Heterogeneidade de habitats: rasos x fundos em assembléias de peixes de igarapés de terra firme na Amazônia Central, Brasil

Bührnheim, Cristina Motta

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752002000300026

Resumo

Assemblage structure is related to predictable patterns of species composition, richness, and abundance. Stream habitat heterogeneity can be approached by two markedly hydrological sorts, riffles and pools, mainly featured by current, depth and substrate. Riffle and pool effect was studied on fish assemblages of three headwater terra firme rainforest streams in Urubu River basin. Central Amazonia, by 30-minute diurnal bank-side observational sampling intervals in which specimens were identified and counted. Twenty four habitats were chosen, eigth by stream, four riffles and four pools, for sampling in four trimestral periods in 1996 and 1997. The observations resulted in 754 specimens of 19 species. The most abundant species were: Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner, 1975, Hemigrammus gr. ocellifer, Hyphessobrycon aff. melazonatus Durbin in Eigenmann, 1908, Hyphessobrycon aff. heterorhabdus (Ulrey, 1864), Iguanodectes variants Géry, 1993, Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann, 1909. and Aequidens pallidus (Heckel. 1840). Riffles comprised 215 specimens of 15 species, and pools 537 specimens of 17 species. Segregation of assemblages through riffles and pools was explained by a trend of greater species richness and abundance in pools. This pattern might be related to several factors such as higher resource availability and inactivity of nocturnal predator in pools.

Amazonia; fish assemblage structure; riffles and pools; species richness; composition, and abundance; bank-side observational sampling

Heterogeneidade de habitats: rasos x fundos em assembléias de peixes de igarapés de terra firme na Amazônia Central, Brasil

Habitat heterogeneity: riffles x pools on fish assemblages of Central Amazonian rainforest streams

Cristina Motta Bührnheim

Laboratório de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Amazonas. Avenida Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, Aleixo, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. E-mail: cmbuhrn@yahoo.com.br

ABSTRACT

Assemblage structure is related to predictable patterns of species composition, richness, and abundance. Stream habitat heterogeneity can be approached by two markedly hydrological sorts, riffles and pools, mainly featured by current, depth and substrate. Riffle and pool effect was studied on fish assemblages of three headwater terra firme rainforest streams in Urubu River basin. Central Amazonia, by 30-minute diurnal bank-side observational sampling intervals in which specimens were identified and counted. Twenty four habitats were chosen, eigth by stream, four riffles and four pools, for sampling in four trimestral periods in 1996 and 1997. The observations resulted in 754 specimens of 19 species. The most abundant species were: Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner, 1975, Hemigrammus gr. ocellifer, Hyphessobrycon aff. melazonatus Durbin in Eigenmann, 1908, Hyphessobrycon aff. heterorhabdus (Ulrey, 1864), Iguanodectes variants Géry, 1993, Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann, 1909. and Aequidens pallidus (Heckel. 1840). Riffles comprised 215 specimens of 15 species, and pools 537 specimens of 17 species. Segregation of assemblages through riffles and pools was explained by a trend of greater species richness and abundance in pools. This pattern might be related to several factors such as higher resource availability and inactivity of nocturnal predator in pools.

Key words: Amazonia, fish assemblage structure, riffles and pools, species richness, composition, and abundance, bank-side observational sampling

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AGRADECIMENTOS. O estudo foi financiado pelo Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais (PDBFF) do convênio Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e Smithsonian Institution (SI), em áreas de reservas cedidas pela SUFRAMA. Agradeço os assistentes de campo do PDBFF no acompanhamento das atividades e os referees Virgínia Sanches Uieda e outro anônimo pelas sugestões e correções. Contribuição nº 392 na série técnica do PDBFF.

Recebido em 21.IX.2001; aceito em 04.IX.2002.

