Resumo
Haematological changes in ascorbic acid deficient fishes, observed by some authors, awoked the interest in the haematological response of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. The present work studied the influence of different levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the ration on the haematological parameters of pacu. Fishes at the beginning of the experiment, presented average body weight 8.64±1.62g and 6.15±0.33cm standard length, were fed with diets containing 0. 50, 100 and 200mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration. The present work was developed for a period of 24 weeks at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of Aquaculture Center of Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal (São Paulo). The fishes were distributed by the completely randomized design in 20 aquaria of 100 liters capacity with six animals in each and five fold treatment. Condutivity, alcalinity. pH and oxigen were measured weekly and temperature daily. The blood colect was done in 60 anesthetized fishes with 50mg MS-222/1. The results suggests that 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration improved the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and decreased haematocril in unsupplemented fishes, although not differing significantly (P>0.05). The erytrocyte diameter indicated the presence of macrocytic cells in unsupplemented fishes (P<0.05) and the regression analysis showed too reduced neutrophils in unsupplemenled ones, 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration supplementation was enough to development and haematological responses. Furthtermore, the optimum level to the growth is 139mg vitamin C/kg dry ration (P<0.05).
Osteichthyes; Characidae; Piaractus mesopotamicus; haematology; vitamin C; fish
Osteichthyes; Characidae; Piaractus mesopotamicus; haematology; vitamin C; fish
Influência de diferentes níveis de vitamina C na ração sobre parâmetros hematológicos de alevinos de Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae)
Influence of different levels of vitamin C in the ration on the haematological parameters of Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae) fries
Maurício Laterça MartinsI; Newton CastajjnolliII,I; Sônia Maria Fontes ZuimIII,I; Elisabeth Criscuolo UrbinatiIV,I
ICentro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Rodovia Carlos Tonanni km 05, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
IIDepartamento de Zootecnia de não Ruminantes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Rodovia Carlos Tonanni km 05, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
IIIDepartamneto de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Rio Claro, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
IVDepartamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal, Rodovia Carlos Tonanni km 05, 14870-000 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
ABSTRACT
Haematological changes in ascorbic acid deficient fishes, observed by some authors, awoked the interest in the haematological response of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. The present work studied the influence of different levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the ration on the haematological parameters of pacu. Fishes at the beginning of the experiment, presented average body weight 8.64±1.62g and 6.15±0.33cm standard length, were fed with diets containing 0. 50, 100 and 200mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration. The present work was developed for a period of 24 weeks at the Fish Nutrition Laboratory of Aquaculture Center of Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal (São Paulo). The fishes were distributed by the completely randomized design in 20 aquaria of 100 liters capacity with six animals in each and five fold treatment. Condutivity, alcalinity. pH and oxigen were measured weekly and temperature daily. The blood colect was done in 60 anesthetized fishes with 50mg MS-222/1. The results suggests that 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration improved the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and decreased haematocril in unsupplemented fishes, although not differing significantly (P>0.05). The erytrocyte diameter indicated the presence of macrocytic cells in unsupplemented fishes (P<0.05) and the regression analysis showed too reduced neutrophils in unsupplemenled ones, 50mg ascorbic acid/kg dry ration supplementation was enough to development and haematological responses. Furthtermore, the optimum level to the growth is 139mg vitamin C/kg dry ration (P<0.05).
Key words: Osteichthyes, Characidae, Piaractus mesopotamicus, haematology, vitamin C, fish
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AGRADECIMENTO. Os autores agradecem ao Prof. Dr. Sérgio do Nascimento Kronka do Departamento de Ciências Exatas da Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal (São Paulo), pelo auxilio nas análises estatísticas. Financiado pela FAPESP processo 1601-0/92.
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Agrawal, N.K. & C.L. Mahajan. 1980. Nutritional deficiency disease in an indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala Hamilton, due to avitaminosis C during early growth. J. Fish Dis. 3: 231-248.
Andrews, J.W. & T. Murai. 1975. Studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish (letalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 105: 557-561.
Chatterjee, G.C. 1967. Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency in animals, p.407-456. In: W.H. Sebrell Jr. & R.S. Harris (ed.). The Vitamins. New York, Academic Press, vol. 1.
Cox, E.V. 1968. The anemia of scurvy, p. 635-651. In: R.S. Harris; I.G. Wool & J.A. Loraine (ed.). Vitamins and Hormones. New York, Academic press, vol. 26.
Dabrowski. K.; N. El-Fiky; G. Kock; M. Frigg & W. Wieser. 1990. Requirement and utilization of ascorbic acid and ascorbic sulfate in juvenile rainhow trout. Aquaculture 91: 317-337.
Durve, V.S. & R.T. Lovell. 1982. Vitamin C and disease resistance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39 (7): 948-951.
Ellis, A.E. 1977. The leucocytes of fish: a review. J. Fish Biol. 11: 453-491.
El Naggar, G.O. & R.T. Lovell. 1991. L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate has equal antiscorbutic activity as L-ascorbic acid but L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate is inferior to L-ascorbic acid for channel catfish. J. Nutr. 121: 1622-1626.
Ganguly, R.; M.F. Durieux & R.H. Waldman. 1976. Macrophage function in vitamin C deficient guinea pigs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 762-765.
Golterman, H.L.; R.S. Clymo & M.A. Ohnstad. 1978. Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwater. Oxford. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 2nd. ed., 213p.
Ham, A.W. 1972. Histologia. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 6ª ed., 990p.
Hilton, J.W.; C.Y. Cho & S.J. Slinger. 1978. Effect of graded levels of supplemental ascorbic acid in practical diets fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35 (4): 431-436.
Li, Y. & R.T. Lovell. 1985. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. J. Nutr. 115: 123-131.
