Comunidades de insetos galhadores (Insecta) em diferentes fisionomias do cerrado em Minas Gerais, Brasil

Gonçalves-Alvim, Silmary J.; Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752001000500025

Resumo

Studies on the communities of galling insects and their host plants were performed in three "cerrado" physiognomies that occur in Minas Gerais: "campo sujo", "cerrado" sensu strictu, and "cerradão". Galls and host plants were collected along transects in a total of 3,000 herbs, 300 shrubs and 135 trees in each physiognomy. Ninety two species of galling insects (morphotypes) on 62 host plant species of 28 families were found. The highest galling insect richness was observed in the "cerrado". Approximately 75.0% of galling insects belonged to the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). The highest gall frequency was found on leaves (58.70%) of the host plants, and was glabrous (83.70%). Most gall shape were elliptic (30.43%). A low similarity in galling insect species was observed among the three sampled physiognomies - the highest similarity index was observed between "cerrado" and "campo sujo" (SΦrensen index = 0.20), indicating that the presence of rare species of galling insects might be common in these environments.

Biodiversity; cerrado; galling richness; insect galls; insect-plant interaction

Comunidades de insetos galhadores (Insecta) em diferentes fisionomias do cerrado em Minas Gerais, Brasil

Galling insect (Insecta) communities in different "cerrado" physiognomies in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Silmary J. Gonçalves-Alvim^I,II; Geraldo Wilson Fernandes^II

^ICurso de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

^IILaboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva de Herbívoros Tropicais, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. E-mail: silmary@icb.ufmg.br

ABSTRACT

Studies on the communities of galling insects and their host plants were performed in three "cerrado" physiognomies that occur in Minas Gerais: "campo sujo", "cerrado" sensu strictu, and "cerradão". Galls and host plants were collected along transects in a total of 3,000 herbs, 300 shrubs and 135 trees in each physiognomy. Ninety two species of galling insects (morphotypes) on 62 host plant species of 28 families were found. The highest galling insect richness was observed in the "cerrado". Approximately 75.0% of galling insects belonged to the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). The highest gall frequency was found on leaves (58.70%) of the host plants, and was glabrous (83.70%). Most gall shape were elliptic (30.43%). A low similarity in galling insect species was observed among the three sampled physiognomies - the highest similarity index was observed between "cerrado" and "campo sujo" (SΦrensen index = 0.20), indicating that the presence of rare species of galling insects might be common in these environments.

Key words: Biodiversity, cerrado, galling richness, insect galls, insect-plant interaction

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AGRADECIMENTOS. Os autores agradecem aos preciosos auxílios dos Professores Dr. João Renato Stehmann (UFMG), Dr. Júlio Lombardi (UFMG) e Dr. Santos D'Angelo (UNIMONTES), de Maria Guadalupe (Fundação Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte) e Leonardo Viana na identificação das plantas; a Marcos Ferreira e Paula Eterovick pela ilustração das galhas; ao IBAMA de Três Marias pelo apoio logístico; e ao CNPq pela bolsa de Doutorado concedida à primeira autora. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cultura Japonesa através do Fundo Bunka de Pesquisa-Banco Sumitomo e WWF-USAID. (CSR 174-00).

Recebido em 24.VIII.2000; aceito em 02.VII.2001.