Angermeier, P.L. & J.R. Karr. 1983. Fish communities along environmental gradients in a system of tropical streams. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht, 9:117-135.
Bart Jr., H.L. 1989. Fish habitat association in an Ozark stream. Env. Biol. Fish.. Dordrecht, 24:173-186.
Bührnheim, C.M. 1999. Habitat abundance patterns of fish communities in three Amazonian rain forest streams, p. 63-74. In: A.L. Val & V.M.F. Almeida-val (Eds). Biology of Tropical Fishes. Manaus, INPA, 460p.
Bührnheim, C.M. & C. Cox Fernandes. 2001. Low seasonal variation of fish assemblages in Amazonian rain forest streams. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. München, 12 (1): 65-78.
Casatti, L. & R.M.C. Castro. 1998. A fish community of the São Francisco River headwaters riffles, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. München. 9 (3): 229-242.
Fittkau, E.J. 1967 On the ecology of Amazonian rain-forest streams. Atas do Simpósio sobre a Biota Amazônica, Rio de Janeiro, 3: 97-108.
Frissell, C.A.; W.J. Liss; C.E. Warren & M.D. Hurley. 1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a watershed context. Environ. Manage., New York, 10: 199-214.
Garutti, V. 1988. Distribuição longitudinal da ictiofauna em um córrego da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Bacia do rio Paraná Rev. Brasil. Biol., Rio de Janeiro, 48: 747-759.
Gelwick. F.P. 1990. Longitudinal and temporal comparisons of riffle and pool fish assemblages in a Northeastern Oklahoma Ozark stream. Copeia, Lawrence, 4: 1072-1082.
Gorman, O.T. 1987. Habitat segregation in an assemblage of minnows in an Ozark stream, p.33-41. In: W.J. Matthews & D.C. Heins (Eds). Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. Oklahoma, Univ. Oklahoma Press, 269p.
Gorman, O.T. & J.R. Karr. 1978. Habitat structure and stream fish communities. Ecology, Lawrence, 59: 507-515.
Grossman, C.D. & M.C Freeman. 1987. Microhabitat use in stream fish assemblage. Jour. Zool. Lond., Cambridge, 212: 141-176.
Harvey. B.C. & A. J. Stewart. 1991. Fish size and habitat depth relationships in headwater streams. Oecologia, New York, 87: 336-342.
Helfman, G.S. 1978. Patterns of community structure in fishes: summary and overview. Env. Biol. Fish, Dordrecht, 3: 129-48.
______. 1981. Twilight activities and temporal structure in a freshwater fish community. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Ottawa, 38: 1405-1420.
Henderson, P. A. & I. Walker. 1990. Spatial organization and population density of the fish community of the litter banks within a central Amazonian blackwater stream. Jour. Fish. Biol., Londres, 37:401-411.
Horwitz, R.J. 1978. Temporal variability patterns and distributional patterns of stream fishes. Ecol. Monogr., Lawrence, 48: 307-321.
Keenleyside, M.; R.C. Bailey & V.H. Young. 1990. Variation in the mating system and associated parental behavior of captive and free-living Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Pisces. Cichlidae). Behaviour, Leiden, 112: 202-221.
Knöppel, H.A. 1970. Food of Central Amazonian fishes; contribution to the nutrient-ecology of Amazonian rain-forest-streams. Amazoniana, Kiel, 2: 257-352.
Kramer, D.L. 1978. Reproductive seasonality in the fishes of a tropical stream. Ecology, Lawrence, 59:976-985.
Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. New York, HarperCollins, 654p.
Kuehne, R.A. 1962. A classification of streams, illustrated by fish distribution in an Eastern Kentucky Creek. Ecology, Lawrence, 43: 222-233.
Lowe-McConnell. R.H. 1964. The fishes of the Rupununi savanna district of British Guiana. Pt. I. Groupings of fish species and effects of the seasonal cycles on the fish. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. Londres, 45:103-144.
______. 1987. Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 382p.
______. 1991. Natural history of fishes in Araguaia and Xingu Amazonian tributaries, Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. München, 2: 63-82.
Martin, P. & P. Bateson. 1994. Measuring behavior: an introductory guide. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 200p.
Matthews, W.J. 1986. Fish faunal "breaks" and stream order in the eastern and central United States. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht, 17 (2): 81-92.
______. 1998. Patterns in freshwater fish ecology. New York, Chapman & Hall, 756p.
Mazzoni. R. & R. Iglesias-Rios. 2002. Distribution pattern of two fish species in a coastal stream in southeast Brazil. Braz. Jour. Biol., São Carlos, 62 (1): 171-178.
Moyle. P.B. & F.R. Senanayake. 1984. Resource partitioning among the fishes of rainforest streams in Sri Lanka. Jour. Zool., Lond., Cambridge. 202: 195-223.
