in the south of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, has a great number of caves; the bat community of the area is the subject of the present study. Between October 1978 and October 1980 specimens of five families and 23 species were captured. The species showed an irregular distribution among 32 of 39 caves visited.

The community is very diversified, consisting of a specially abundant species (Desmodus rotundus), some very common species (Carollia perspicillata, Artibeus lituratus and Anoura caudifer), and several common and rare species. It differs from other neotropical communities studied in the relatively high frequence of A. caudifer, which probably takes over the ecological role of Glossophaga soricina, and in the great diversity of medium to large sized Phyllostominae.

The great diversity and the high relative abundance of some species is probably related to the availability of food afforded by farms and domestic stock Ñ important for the herbivorous and hematophagous species Ñ and to the high number of caves Ñ important mainly for the Phyllostominae and probably for D. rotundus.

It is suggested that the structure of a roost's community is primarily determined by the location: the more isolated a cave, the greater and more diversified tends to be its community, regardless of the caveis morphometric characteristies («opportunistic occupation»). Only in densely grouped caves factors such as size would tend to be of some importance.

Due to the great number of roosts and the lotv sociability of the bats, the Upper Ribeira populations tend to be distributed all over the available caves, that have small populations (with exception of some relatively isolated ones) varying in density through the year. The occurrence of certain species in individual caves seems to be affected by presence of others in the same roost: A. lituratus, Diphylla ecaudata and Chrotopterus auritus tend to occupy the same caves as D. rotundus, whereas Puripterus horrens and A. caudifer avoid them.

Common species showed a «sunset-related» timing of flight activity. The emergence of the majority of the populations begins at dusk, but the activity peak at cave entrance varies in timing and duration. The strictly insectivorous species (Peropterix macrotis, Myotis nigricans and P. horrens and also A. caudifer leave the roost earlier, showing an emergence peak during the crepuscle; for the others, the peak occurs after darkening. A few species, such as D. rotundus and Lonchorhina aurita, emerge only after total darkness.

The use of temporary, nocturnal roosts seems to be frequent in the Upper Ribeira, occurring during or after foraging activities; individuals of A. lituratus can use caves as ingesting places. C. perspicillata finishes its feeding activities earlier than the other common species, which indicates a high foraging efficiency. With few exceptions, bats of the Upper Ribeira do not carry their young during foraging.

The supply of food for the hematophagous species is represented by small and medium sized domestic animals (poultry and pigs); wild animals may also be significant as prey.

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AGRADECIMENTOS

Ao Dr. Paulo E. Vanzolini, pela orientação segura que sempre me deu, através principalmente de valiosas críticas e sugestões.

Aos biologistas, estagiários e funcionários do Museu de Zoologia da USP, que de várias maneiras me ajudaram e estimularam, e em especial á Dra. Regina L. Spieker, pelo apoio e orientação, ao Prof. Otto Schmidt, pelo auxílio nos cálculos estatísticos, á Sra. Idelma de Freitas, bibliotecária, ao Sr. Constantino Rossi, e aos amigos Mário de Vivo e Nelson Gomes, pela constante troca de idéias e sugestões críticas.

Ao Museu de Zoologia da USP, na pessoa do seu diretor, Dr. Paulo E. Vanzolini, por ter colocado a minha disposição os recursos que possui.

Aos membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Espeleologia (SBE), cujas atividades forneceram a infraestrutura indispensável á realização deste trabalho, e em especial a Clayton F. Dino, que compartilhou comigo seus conhecimentos sobre as cavernas do Alto Ribeira e me auxiliou em coletas, e a Rosely Rodrigues, Alice O. Stavale, Miguel Gukovas, Cristina Duchêne, Carlos Pio Marins, Lucy Ishibe, Carlos Frederico M. Menck, Francisco Eulógio Martinez e Luis Enrique Sanchez, que me acompanharam em viagens de coleta.

A Ricardo Gonçalves de Oliveira, que me proporcionou tranqüilidade e entusiasmo através de incentivo e apoio moral e material.

Aos habitantes do Bairro da Serra, Vale do Rio Betari, e em especial a David da Motta, que me acompanhou em todas as coletas, tornando possível este estudo, e Vandir de Andrade e família, que me receberam em sua casa e me auxiliaram de diversas maneiras.

Ao Dr. Karl Koopman, do American Museum of Natural History, que confirmou as identificações.

A Michael R. Willlg, a quem devo os primeiros contactos com o trabalho de campo com quirópteros.

À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo pela concessão da bolsa de Mestrado (Biológicas 78/0468) e pelos Auxílios á Pesquisa (Biológicas 78/1234 e 79/1888), que tornaram possível a realização do trabalho de campo.

¹
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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
28 Ago 2009
Data do Fascículo
1984

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ¹
AB' SABER, A. N., 1977. Os domínios morfoclimáticos na América do Sul. Geomorfologia, São Paulo 52: 1-21.

[2] ACOSTA Y LARA, E. F., 1959. Observaciones sobre una colonia de Desmodus rotundus en el Cerro de Salamanca, Depto. de Maldonado. Comun. zool. Mus. Hist. nat. Montev. 4 (83): 1-4.

[3] ANUÁRIO DO INSTITUTO ASTRONÔMICO E GEOFÍSICO. São Paulo. 1978-80.

[4] ARATHA, A. A. & VAUGHAN, J. B., 1970. Analyses of relative abundance and reproductive activity of bats in southeastern Colombia. Caldasia, Bogotá 10: 517-62.

[5] BERNSTEIN, J., 1952. Portrait of a vampire. Nat. Hist., N. Y. 61: 82-87.

[6] BONACCORSO, F. J. & SMYTHE, N., 1972. Punch-marking bats: an alternative to banding. J. Mammal. 53: 389-390.