Azevedo, L.G., A.A. Barbosa; A.L. Oliveira; A.S Gorgonio; A.C. Bedretchuck; F.B. Siqueira; H.G. Rizzo; I.S. Silva; L.C. Moura; A. Milton Filho & R.V. Santos. 1987. Ensaio metodológico de identificação e avaliação de unidades ambientais: a estação Ecológica de Pirapitinga, MG. Brasília, SEMA/EMPRABA-CPAC/MDU, I+58p.
Eiten, G. 1993. Vegetação de cerrado, p. 17-73. In: M.N. Pinto (Ed.). Cerrado: caracterização, ocupação e perspectivas. Brasília, Editora Univ. Brasília, IV+681p.
Fernandes, G.W. 1987. Gall forming insects: their economic importance and control. Revta bras. Ent. 31:379-398.
______. 1992. Plant family size and age effects on insular gall-forming species richness. Glbl. Ecol. Biogeog. Lett. 2:71-74.
Fernandes, G.W. & P.W. Price. 1988. Biogeographical gradients in galling species richness: tests of hypotheses. Oecologia 76:161-167.
______. 1991. Comparisons of tropical and temperate galling species richness: the roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status, p. 91-115. In: P.W. Price, T.M. Lewinsohn, G.W Fernandes & W.W. Benson (Eds). Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. New York, John Wiley and Sons, XIV+639p.
______. 1992. The adaptive significance of insects gall distribution: survivorship of species in xeric and mesic habitats. Oecologia 90:14-20.
Fernandes, G.W.; E. Tameirão-Neto & R.P. Martins. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas no Campus-Pampulha da UFMG. Revta bras. Ent. 5:11-29.
Fernandes, G.W., C.F.L. Lara & P.W. Price. 1994. The geography of galling insects and the mechanisms that result in patterns, p. 42-48. In: P.W. Price; W.J. Mattson & Y. Barranchikov (Eds). The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. St. Paul, Forest service, U.S. Department Agriculture, II+222p.
Fernandes, G.W.; A.S. Paula & R. Loyola Jr. 1995a. Distribuição de insetos galhadores entre habitats e seu possível uso como bioindicadores. Vida Silv. Neotrop. 4:133-139.
Fernandes, G.W.; M.A.A. Carneiro; A.C.F. Lara; L.R. Allain; G.I. Andrade; G. Julião; T.R. Reis & I.M. Silva. 1995b. Galling insects on Neotropical species of Baccharis(Asteraceae). Trop. Zool. 9:315-332.
Fernandes, G.W.; M.A.A. Araújo; M.A. Carneiro; T.G. Cornelissen; M.C. Barcelos-Greco; A.C.F Lara & S. Ribeiro. 1997. Padrões de riqueza de insetos em gradientes altitudinais na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, p. 191-195. In: L. L. Leite & C. H. Saito (Eds). Contribuição ao Conhecimento Ecológico do Cerrado -trabalhos selecionados do 3º Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil. Brasília, Ed. Univ. Brasília, VIII+325p.
Floate, K.; G.W. Fernandes & J. Nilsson. 1996. Distinguish intrapopulational categories of plants by their insect fauna: galls on rabbitbrush. Oecologia 105:221-229.
Gonçalves-Alvim, S.J. & G.W. Fernandes. 2001. Biodiversity of galling insects: historical, community and habitat effects in four Neotropical savannas. Biodivers. Conserv. 10:79-98.
Goodland, R. 1971. Oligotrofismo e alumínio no cerrado, p. 44-60. In: M.G. Ferri (Ed.). III Simpósio sobre o cerrado. São Paulo, Ed. Univ. São Paulo, Edgard Blücher, IV+375p.
Goodland, R. & M.G. Ferri. 1979. Ecologia do cerrado. São Paulo, Ed. Itatiaia, Ed. Univ. São Paulo, I+193p.
Lara, A.C.F. & G.W. Fernandes. 1996. The highest diversity of galling insects: Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Biodivers. Lett. 3:111-114.
Lawton, J.H. & D. Shröder. 1977. Effects of plant type, size of geographical range and taxonomic isolation on number of insects associated with British plants. Nature 265:137-140.
Mani, M.S. 1964. Ecology of plant galls. The Hague, Dr. W. Junk, V+640p.
Muddoch, W.W.; F.C. Evans & C.H. Peterson. 1972. Diversity and pattern in plants and insects. Ecology 53:819-829.
Myers, N.; C.G. Mittermeier; G.A.B. Fonseca & J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
Price, P.W.; G.W. Fernandes; A.C.F. Lara; J. Brawn; H. Barrios; M. Wright; S.P. Ribeiro & N. Rothcliff. 1998. Global patterns in local number of insect galling species. Jour. Biogeogr. 25:581-591.
Ribeiro, S.P.; M.A.A. Carneiro & G.W. Fernandes. 1998. Free-feeding herbivores along environmental gradients in Serra do Cipó: basis for a management plan. Jour. Insect Conserv. 2:107-118.
Sanderson, R.A. 1992. Diversity and evenness of Hemiptera communities on naturally derelict land in NW England. Ecography 15:154-160.
Southwood, T.R.E.; V.K. Brown & P.M. Reader. 1979. The relationships of plant and insect diversity in succession. Biol. Linn. Soc. 12:327-348.
Tavares, J.S. 1915. As cecídias das plantas do gênero Styrax no Brasil. Brotéria 13:155-159.
______. 1917a. As cecídias brasileiras que se criam em plantas da família das Melastomataceae. Brotéria 15:19-45.
______. 1917b. Cecídias brasileiras que se criam em plantas das famílias Compositae, Rubiaceae, Tiliaceae, Lythraceae e Arthocarpaceae. Brotéria 15:113-181.
______. 1922. Cecidologia brasileira. As restantes familias. Brotéria 20:5-48.
Wright, M.G. & M.M.J. Samways. 1998. Insect species richness tracking plant species richness in a diverse flora: gall-insects in the Cape Floristic region, South Africa. Oecologia 115:427-433.
Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, X+662p.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
30 Abr 2009
Data do Fascículo
Jul 2001