Moyle, P.B. & B. Vondracek. 1985. Persistence and structure of the fish assemblage in a small California stream. Ecology, Lawrence, 66: 1-13.
Petts. G.E. 1994. Rivers: Dynamic components of catchment ecosystems, p.3-22. In: P. Calow & G.E. Petts (Eds). The Rivers Handbook. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, Vol. 2, 536p.
Power, M. 1984. Habitat quality and the distribution of algae-grazing catfish in a Panamanian stream. Jour. Anim. Ecol.. Oxford, 53: 357-374.
______. 1987. Predator avoidance by grazing fishes temperate and tropical stream: importance of stream depth and prey size, p.333-351. In: W.C. Kerfoot & A. Sim (Eds). Predation, direct and inderect effects on aquatic communities. New Hampshire, New England Univ. Press, 386p.
Power, M.; T.L. Dudley & S.D. Cooper. 1989. Grazing catfish, fishing birds, and attached algae in a Panamanian stream. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht. 26: 285-294.
Power. M. & W.J. Matthews. 1983. Algae-grazing minnows (Campostmna anomalum), piscivorous bass (Micropterus spp.), and the distribution of attached algae in a small prairie-margin stream. Oecologia, New York, 60: 328-332.
Rincón, P.A. 1999. Uso do micro-habitat em peixes de riachos: métodos e perspectivas, p. 23-90. In: E.P. Caramaschi; R. Mazzoni & P.R. Peres-Neto (Eds). Ecologia de peixes de riachos. Rio de Janeiro. PPGE-UFRJ. Série Oecologia Brasiliensis, Vol. 6, 260p.
Sabino, J. 1999. Comportamento de peixes em riachos: métodos de estudo para uma abordagem naturalística, p. 183-208. In: E.P. Caramaschi; R. Mazzoni & P.R. Peres-Neto (Eds). Ecologia de peixes de riachos. Rio de Janeiro, PPGE - UFRJ, Série Oecologia Brasiliensis, Vol. 6, 260p.
Sabino, J. & J. Zuanon. 1998. A stream fish assemblage in Central Amazonia: distribution, activity patterns and feeding behavior. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, München, 8 (3): 201-210.
Sabino, J. & R.M.C. Castro. 1990. Alimentação, período de atividade e distribuição espacial dos peixes de um riacho da Floresta Atlântica (Sudeste do Brasil). Rev. Brasil. Biol., Rio de Janeiro, 50 (1):23-36.
Sabino, J. & I. Sazima. 1999. Association between fruit-eating fish and foraging monkeys in western Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, München. 10 (4): 309-312.
Sale, P.F. & W.A. Douglas. 1981. Precision and accuracy of visual census technique for fish assemblages on coral patch reefs. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht, 3/4 (6): 333-339.
Saul, W.G. 1975. An ecological study of fishes at a site in upper amazonian Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia: 127:93-134.
Schlosser. L.J. 1982. Fish community structure and function along two habitat gradients in a headqater stream. Ecol. Monogr., Lawrence, 52 (4): 395-414.
Sheldon, A.L. 1968. Species diversity and longitudinal succession in stream fishes. Ecology, Lawrence, 49: 193-198.
Siegel. S. 1975. Estatística não-paramétrica para as ciências do comportamento. São Paulo, McGraw-Hill, 350p.
Silva, C.P.D. 1993. Alimentação e distribuição espacial de algumas espécies de peixes do igarapé do Candirú, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazônica, Manaus, 23: 271-285.
______. 1995. Community structure of fish in urban and natural streams in the Central Amazon. Amazoniana, Kiel, 13 (3/4): 221-236.
Soares. M.G.M. 1979. Aspectos ecológicos (alimentação e reprodução) dos peixes do Igarapé do Porto, Aripuanã, MT. Acta Amazônica, Manaus. 9: 325-352.
Sokal, R.R. & F.J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. New York, W.H. Freeman & Co., 859p.
Uieda. V.S. 1984. Ocorrência e distribuição dos peixes em um riacho de água doce. Rev. Brasil. Biol.. Rio de Janeiro, 44: 203-213.
Uieda, V.S. & M.G. Barreto. 1999. Composição da ictiofauna de quatro trechos de diferentes ordens do rio Capivara, Bacia do rio Tietê, Botucatu, SP. Rev. bras, de Zoociências. Juiz de Fora, 1(1):55-67.
Uieda, V.S.; P. Buzzato & R.M. Kikuchi. 1997. Partilha de recursos alimentares em peixes em um riacho de serra do sudeste do Brasil. An. Acad. Bras. Ci., Rio de Janeiro, 69 (2): 243-252.
Weitzman, S.H. & R.P. Varl 1988. Miniaturization in South American freshwater fishes: an overview and discussion. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.., Lawrence. 101 (2): 444-465.
Zarske. A. 1997. Geryichihys sterbai gen. et spec. nov. und Microcharacidium geryi spec, nov.: Beschreibung einer neuen Gattung und zweier neuer Arten von Bodensalmlern aus dem Einzugsgebeit des Rio Ucayali in Peru. Zool. Abb. Mus. Tierkd., Dresden. 49 (9): 157-172.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
15 Maio 2009
Data do Fascículo
Set 2002

