Species list of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) of Santarém area, Pará State, Brazil

Bernard, Enrico

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752001000200016

Abstract

Despite its enormous area, diversity of habitat, and bat species, studies in the Brazilian Amazon represent just a small portion of the bat research in the South América. Consequently, the distribution of the major part of the bat species in the Brazilian Amazon remains incompletely documented. Conservation strategies involving bat species in the Brazilian Amazon may be difficult without more information about geographic distribution, status, roost, food preferences, and reproduction of the species. Here is presented an updated list of species of bats of Alter do Chão, and complete this list with data from the nearby Amazon National Park, providing a list of bats in the Santarém area. This list includes at least 55 species of bats, representing 34 genera, and 7 families. The higher taxonomic composition of bat fauna of Santarérn area is similar to other areas sampled in the Brazilian Amazon, with a high proportion of frugivores, but the number of aerial insectivores is lower, probably due the use of mist nets as the principal sampling method.

Chiroptera; species list; Amazon forest; bats; biodiversity; Tapajós river; Santarém; Brazil

Species list of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) of Santarém area, Pará State, Brazil

Enrico Bernard

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Inpa), Manaus, Brasil. Present address: Department of Biology, York University. 4700 Keele St., Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3. E-mail: ebernard@yorku.ca

ABSTRACT

Despite its enormous area, diversity of habitat, and bat species, studies in the Brazilian Amazon represent just a small portion of the bat research in the South América. Consequently, the distribution of the major part of the bat species in the Brazilian Amazon remains incompletely documented. Conservation strategies involving bat species in the Brazilian Amazon may be difficult without more information about geographic distribution, status, roost, food preferences, and reproduction of the species. Here is presented an updated list of species of bats of Alter do Chão, and complete this list with data from the nearby Amazon National Park, providing a list of bats in the Santarém area. This list includes at least 55 species of bats, representing 34 genera, and 7 families. The higher taxonomic composition of bat fauna of Santarérn area is similar to other areas sampled in the Brazilian Amazon, with a high proportion of frugivores, but the number of aerial insectivores is lower, probably due the use of mist nets as the principal sampling method.

Key-words: Chiroptera, species list, Amazon forest, bats, biodiversity, Tapajós river, Santarém, Brazil

Full text available only in PDF format.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Field work in Alter do Chão was possible thanks 10 a CNPq grant no. 521102-95.2 to Dr. W.E. Magnusson. Drs. C. O. Handley and E.K.V. Kalko provided many helpful comments on the identification of bats. A.L.K.M. Albernaz and E. Farias helped in tield logistics. Dr. M.B. Fenton reviewed the early drafts of this manuscript.

REFERENCES

AB'SABER, A.N. 1977. Os domínios morfoclimáticos na América do Sul: primeira aproximação. Geomorfologia 52:1-21.

BERNARD, E. 2001. Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 17:115-126.

BERNARD, E.; A.L.K.M. ALBERNAZ & W.E. MAGNUSSON (in press). Bat species composition in three localities in the Amazon Basin. Studs Neotrop. Fauna Environ.

BONACCORSO, F.J. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 24:359-408.

BROSSET, A. & P. CHARLES-DOMINIQUE 1990. The bats of French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54:509-559.

CAVALCANTI, R.B. 1988. Conservation of birds in the cerrado of Central Brazil, p. 59-66. In: Ecology and conservation of grassland birds. International Council for Bird Preservation, Technical Publication VII.

CHAO.A. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of the numbers of classes in a population. Scand. Jour. Stat. 11:265-270.

EMMONS, L.H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., 307p.

FENTON, M.B. 1988. Detecting, recording, and analyzing vocalizations of bats, p. 91-104. In: T.H. KUNZ (Ed.). Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian lnst. Press, 533p.

FLEMING,T.H.; E.T.HO0PER & D.E. WILSON.1972. Three Central American bat communities: structure, reproductive cycles, and movements patterns. Ecology 53:555-569.

GARDNER, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits, p. 293-350. In: R.J. BAKER, J.K. JONES & D.C CARTER (Eds). Biology of bats of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part II. Spec. Publ. Texas Tech Univ. XIII, 364p.

GEORGE, T.K.; S.A. MARQUES; M. DE VIVO; L.C. BRANCH; N.F. GOMES & R. RODRIGUES. 1988. Levantamento de mamíferos do Parna Tapajós. Brasil Florestal 63:33-41.

