Morcegos cavernícolas da região do Distrito Federal, centro-oeste do Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Bredt, Angelika; Uieda, Wilson; Magalhães, Edvard Dias

doi:10.1590/S0101-81751999000300012

Resumo

Between 1989 and 1995, twenty caves in the Distrito Federal area in mid-western Brazil were assessed for bat species richness, frequency, spatial distribution, behavior, reproduction and inter-specific cohabitation. The general state of conservation of the caves was also assessed. Of the 20 caves studied, 12 were less than 100 m long, five between 100 m and 300 m, and three were longerthan 300 m. Twenty-two species of six different families were observed: 16 species belonged to Phyllostomidae, two to Vespertilionidae and Mormoopidae and one to Furipteridae and Emballonuridae. In this study, 17 species were characterized as Distrito Federal cave dwellers. The most prevalent were Desmodus rotundus, Glossophaga soricina and Carollia perspicillata. The least prevalent were Lonchorhina aurita, Pteronotus gymnonotus and Phylloderma stenops. Since some Anoura caudifer, Platyrrhinus lineatus, Myotis nigricans, Micronycteris minuta, and Eptesicus brasiliensis individuals were captured only while going into the caves early in the night, they were not considered cave dwellers. Even though, they probably use the caves as a daytime roosting place. Surprisingly, Lonchophylla dekeyseri, considered to be the only endemic bat species in the Cerrado ecosystem, was observed in three of the surveyed caves. Further biological studies are necessary to determine the biology of L. dekeyseri and the necessity of its conservation. The bat colonies observed were usually of a small size. Few colonies of D. rotundus and Anoura geoffroyi contained more than 300 individuals of both sexes. Only a inale group of L. aurita was observed in the Distrito Federal area. Twelve of the surveyed caves were hard to access and therefore well protected. Four of the caves received some public visitation, two were located near limestone mines, one was located near an urban area. and one had both public visitation and deforestation near its entrance. In this latter cave, no bats were observed after november 1994, probably due to the urbanization process. Special attention should be given to eight of the surveyed caves in any plan made for the conservation of cave bats in the Distrito Federal area. These caves host a high bat diversity (six or more species) and also shelter two rare and one endemic bat species.

Mammalia; ecology; behavior; cave bats communities; conservation; neotropical region

Morcegos cavernícolas da região do Distrito Federal, centro-oeste do Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Cave bats from the Distrito Federal area in Mid-Western Brazil (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Angelika Bredt^I; Wilson Uieda^II; Edvard Dias Magalhães^III

^IGerência de Controle de Zoonoses, Instituto de Saúde do Distrito Federal. 70620-000 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista. 18618-000 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil

^IIIEspeleo Grupo de Brasília. Caixa Postal 468, 70359-970 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Between 1989 and 1995, twenty caves in the Distrito Federal area in mid-western Brazil were assessed for bat species richness, frequency, spatial distribution, behavior, reproduction and inter-specific cohabitation. The general state of conservation of the caves was also assessed. Of the 20 caves studied, 12 were less than 100 m long, five between 100 m and 300 m, and three were longerthan 300 m. Twenty-two species of six different families were observed: 16 species belonged to Phyllostomidae, two to Vespertilionidae and Mormoopidae and one to Furipteridae and Emballonuridae. In this study, 17 species were characterized as Distrito Federal cave dwellers. The most prevalent were Desmodus rotundus, Glossophaga soricina and Carollia perspicillata. The least prevalent were Lonchorhina aurita, Pteronotus gymnonotus and Phylloderma stenops. Since some Anoura caudifer, Platyrrhinus lineatus, Myotis nigricans, Micronycteris minuta, and Eptesicus brasiliensis individuals were captured only while going into the caves early in the night, they were not considered cave dwellers. Even though, they probably use the caves as a daytime roosting place. Surprisingly, Lonchophylla dekeyseri, considered to be the only endemic bat species in the Cerrado ecosystem, was observed in three of the surveyed caves. Further biological studies are necessary to determine the biology of L. dekeyseri and the necessity of its conservation. The bat colonies observed were usually of a small size. Few colonies of D. rotundus and Anoura geoffroyi contained more than 300 individuals of both sexes. Only a inale group of L. aurita was observed in the Distrito Federal area. Twelve of the surveyed caves were hard to access and therefore well protected. Four of the caves received some public visitation, two were located near limestone mines, one was located near an urban area. and one had both public visitation and deforestation near its entrance. In this latter cave, no bats were observed after november 1994, probably due to the urbanization process. Special attention should be given to eight of the surveyed caves in any plan made for the conservation of cave bats in the Distrito Federal area. These caves host a high bat diversity (six or more species) and also shelter two rare and one endemic bat species.