Histórico

Aceito
04 Set 2002
Recebido
21 Set 2001

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Angermeier, P.L. & J.R. Karr. 1983. Fish communities along environmental gradients in a system of tropical streams. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht, 9:117-135.

[2] Bart Jr., H.L. 1989. Fish habitat association in an Ozark stream. Env. Biol. Fish.. Dordrecht, 24:173-186.

[3] Bührnheim, C.M. 1999. Habitat abundance patterns of fish communities in three Amazonian rain forest streams, p. 63-74. In: A.L. Val & V.M.F. Almeida-val (Eds). Biology of Tropical Fishes. Manaus, INPA, 460p.

[4] Bührnheim, C.M. & C. Cox Fernandes. 2001. Low seasonal variation of fish assemblages in Amazonian rain forest streams. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. München, 12 (1): 65-78.

[5] Casatti, L. & R.M.C. Castro. 1998. A fish community of the São Francisco River headwaters riffles, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. München. 9 (3): 229-242.

[6] Fittkau, E.J. 1967 On the ecology of Amazonian rain-forest streams. Atas do Simpósio sobre a Biota Amazônica, Rio de Janeiro, 3: 97-108.

[7] Frissell, C.A.; W.J. Liss; C.E. Warren & M.D. Hurley. 1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a watershed context. Environ. Manage., New York, 10: 199-214.

[8] Garutti, V. 1988. Distribuição longitudinal da ictiofauna em um córrego da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. Bacia do rio Paraná Rev. Brasil. Biol., Rio de Janeiro, 48: 747-759.

[9] Gelwick. F.P. 1990. Longitudinal and temporal comparisons of riffle and pool fish assemblages in a Northeastern Oklahoma Ozark stream. Copeia, Lawrence, 4: 1072-1082.

[10] Gorman, O.T. 1987. Habitat segregation in an assemblage of minnows in an Ozark stream, p.33-41. In: W.J. Matthews & D.C. Heins (Eds). Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. Oklahoma, Univ. Oklahoma Press, 269p.

[11] Gorman, O.T. & J.R. Karr. 1978. Habitat structure and stream fish communities. Ecology, Lawrence, 59: 507-515.