GRIBEL, R. & V.A. TADDEI. 1989. Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonatia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon. Jour. Mammal. 70:871-873.

HANDLEY J.R., C.O. 1966. Checklist of the mammals of Panama, p. 753-795. In: R.L. WENZEL & V.J. TIPTON (Eds). Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Press, 824p.

______. 1967. Bats of the canopy of an Amazonian forest. Atas Simp. sobre a Biota Amaz. 5:211-215.

______. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. (Biol. Ser.) 20(5):1-91.

HUMPHREY. S.R.; F.J. BONACCORSO & T.L. ZINN. 1983. Guild structure of surface-gleaning bats in Panamá. Ecology 64:284-294.

HUTTERER, R.; M. VERHAAGAH; J. DILLER & R. PODLOUCKY. 1995. An inventory of mammals observed at Panguana Biological Station, Amazonian Peru. Ecotropica 1:3-20.

JANSON, C.H. & L.H. EMMONS. 1990. Ecological structure of the nonflying mammal community at Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru, p. 314-338. In: A.H. GENTRY (Ed.). Four Neotropical rainforests. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 627p.

KALKO, E.K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats, and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae). Symp. Zool. Soc. London 67:259-273.

KALKO, E.K.V.; C.O. HANDLEY & D. HANDLEY. 1996. Organization, diversity, and long-terrn dynamics of a Neotropical bat community, p. 503-553. In: M.L. CODY & J.A. SMALLWOOD (Eds). Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. San Diego, Academic Press, 597p.

KOOPMAN, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera, p. 137-241. In: D.E. WILSON & D.M. REEDER (Eds). Mammals species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1206p.

MARINHO-FILHO, J. & I. SAZIMA. 1998. Brazilian bats and Conservation Biology: a first survey, p. 282-294. In: T.H. KUNZ & P.A. RACEY (Eds). Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 365p.

MARQUES, S.A. 1985. Novos registros de morcegos do Parque Nacional da Amazônia (Tapajós), com observações do período de atividade noturna e reprodução. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém. 2(1):71-83.

MARQUES, S.A. 1986. Activity cycle, feeding, and reproduction of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Brazil. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 2:159-180.

MIRANDA, I.S. 1993. Estrutura do estrato arbóreo do cerrado amazônico em Alter do Chão, Pará, Brasil. Revta Brasil. Bot. 16(2):143-150.

MOK, W.Y.; D.E. WILSON; L.A. LACEY & R.C.C. Luizão, 1982. Lista atualizada de quirópteros da Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amaz. 12(4):817-823.

PICCININI, R.S. 1974. Lista provisória dos quirópteros da coleção do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 77:1-32.

PIRES, J.M. & G.T. PRANCE. 1985. The vegetation types of the Brazilian Amazon, p. 109-145. In: G.T. PRANCE & T.E. LOVEJOY (Eds). Key environments: Amazonia. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 442p.

REIS, N.R. 1984. Estrutura de comunidades de morcegos na região de Manaus, Amazonas. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44:247-254.

REIS, N.R. & A.L. PERACCHI. 1987. Quirópteros da região de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 3(2):161-182.

REIS, N.R. & H.O.R. SCHUBART. 1979. Notas preliminares sobre os morcegos do Parque Nacional da Amazonia (Médio Tapajós). Acta Amaz. 9(3):507-515.

RYLANDS, A.B. & L.P.S. PINTO. 1998. Conservação da Biodiversidade na Amazônia Brasileira: uma analise do sistema de unidades de conservação. Cadernos Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável 1:14-15.

SANAIOTTI, T.M. & W.E. MAGNUSSON. 1995. Effects of annual tires on the production of fleshy fruits eaten by birds in a Brazilian Amazonian savanna. Jour. Trop. Ecol, 11:53-65.

SIMMONS, N.B. & R.S. VOSS. 1998. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part I Bats. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Rist. 237:1-219p.

TADDEI, V.A & N.R. REIS. 1980. Notas sobre alguns morcegos da Ilha de Maracá, Território Federal de Roraima (Mammalia:Chiroptera). Acta Amaz. 10:363-368.

TIMM, R.M. 1994. The mammal fauna, p. 229-237. In: L.A. MCDADE (Ed.). La Selva: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical rainforest. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 486p.

UIEDA, W. & J. VASCONCELLOS-NETO.1985. Dispersão de Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) por morcegos, na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 2:449-458.

Voss, R.S. & L.H. EMMONS. 1996. Mammalian diversity in Neotropical lowland rainforest: a preliminary assesment. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 230:1-115p.