Lovell, R.T. 1982. Elevated levels of vitamin C increase disease resistance in channel catfish. Highlights of Agricultural Research 29 (1).
Lovell, R.T. & C. Lim. 1978. Vitamin C in pond diets for channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107 (2): 321-325.
Martins, M. L. (in press). Effects of ascorbic acid defeciency on the growth, gill filament lesions and behaviour of pacus fry (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
Millikin, M.R. 1982. Qualitative and quantitative nutrient requirements of fishes: a review. Fish. Bull. 80 (4): 655-686.
Mustin, W.G. & R.T. Lovell. 1992. Na-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate as a source of vitamin C for channel catfish. Aquaculture 105: 95-100.
Navarre, O. & J.E. Halver. 19889. Disease resistance and humoral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high levels of vitamin C. Aquaculture 79: 207-221.
Nungester, W.J. & A.M. Ames. 1948. The relationship between ascorbic acid and phagocytic activity. J. Infect. Dis. 83: 50-59.
Roberts, R.J. 1981. Patologia de los peces. Madrid, Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, 366p.
Rosenlund, G.; L. Jorgensen; R. Waagbo & K. Sandnes. 1990. Effects of different dietary levels of ascorbic acid in place (Pleuronectes platessa L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 96A (3): 395-398.
Shilotri, P.G. 1977. Phagocytosis and leukocyte enzimes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. J. Nutr. 107: 1513-1516.
Tacon, A.G.J. 1985. Nutritional fish pathology. Morphological signs of nutrient deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish. Rome, FAO, ADCP, REP/85/22, 33p.
Untergasser, D. 1989. Handbook of Fish Diseases. U.S.A.,TFH Publications, 160p.
Recebido em 30.XI.1994; aceito em 01.X.1995.
- Agrawal, N.K. & C.L. Mahajan. 1980. Nutritional deficiency disease in an indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala Hamilton, due to avitaminosis C during early growth. J. Fish Dis. 3: 231-248.
- Andrews, J.W. & T. Murai. 1975. Studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish (letalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 105: 557-561.
- Chatterjee, G.C. 1967. Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency in animals, p.407-456. In: W.H. Sebrell Jr. & R.S. Harris (ed.). The Vitamins. New York, Academic Press, vol. 1.
- Cox, E.V. 1968. The anemia of scurvy, p. 635-651. In: R.S. Harris; I.G. Wool & J.A. Loraine (ed.). Vitamins and Hormones. New York, Academic press, vol. 26.
- Dabrowski. K.; N. El-Fiky; G. Kock; M. Frigg & W. Wieser. 1990. Requirement and utilization of ascorbic acid and ascorbic sulfate in juvenile rainhow trout. Aquaculture 91: 317-337.
- Durve, V.S. & R.T. Lovell. 1982. Vitamin C and disease resistance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39 (7): 948-951.
- Ellis, A.E. 1977. The leucocytes of fish: a review. J. Fish Biol. 11: 453-491.
- El Naggar, G.O. & R.T. Lovell. 1991. L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate has equal antiscorbutic activity as L-ascorbic acid but L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate is inferior to L-ascorbic acid for channel catfish. J. Nutr. 121: 1622-1626.
- Ganguly, R.; M.F. Durieux & R.H. Waldman. 1976. Macrophage function in vitamin C deficient guinea pigs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 762-765.
- Golterman, H.L.; R.S. Clymo & M.A. Ohnstad. 1978. Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwater. Oxford. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 2nd. ed., 213p.
- Ham, A.W. 1972. Histologia. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan, 6ª ed., 990p.
- Hilton, J.W.; C.Y. Cho & S.J. Slinger. 1978. Effect of graded levels of supplemental ascorbic acid in practical diets fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35 (4): 431-436.
- Li, Y. & R.T. Lovell. 1985. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. J. Nutr. 115: 123-131.
- Lovell, R.T. 1982. Elevated levels of vitamin C increase disease resistance in channel catfish. Highlights of Agricultural Research 29 (1).
- Lovell, R.T. & C. Lim. 1978. Vitamin C in pond diets for channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107 (2): 321-325.
- Martins, M. L. (in press). Effects of ascorbic acid defeciency on the growth, gill filament lesions and behaviour of pacus fry (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.
- Millikin, M.R. 1982. Qualitative and quantitative nutrient requirements of fishes: a review. Fish. Bull. 80 (4): 655-686.
- Mustin, W.G. & R.T. Lovell. 1992. Na-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate as a source of vitamin C for channel catfish. Aquaculture 105: 95-100.
- Navarre, O. & J.E. Halver. 19889. Disease resistance and humoral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high levels of vitamin C. Aquaculture 79: 207-221.
- Nungester, W.J. & A.M. Ames. 1948. The relationship between ascorbic acid and phagocytic activity. J. Infect. Dis. 83: 50-59.
- Roberts, R.J. 1981. Patologia de los peces. Madrid, Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, 366p.
- Rosenlund, G.; L. Jorgensen; R. Waagbo & K. Sandnes. 1990. Effects of different dietary levels of ascorbic acid in place (Pleuronectes platessa L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 96A (3): 395-398.
- Shilotri, P.G. 1977. Phagocytosis and leukocyte enzimes in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. J. Nutr. 107: 1513-1516.
- Tacon, A.G.J. 1985. Nutritional fish pathology. Morphological signs of nutrient deficiency and toxicity in farmed fish. Rome, FAO, ADCP, REP/85/22, 33p.
- Untergasser, D. 1989. Handbook of Fish Diseases. U.S.A.,TFH Publications, 160p.
Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
21 Jul 2009 -
Data do Fascículo
Set 1995
Histórico
-
Aceito
01 Out 1995 -
Recebido
30 Nov 1994