Key words: Mammalia, ecology, behavior, cave bats communities, conservation, neotropical region.

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AGRADECIMENTOS. Somos gratos a Eleonora Trajano, Wagner A. Pedro, Nélio R. dos Reis e Adriano L. Peracchi, pelas leitura crítica do manuscrito e valiosas sugestões; a E. Trajano e W.A Pedro, pela uso de informações não publicadas; a João B. da Costa, Mauro L. Martins, Paulo H. de Oliveira, Elilia R.N. Rocha e Edgard D. Magalhães pelo valioso auxílio nos trabalhos de campo; à FAP-DF (190280/94) e FAPESP (94/2235-2) pelo financiamento de parte do trabalho, e a Fundação Nacional de Saúde pelo custeio de parte das viagens de W. Uieda a Brasília.

Recebido em 27.II.1998; aceito em 19.VII.1999.

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ARATA, A.A. & J.B. VAUGHAN. 1970 Analyses of the relative abundance and reproductive activity of bats in southwestern Colômbia. Caldasia 10 (50): 517-528.
ARITA, H.T. 1993. Conservation biology of the cave bats of Mexico. Jour. Mamm. 74 (3): 693-702.
______ . 1996. The conservation of cave-roosting bats in Yucatan, México. Biol. Conserv. 76: 177-185.
ARITA, H.T. & J.A. VARGAS. 1995. Natural history, interspecific association, and incidence of the cave bats of Yucatan, México. Southwest. Nat. 40 (1): 29-37.
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______ . 1995. Movement patterns and roosts of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus in the interior of São Paulo State. Naturalia, São Paulo, 20: 191-194.
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GOODWIN, G.G. & A.M. Greenhall. 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 187-302.
GRAHAM, G.L. 1988. Interspecific associations among Peruvian bats at diurnal roosts and roost sites. Jour. Mamm. 69 (4): 711-720.
GREENHALL, A.M. 1988. Feeding behavior, p. 111-131. In: A.M. Greenhall & U. Schmidt (Eds). Natural history of vampire bats. Florida, CRC Press, 246p.
GREENHALL, A.M.; G. JOERMANN & U. SCHMIDT. 1983. Desmodus rotundus. Mammal. Species 202: 1-6.
GREENHALL, A.M.; U. SCHMIDT & G. JOERMANN. 1984. Diphylla ecaudata. Mammal. Species 227: 1-3.
HERD, R.M. 1983. Pteronotus parnellii. Mammal. Species 209: 1-5.
JEPSEN, G.L. 1970. Bat origins and evolution, p. 1-64. In: W.A. Wimsatt (Ed.). Biology of bats. New York, Academic Press, Vol. 1, XII+406p.
Karmann, I.L.E. 1979. Distribuição das rochas carbonáticas e províncias espeleológicas do Brasil. Espeleotema 13: 105-167.
KUNZ, T.H. 1982. Roosting ecology of bats, p.1-55. In: T.H. Kunz (Ed.). Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, XVIII+425p.
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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
15 Jun 2009
Data do Fascículo
1999

Histórico

Aceito
19 Jul 1999
Recebido
27 Fev 1998

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AGUIAR, L. & V.A. TADDEI. 1995. Workshop sobre a conservação dos morcegos brasileiros. Chiroptera Neotropical 1 (2): 24-29.

[2] ALLEN, G.M. 1939. Bats. New York, Dover, 368p.