Recebido em 18.XI.1999; aceito em 22.V.2001.

AB'SABER, A.N. 1977. Os domínios morfoclimáticos na América do Sul: primeira aproximação. Geomorfologia 52:1-21.
BERNARD, E. 2001. Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 17:115-126.
BERNARD, E.; A.L.K.M. ALBERNAZ & W.E. MAGNUSSON (in press). Bat species composition in three localities in the Amazon Basin. Studs Neotrop. Fauna Environ.
BONACCORSO, F.J. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 24:359-408.
BROSSET, A. & P. CHARLES-DOMINIQUE 1990. The bats of French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54:509-559.
CAVALCANTI, R.B. 1988. Conservation of birds in the cerrado of Central Brazil, p. 59-66. In: Ecology and conservation of grassland birds. International Council for Bird Preservation, Technical Publication VII.
CHAO.A. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of the numbers of classes in a population. Scand. Jour. Stat. 11:265-270.
EMMONS, L.H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., 307p.
FENTON, M.B. 1988. Detecting, recording, and analyzing vocalizations of bats, p. 91-104. In: T.H. KUNZ (Ed.). Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian lnst. Press, 533p.
FLEMING,T.H.; E.T.HO0PER & D.E. WILSON.1972. Three Central American bat communities: structure, reproductive cycles, and movements patterns. Ecology 53:555-569.
GARDNER, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits, p. 293-350. In: R.J. BAKER, J.K. JONES & D.C CARTER (Eds). Biology of bats of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part II. Spec. Publ. Texas Tech Univ. XIII, 364p.
GEORGE, T.K.; S.A. MARQUES; M. DE VIVO; L.C. BRANCH; N.F. GOMES & R. RODRIGUES. 1988. Levantamento de mamíferos do Parna Tapajós. Brasil Florestal 63:33-41.
GRIBEL, R. & V.A. TADDEI. 1989. Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonatia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon. Jour. Mammal. 70:871-873.
HANDLEY J.R., C.O. 1966. Checklist of the mammals of Panama, p. 753-795. In: R.L. WENZEL & V.J. TIPTON (Eds). Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Press, 824p.
______. 1967. Bats of the canopy of an Amazonian forest. Atas Simp. sobre a Biota Amaz. 5:211-215.
______. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. (Biol. Ser.) 20(5):1-91.
HUMPHREY. S.R.; F.J. BONACCORSO & T.L. ZINN. 1983. Guild structure of surface-gleaning bats in Panamá. Ecology 64:284-294.
HUTTERER, R.; M. VERHAAGAH; J. DILLER & R. PODLOUCKY. 1995. An inventory of mammals observed at Panguana Biological Station, Amazonian Peru. Ecotropica 1:3-20.
JANSON, C.H. & L.H. EMMONS. 1990. Ecological structure of the nonflying mammal community at Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru, p. 314-338. In: A.H. GENTRY (Ed.). Four Neotropical rainforests. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 627p.
KALKO, E.K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats, and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae). Symp. Zool. Soc. London 67:259-273.
KALKO, E.K.V.; C.O. HANDLEY & D. HANDLEY. 1996. Organization, diversity, and long-terrn dynamics of a Neotropical bat community, p. 503-553. In: M.L. CODY & J.A. SMALLWOOD (Eds). Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. San Diego, Academic Press, 597p.
KOOPMAN, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera, p. 137-241. In: D.E. WILSON & D.M. REEDER (Eds). Mammals species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1206p.
MARINHO-FILHO, J. & I. SAZIMA. 1998. Brazilian bats and Conservation Biology: a first survey, p. 282-294. In: T.H. KUNZ & P.A. RACEY (Eds). Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 365p.
MARQUES, S.A. 1985. Novos registros de morcegos do Parque Nacional da Amazônia (Tapajós), com observações do período de atividade noturna e reprodução. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém. 2(1):71-83.
MARQUES, S.A. 1986. Activity cycle, feeding, and reproduction of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Brazil. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 2:159-180.
MIRANDA, I.S. 1993. Estrutura do estrato arbóreo do cerrado amazônico em Alter do Chão, Pará, Brasil. Revta Brasil. Bot. 16(2):143-150.
MOK, W.Y.; D.E. WILSON; L.A. LACEY & R.C.C. Luizão, 1982. Lista atualizada de quirópteros da Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amaz. 12(4):817-823.
PICCININI, R.S. 1974. Lista provisória dos quirópteros da coleção do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 77:1-32.
PIRES, J.M. & G.T. PRANCE. 1985. The vegetation types of the Brazilian Amazon, p. 109-145. In: G.T. PRANCE & T.E. LOVEJOY (Eds). Key environments: Amazonia. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 442p.
REIS, N.R. 1984. Estrutura de comunidades de morcegos na região de Manaus, Amazonas. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44:247-254.
REIS, N.R. & A.L. PERACCHI. 1987. Quirópteros da região de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 3(2):161-182.
REIS, N.R. & H.O.R. SCHUBART. 1979. Notas preliminares sobre os morcegos do Parque Nacional da Amazonia (Médio Tapajós). Acta Amaz. 9(3):507-515.
RYLANDS, A.B. & L.P.S. PINTO. 1998. Conservação da Biodiversidade na Amazônia Brasileira: uma analise do sistema de unidades de conservação. Cadernos Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável 1:14-15.
SANAIOTTI, T.M. & W.E. MAGNUSSON. 1995. Effects of annual tires on the production of fleshy fruits eaten by birds in a Brazilian Amazonian savanna. Jour. Trop. Ecol, 11:53-65.
SIMMONS, N.B. & R.S. VOSS. 1998. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part I Bats. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Rist. 237:1-219p.
TADDEI, V.A & N.R. REIS. 1980. Notas sobre alguns morcegos da Ilha de Maracá, Território Federal de Roraima (Mammalia:Chiroptera). Acta Amaz. 10:363-368.
TIMM, R.M. 1994. The mammal fauna, p. 229-237. In: L.A. MCDADE (Ed.). La Selva: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical rainforest. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 486p.
UIEDA, W. & J. VASCONCELLOS-NETO.1985. Dispersão de Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) por morcegos, na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 2:449-458.
Voss, R.S. & L.H. EMMONS. 1996. Mammalian diversity in Neotropical lowland rainforest: a preliminary assesment. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 230:1-115p.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
04 May 2009
Date of issue
June 2001