Histórico

Recebido
24 Ago 2000
Aceito
02 Jul 2001

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Azevedo, L.G., A.A. Barbosa; A.L. Oliveira; A.S Gorgonio; A.C. Bedretchuck; F.B. Siqueira; H.G. Rizzo; I.S. Silva; L.C. Moura; A. Milton Filho & R.V. Santos. 1987. Ensaio metodológico de identificação e avaliação de unidades ambientais: a estação Ecológica de Pirapitinga, MG. Brasília, SEMA/EMPRABA-CPAC/MDU, I+58p.

[2] Eiten, G. 1993. Vegetação de cerrado, p. 17-73. In: M.N. Pinto (Ed.). Cerrado: caracterização, ocupação e perspectivas. Brasília, Editora Univ. Brasília, IV+681p.

[3] Fernandes, G.W. 1987. Gall forming insects: their economic importance and control. Revta bras. Ent. 31:379-398.

[4] ______. 1992. Plant family size and age effects on insular gall-forming species richness. Glbl. Ecol. Biogeog. Lett. 2:71-74.

[5] Fernandes, G.W. & P.W. Price. 1988. Biogeographical gradients in galling species richness: tests of hypotheses. Oecologia 76:161-167.

[6] ______. 1991. Comparisons of tropical and temperate galling species richness: the roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status, p. 91-115. In: P.W. Price, T.M. Lewinsohn, G.W Fernandes & W.W. Benson (Eds). Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. New York, John Wiley and Sons, XIV+639p.

[7] ______. 1992. The adaptive significance of insects gall distribution: survivorship of species in xeric and mesic habitats. Oecologia 90:14-20.

[8] Fernandes, G.W.; E. Tameirão-Neto & R.P. Martins. 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas no Campus-Pampulha da UFMG. Revta bras. Ent. 5:11-29.

[9] Fernandes, G.W., C.F.L. Lara & P.W. Price. 1994. The geography of galling insects and the mechanisms that result in patterns, p. 42-48. In: P.W. Price; W.J. Mattson & Y. Barranchikov (Eds). The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. St. Paul, Forest service, U.S. Department Agriculture, II+222p.

[10] Fernandes, G.W.; A.S. Paula & R. Loyola Jr. 1995a. Distribuição de insetos galhadores entre habitats e seu possível uso como bioindicadores. Vida Silv. Neotrop. 4:133-139.