[7] BROWN, J. H., 1968. Activity patterns of some neotropical bats. J. Mammal. 49: 754-757.

[8] BURNS, R. J. & CRESPO, R. F, 1974. Notes on local movements and reproduction of vampire bats in Colima, México. SWtern Nat. 19 (1): 446-449.

[9] CRESPO, R. F., LINHART, S. B., BURNS, R. J. & MITCHELL, G. C, 1972. Foraging behavior of the common vampire bat related to moonlight. J. Mammal. 53: 366-368.

[10] CRESPO, J. A., VANELLA, J. M., BLOOD, B. D. & CARLO, J. M. de., 1961. Observaciones ecologicas sobre el vampiro (Desmodus rotundus) en el norte de Cordoba. Revta Mus. argent. cienc. nat. Bernardino Rivadavia, Cienc. zool. 6: 131-160.

[11] DALQUEST, W. W., 1965. Natural history of the vampire bats of eastern Mexico. Am Midl. Nat. 53: 79-87.

[12] DALQUEST, W. W. & WALTON, D. W., 1970. Diurnal retreats of bats. In: SLAUGHTER, B. H. & WALTON, D. W., eds. About bats: a quiropteran symposium. Dallas, Tex., Southern Methodist Univ. Press, p. 162-187.

[13] DAVIS, R., 1970. Carrying of young by flying female North American bats. Am. Midl. Nat. 83: 186-196.

[14] DEBLASE, A. F. & MARTIN, R. E., 1974. A manual of mammalogy. Dubuque, Iowa, Brown Co.

[15] DWYER, P. D., 1971. Temperature regulation and cave dwelling in bats: an evolutionary perspective. Mammalia 35: 424-455.

[16] ERKERT, H. G., 1978. Sunset related timing of flight activity in neotropical bats. Oecologia 37 (1): 59-67.

[17] FENTON, M. B., 1970a. Population studies of Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Ontario. Life Sci. Contr., ROM 77: 1-34.

[18] FENTON, M. B., 1970b. A technique for monitoring bat activity with results obtained from different environments in southern Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 48: 847-851.

[19] FENTON, M. B. & KUNZ, T. H., 1977. Movements and behavior. In: BAKER, R.J. et alii, eds. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, 2. Spec. Publs Mus. Texas tech. Univ. 13 : 351-364.

[20] FLEMING, T. H., HOOPER, E. T. & WILSON, D. E., 1972. Three Central American bat communities: structure, reproductive cycles and movement patterns. Ecology 53 : 555-569.

[21] GARDNER. A. L.. 1977. Feeding habits. In: BAKER, R. J. et ali, eds. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, 2. Spec. Publs Mus. Texas tech. Univ. 13 : 293-350.

[22] GLASS, B. P., 1970. Feeding mechanisms of bats. In: SLAUGHTER, B. H. & WALTON, W., eds. About bats: a quiropteran symposium. Dallas, Tex., Southern Methodist Univ. Press., p. 84-92.

[23] GOODWIN, G. G.. 1970. The ecology of Jamaican bats. J. Mammal. 51: 571-579.

[24] GOODWIN, G. G. & GREENHALL, A. M., 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 122 ( 3): 187-302.

[25] GOULD, P. J., 1961. Emergence time of Tadarida in relation to light intensity. J. Mammal. 42 : 405-407.

[26] GREENHALL, A. M., 1970. The use of a precipitin test to determine host preference of the vampire bats, Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata. Bijdr. Dierk. 40: 36-39.

[27] GREENHALL. A. M., 1972. The biting and feeding habits of the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) J. Zool., Lond. 168 (4): 451-461.

[28] GREENHALL, A. M., 1976. Care in captivity. In: BAKER, R. J. et alii, eds. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, 1. Spec. Publs Mus. Texas tech. Univ. 10: 89-132.

[29] HEITHAUS E. A. & FLEMING, T. H., 1978. Foraging movements of a frugivorous bat, Carollia perspicillata. Ecol. Monogr. 48 (2): 127-143.

[30] HEITHAUS, E. R., FLEMING. T. H. & OPLER, T., 1975. Foraging patterns and resource utilization in seven species of bats in a seasonal tropic forest. Ecology 56 : 841-854.

[31] HERREID. C. F., 1963. Temperature regulation of Mexican free-tailed bats in cave habitats. J. Mammal. 44: 560-573.

[32] HERREID, C. F. & DAVIS, R. B., 1966. Flight patterns of bats. J. Mammal. 47: 78-86.

[33] HUECK. K, 1972. As florestas da América do Sul. São Paulo, Ed. Polígono.

[34] HUMPHREY, S. R.. 1975. Nursery roosts and community diversity of nearctic bats. J. Mammal. 56: 321-346.

[35] HUMPHREY, R. R. & BONACCORSO, F. J., 1979. Population and community ecology. In: BAKER, R. J. et alii, eds. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, 3. Spec. Publs Mus. Texas tech. Univ. 16: 409-441.

[36] JIMBO, S. & SCHWASSMANN, H. O., 1967. Feeding behavior and the daily emergence pattern of Artibeus jamaicensis Leach. In: BRASIL. CONSELHO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS. Atas do simpósio sobre a biota amazônica, Belém, PA, 1966, vol. 5 Zoologia. Rio de Janeiro, 1967. p. 239-253.

[37] LABASTILLE. A.. 1973. Vampire, black sheep of the bat family. Int. Wildl. 3 (2): 42-49.

[38] LANGGUTH, A. & ACHAVAL, F., 1972. Notas ecológicas sobre el vampiro Desmodus rotundus em el Uruguay. Neotropica 18 (55): 45-53.

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