History

Accepted
22 May 2001
Received
18 Nov 1999

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AB'SABER, A.N. 1977. Os domínios morfoclimáticos na América do Sul: primeira aproximação. Geomorfologia 52:1-21.

[2] BERNARD, E. 2001. Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. Jour. Trop. Ecol. 17:115-126.

[3] BERNARD, E.; A.L.K.M. ALBERNAZ & W.E. MAGNUSSON (in press). Bat species composition in three localities in the Amazon Basin. Studs Neotrop. Fauna Environ.

[4] BONACCORSO, F.J. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bull. Florida State Mus. Biol. Sci. 24:359-408.

[5] BROSSET, A. & P. CHARLES-DOMINIQUE 1990. The bats of French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54:509-559.

[6] CAVALCANTI, R.B. 1988. Conservation of birds in the cerrado of Central Brazil, p. 59-66. In: Ecology and conservation of grassland birds. International Council for Bird Preservation, Technical Publication VII.

[7] CHAO.A. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of the numbers of classes in a population. Scand. Jour. Stat. 11:265-270.

[8] EMMONS, L.H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., 307p.

[9] FENTON, M.B. 1988. Detecting, recording, and analyzing vocalizations of bats, p. 91-104. In: T.H. KUNZ (Ed.). Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian lnst. Press, 533p.

[10] FLEMING,T.H.; E.T.HO0PER & D.E. WILSON.1972. Three Central American bat communities: structure, reproductive cycles, and movements patterns. Ecology 53:555-569.

[11] GARDNER, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits, p. 293-350. In: R.J. BAKER, J.K. JONES & D.C CARTER (Eds). Biology of bats of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part II. Spec. Publ. Texas Tech Univ. XIII, 364p.

[12] GEORGE, T.K.; S.A. MARQUES; M. DE VIVO; L.C. BRANCH; N.F. GOMES & R. RODRIGUES. 1988. Levantamento de mamíferos do Parna Tapajós. Brasil Florestal 63:33-41.

[13] GRIBEL, R. & V.A. TADDEI. 1989. Notes on the distribution of Tonatia schulzi and Tonatia carrikeri in the Brazilian Amazon. Jour. Mammal. 70:871-873.

[14] HANDLEY J.R., C.O. 1966. Checklist of the mammals of Panama, p. 753-795. In: R.L. WENZEL & V.J. TIPTON (Eds). Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Press, 824p.

[15] ______. 1967. Bats of the canopy of an Amazonian forest. Atas Simp. sobre a Biota Amaz. 5:211-215.