[3] Alonso-Mejía, A. & R.A. Medellín. 1991. Micronycteris megalotis. Mammal. Species 376: 1-6.

[4] ALTRINGHAM, J.D. 1996. Bats, biology and behaviour. Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, 262p.

[5] ARATA, A.A. & J.B. VAUGHAN. 1970 Analyses of the relative abundance and reproductive activity of bats in southwestern Colômbia. Caldasia 10 (50): 517-528.

[6] ARITA, H.T. 1993. Conservation biology of the cave bats of Mexico. Jour. Mamm. 74 (3): 693-702.

[7] ______ . 1996. The conservation of cave-roosting bats in Yucatan, México. Biol. Conserv. 76: 177-185.

[8] ARITA, H.T. & J.A. VARGAS. 1995. Natural history, interspecific association, and incidence of the cave bats of Yucatan, México. Southwest. Nat. 40 (1): 29-37.

[9] BATEMAN, G.C. & T.A. VAUGHAN. 1974. Nightly activities of mormoopid bats. Jour. Mammal. 55 (1): 45-65

[10] BAUMGARTEN, J.E. & E.M. VIEIRA. 1994. Reproductive seasonality and development of Anoura geoffroyi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in central Brazil. Mammalia 58 (3): 415-422.

[11] BRASIL. 1990. Decreto nº 99.556 de 01 de outubro de 1990. Dispõe sobre a proteção das cavidades subterrâneas no território nacional e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brasília, v. 128, n. 190, p. 18.836, 20 de outubro de 1990.

[12] BREDT, A.; F.A.A. ARAÚJO; J. CAETANO-JUNIOR; M.G.R. RODRIGUES; M. YOSHIZAWA; M.M.S. SILVA; N.M.S. HARMANI; P.N.T. MASSUNAGA; S.P. BURER; V.A.R PORTO & W. UIEDA. 1996. Morcegos de áreas urbanas e rurais: manual de manejo e controle. Brasília, Ministério da Saúde, Fundação Nacional de Saúde, 117p.

[13] BREDT, A. & W. UIEDA. 1996. Bats from urban and rural environments of the Distrito Federal, Mid-western Brazil. Chiroptera Neotropical 2 (2): 54-57.

[14] CAMARGO, L. & J.R. TAMSITT. 1990. Second occurrence of the smoky bat (Furipterus horrens) in Colômbia. Mammalia 54 (1): 157-158.

[15] CAMPANHÃ, R.A. & H.G. FOWLER. 1993. Roosting assemblages of bats in Arenitic caves in remnant fragments of Atlantic forest in Southeastern Brazil. Biotropica 25 (3): 362-365.

[16] ______ . 1995. Movement patterns and roosts of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus in the interior of São Paulo State. Naturalia, São Paulo, 20: 191-194.

[17] CARDOSO, M. 1995. Prey-type of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus from Mid-Western Brazil, revealed by tests of precipitin on stomach blood meal. Chiroptera Neotropical 1 (2): 31-32.

[18] CEBALLOS-GONZÁLEZ, G. & C. GALINDO-LEAL. 1984. Mamíferos silvestres de la Cuenca de México. México, Limusa, 299p.

[19] CLOUTIER, D. & D.W. THOMAS. 1992. Carollia perspicillata. Mammal. Species 417: 1-9.

[20] CODEPLAN. 1984. Atlas do Distrito Federal. Brasília, Companhia de Desenvolvimento do Planalto, 79p.

[21] COIMBRA Jr., C.E.A.; M.M. BORGES; D.Q. GUERRA & D.A. MELLO. 1982. Contribuição à zoogeografia e ecologia de morcegos em regiões de cerrado do Brasil Central. Bol. Tec. Rev. Brasil Florestal, IBDF, 7: 34-38.

[22] DNPM. 1981. Geologia e inventário dos recursos minerais da região central do Estado de Goiás - Projeto Brasília. Brasília, 148p.

[23] EISENBERG, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics, the northern Neotropics: Panamá, Colômbia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana. Chicago, Chicago Univ. Press, Vol. 1, X+449p.