[11] Fernandes, G.W.; M.A.A. Carneiro; A.C.F. Lara; L.R. Allain; G.I. Andrade; G. Julião; T.R. Reis & I.M. Silva. 1995b. Galling insects on Neotropical species of Baccharis(Asteraceae). Trop. Zool. 9:315-332.

[12] Fernandes, G.W.; M.A.A. Araújo; M.A. Carneiro; T.G. Cornelissen; M.C. Barcelos-Greco; A.C.F Lara & S. Ribeiro. 1997. Padrões de riqueza de insetos em gradientes altitudinais na Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, p. 191-195. In: L. L. Leite & C. H. Saito (Eds). Contribuição ao Conhecimento Ecológico do Cerrado -trabalhos selecionados do 3º Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil. Brasília, Ed. Univ. Brasília, VIII+325p.

[13] Floate, K.; G.W. Fernandes & J. Nilsson. 1996. Distinguish intrapopulational categories of plants by their insect fauna: galls on rabbitbrush. Oecologia 105:221-229.

[14] Gonçalves-Alvim, S.J. & G.W. Fernandes. 2001. Biodiversity of galling insects: historical, community and habitat effects in four Neotropical savannas. Biodivers. Conserv. 10:79-98.

[15] Goodland, R. 1971. Oligotrofismo e alumínio no cerrado, p. 44-60. In: M.G. Ferri (Ed.). III Simpósio sobre o cerrado. São Paulo, Ed. Univ. São Paulo, Edgard Blücher, IV+375p.

[16] Goodland, R. & M.G. Ferri. 1979. Ecologia do cerrado. São Paulo, Ed. Itatiaia, Ed. Univ. São Paulo, I+193p.

[17] Lara, A.C.F. & G.W. Fernandes. 1996. The highest diversity of galling insects: Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Biodivers. Lett. 3:111-114.

[18] Lawton, J.H. & D. Shröder. 1977. Effects of plant type, size of geographical range and taxonomic isolation on number of insects associated with British plants. Nature 265:137-140.

[19] Mani, M.S. 1964. Ecology of plant galls. The Hague, Dr. W. Junk, V+640p.

[20] Muddoch, W.W.; F.C. Evans & C.H. Peterson. 1972. Diversity and pattern in plants and insects. Ecology 53:819-829.

[21] Myers, N.; C.G. Mittermeier; G.A.B. Fonseca & J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.

[22] Price, P.W.; G.W. Fernandes; A.C.F. Lara; J. Brawn; H. Barrios; M. Wright; S.P. Ribeiro & N. Rothcliff. 1998. Global patterns in local number of insect galling species. Jour. Biogeogr. 25:581-591.

[23] Ribeiro, S.P.; M.A.A. Carneiro & G.W. Fernandes. 1998. Free-feeding herbivores along environmental gradients in Serra do Cipó: basis for a management plan. Jour. Insect Conserv. 2:107-118.

[24] Sanderson, R.A. 1992. Diversity and evenness of Hemiptera communities on naturally derelict land in NW England. Ecography 15:154-160.

[25] Southwood, T.R.E.; V.K. Brown & P.M. Reader. 1979. The relationships of plant and insect diversity in succession. Biol. Linn. Soc. 12:327-348.

[26] Tavares, J.S. 1915. As cecídias das plantas do gênero Styrax no Brasil. Brotéria 13:155-159.

[27] ______. 1917a. As cecídias brasileiras que se criam em plantas da família das Melastomataceae. Brotéria 15:19-45.

[28] ______. 1917b. Cecídias brasileiras que se criam em plantas das famílias Compositae, Rubiaceae, Tiliaceae, Lythraceae e Arthocarpaceae. Brotéria 15:113-181.

[29] ______. 1922. Cecidologia brasileira. As restantes familias. Brotéria 20:5-48.

[30] Wright, M.G. & M.M.J. Samways. 1998. Insect species richness tracking plant species richness in a diverse flora: gall-insects in the Cape Floristic region, South Africa. Oecologia 115:427-433.

[31] Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, X+662p.