[16] ______. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. (Biol. Ser.) 20(5):1-91.

[17] HUMPHREY. S.R.; F.J. BONACCORSO & T.L. ZINN. 1983. Guild structure of surface-gleaning bats in Panamá. Ecology 64:284-294.

[18] HUTTERER, R.; M. VERHAAGAH; J. DILLER & R. PODLOUCKY. 1995. An inventory of mammals observed at Panguana Biological Station, Amazonian Peru. Ecotropica 1:3-20.

[19] JANSON, C.H. & L.H. EMMONS. 1990. Ecological structure of the nonflying mammal community at Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru, p. 314-338. In: A.H. GENTRY (Ed.). Four Neotropical rainforests. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 627p.

[20] KALKO, E.K. V. 1995. Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats, and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae). Symp. Zool. Soc. London 67:259-273.

[21] KALKO, E.K.V.; C.O. HANDLEY & D. HANDLEY. 1996. Organization, diversity, and long-terrn dynamics of a Neotropical bat community, p. 503-553. In: M.L. CODY & J.A. SMALLWOOD (Eds). Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. San Diego, Academic Press, 597p.

[22] KOOPMAN, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera, p. 137-241. In: D.E. WILSON & D.M. REEDER (Eds). Mammals species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1206p.

[23] MARINHO-FILHO, J. & I. SAZIMA. 1998. Brazilian bats and Conservation Biology: a first survey, p. 282-294. In: T.H. KUNZ & P.A. RACEY (Eds). Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 365p.

[24] MARQUES, S.A. 1985. Novos registros de morcegos do Parque Nacional da Amazônia (Tapajós), com observações do período de atividade noturna e reprodução. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém. 2(1):71-83.

[25] MARQUES, S.A. 1986. Activity cycle, feeding, and reproduction of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Brazil. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 2:159-180.

[26] MIRANDA, I.S. 1993. Estrutura do estrato arbóreo do cerrado amazônico em Alter do Chão, Pará, Brasil. Revta Brasil. Bot. 16(2):143-150.

[27] MOK, W.Y.; D.E. WILSON; L.A. LACEY & R.C.C. Luizão, 1982. Lista atualizada de quirópteros da Amazônia Brasileira. Acta Amaz. 12(4):817-823.

[28] PICCININI, R.S. 1974. Lista provisória dos quirópteros da coleção do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 77:1-32.

[29] PIRES, J.M. & G.T. PRANCE. 1985. The vegetation types of the Brazilian Amazon, p. 109-145. In: G.T. PRANCE & T.E. LOVEJOY (Eds). Key environments: Amazonia. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 442p.

[30] REIS, N.R. 1984. Estrutura de comunidades de morcegos na região de Manaus, Amazonas. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44:247-254.

[31] REIS, N.R. & A.L. PERACCHI. 1987. Quirópteros da região de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Zool.), Belém, 3(2):161-182.

[32] REIS, N.R. & H.O.R. SCHUBART. 1979. Notas preliminares sobre os morcegos do Parque Nacional da Amazonia (Médio Tapajós). Acta Amaz. 9(3):507-515.

[33] RYLANDS, A.B. & L.P.S. PINTO. 1998. Conservação da Biodiversidade na Amazônia Brasileira: uma analise do sistema de unidades de conservação. Cadernos Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável 1:14-15.

[34] SANAIOTTI, T.M. & W.E. MAGNUSSON. 1995. Effects of annual tires on the production of fleshy fruits eaten by birds in a Brazilian Amazonian savanna. Jour. Trop. Ecol, 11:53-65.

[35] SIMMONS, N.B. & R.S. VOSS. 1998. The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part I Bats. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Rist. 237:1-219p.

[36] TADDEI, V.A & N.R. REIS. 1980. Notas sobre alguns morcegos da Ilha de Maracá, Território Federal de Roraima (Mammalia:Chiroptera). Acta Amaz. 10:363-368.

[37] TIMM, R.M. 1994. The mammal fauna, p. 229-237. In: L.A. MCDADE (Ed.). La Selva: ecology and natural history of a Neotropical rainforest. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 486p.

[38] UIEDA, W. & J. VASCONCELLOS-NETO.1985. Dispersão de Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) por morcegos, na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 2:449-458.

[39] Voss, R.S. & L.H. EMMONS. 1996. Mammalian diversity in Neotropical lowland rainforest: a preliminary assesment. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 230:1-115p.