[24] EITEN, E. 1990. Vegetação, p.9-65. In: M. Novaes-Pinto (Ed.). Cerrado: caracterização, ocupação e perspectivas. Brasília, Ed. Unb, 681p.

[25] FENTON, M.B. & T.H. KUNZ. 1977. Movements and behavior, p. 351-364. In: R.J. BAKER; J.K. JONES JR. & D.C. Carter (Eds). Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, Part II. Spec. Publs. Mus. Texas Tech. Univ. 13: 1-364.

[26] GARDNER, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits, p. 293-350. In: R.J. BAKER; J.K. JONES Jr. & D.C. CARTER (Eds). Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, Part II. Spec. Publs. Mus. Texas Tech. Univ. 13: 1-364.

[27] GOODWIN, G.G. & A.M. Greenhall. 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 187-302.

[28] GRAHAM, G.L. 1988. Interspecific associations among Peruvian bats at diurnal roosts and roost sites. Jour. Mamm. 69 (4): 711-720.

[29] GREENHALL, A.M. 1988. Feeding behavior, p. 111-131. In: A.M. Greenhall & U. Schmidt (Eds). Natural history of vampire bats. Florida, CRC Press, 246p.

[30] GREENHALL, A.M.; G. JOERMANN & U. SCHMIDT. 1983. Desmodus rotundus. Mammal. Species 202: 1-6.

[31] GREENHALL, A.M.; U. SCHMIDT & G. JOERMANN. 1984. Diphylla ecaudata. Mammal. Species 227: 1-3.

[32] HERD, R.M. 1983. Pteronotus parnellii. Mammal. Species 209: 1-5.

[33] JEPSEN, G.L. 1970. Bat origins and evolution, p. 1-64. In: W.A. Wimsatt (Ed.). Biology of bats. New York, Academic Press, Vol. 1, XII+406p.

[34] Karmann, I.L.E. 1979. Distribuição das rochas carbonáticas e províncias espeleológicas do Brasil. Espeleotema 13: 105-167.

[35] KUNZ, T.H. 1982. Roosting ecology of bats, p.1-55. In: T.H. Kunz (Ed.). Ecology of bats. New York, Plenum Press, XVIII+425p.

[36] Lassieur, S. & D.E. Wilson. 1989. Lonchorhina aurita. Mammal. Species 347: 1-4.

[37] LAVAL, R.K. 1977. Notes on some Costa Rican bats. Brenesia 10/11: 77-83.

[38] Marinho-Filho, J.S. 1996. The Brazilian cerrado bat fauna and its conservation. Chiroptera neotropical 2 (1): 37-39.

[39] McCRACKEN, G.F. & J.W. Bradbury. 1981. Social organization and kinship in the polygonous bat Phyllostomus hastatus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8: 11-34.

[40] MEDELLÍN, R.A. 1989. Chrotopterus auritus. Mammal. Species 343: 1-5.

[41] NOWAK, R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Baltimore, John Hopkins Univ. Press, 5ª Ed., 1629p.

[42] ORTEGA, J. & H.T. ARITA. 1997. Mimon bennettii. Mammal. Species 549: 1-4.

[43] PERACCHI, A.L. & S.T. ALBUQUERQUE. 1971. Lista provisória dos quirópteros dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Guanabara, Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 31: 405-413.

[44] PICCININI, R.S. & C.A.C. AQUINO. 1979. Aplicação experimental do anticoagulante Diphenadiona (2-difenilacetil-1,3, indandiona) no controle ao vampiro, Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Bol. Def. Sanit. Anim. 13 (1-4): 126-131.

[45] RANSOME, R.D. 1990. The natural history of hibernating bats. London, Chistopher Helm, 235p.

[46] Redford, K.H. & J.F. Eisenberg. 1992. Mammals of the neotropics, The Southern cone, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, Vol. 2, IX+430p.

[47] RODRIGUES, M.G.R.; A. BREDT & W. UIEDA. 1994. Arborização de Brasília, Distrito Federal, e possíveis fontes de alimento para morcegos fitófagos. An. Cong. Brasil. Arbor. Urb. 2: 311-326.

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