[12] Grossman, C.D. & M.C Freeman. 1987. Microhabitat use in stream fish assemblage. Jour. Zool. Lond., Cambridge, 212: 141-176.

[13] Harvey. B.C. & A. J. Stewart. 1991. Fish size and habitat depth relationships in headwater streams. Oecologia, New York, 87: 336-342.

[14] Helfman, G.S. 1978. Patterns of community structure in fishes: summary and overview. Env. Biol. Fish, Dordrecht, 3: 129-48.

[15] ______. 1981. Twilight activities and temporal structure in a freshwater fish community. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Ottawa, 38: 1405-1420.

[16] Henderson, P. A. & I. Walker. 1990. Spatial organization and population density of the fish community of the litter banks within a central Amazonian blackwater stream. Jour. Fish. Biol., Londres, 37:401-411.

[17] Horwitz, R.J. 1978. Temporal variability patterns and distributional patterns of stream fishes. Ecol. Monogr., Lawrence, 48: 307-321.

[18] Keenleyside, M.; R.C. Bailey & V.H. Young. 1990. Variation in the mating system and associated parental behavior of captive and free-living Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Pisces. Cichlidae). Behaviour, Leiden, 112: 202-221.

[19] Knöppel, H.A. 1970. Food of Central Amazonian fishes; contribution to the nutrient-ecology of Amazonian rain-forest-streams. Amazoniana, Kiel, 2: 257-352.

[20] Kramer, D.L. 1978. Reproductive seasonality in the fishes of a tropical stream. Ecology, Lawrence, 59:976-985.

[21] Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. New York, HarperCollins, 654p.

[22] Kuehne, R.A. 1962. A classification of streams, illustrated by fish distribution in an Eastern Kentucky Creek. Ecology, Lawrence, 43: 222-233.

[23] Lowe-McConnell. R.H. 1964. The fishes of the Rupununi savanna district of British Guiana. Pt. I. Groupings of fish species and effects of the seasonal cycles on the fish. Zool. Jour. Linn. Soc. Londres, 45:103-144.

[24] ______. 1987. Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 382p.

[25] ______. 1991. Natural history of fishes in Araguaia and Xingu Amazonian tributaries, Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. München, 2: 63-82.

[26] Martin, P. & P. Bateson. 1994. Measuring behavior: an introductory guide. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 200p.

[27] Matthews, W.J. 1986. Fish faunal "breaks" and stream order in the eastern and central United States. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht, 17 (2): 81-92.

[28] ______. 1998. Patterns in freshwater fish ecology. New York, Chapman & Hall, 756p.

[29] Mazzoni. R. & R. Iglesias-Rios. 2002. Distribution pattern of two fish species in a coastal stream in southeast Brazil. Braz. Jour. Biol., São Carlos, 62 (1): 171-178.

[30] Moyle. P.B. & F.R. Senanayake. 1984. Resource partitioning among the fishes of rainforest streams in Sri Lanka. Jour. Zool., Lond., Cambridge. 202: 195-223.

[31] Moyle, P.B. & B. Vondracek. 1985. Persistence and structure of the fish assemblage in a small California stream. Ecology, Lawrence, 66: 1-13.

[32] Petts. G.E. 1994. Rivers: Dynamic components of catchment ecosystems, p.3-22. In: P. Calow & G.E. Petts (Eds). The Rivers Handbook. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, Vol. 2, 536p.

[33] Power, M. 1984. Habitat quality and the distribution of algae-grazing catfish in a Panamanian stream. Jour. Anim. Ecol.. Oxford, 53: 357-374.

[34] ______. 1987. Predator avoidance by grazing fishes temperate and tropical stream: importance of stream depth and prey size, p.333-351. In: W.C. Kerfoot & A. Sim (Eds). Predation, direct and inderect effects on aquatic communities. New Hampshire, New England Univ. Press, 386p.

[35] Power, M.; T.L. Dudley & S.D. Cooper. 1989. Grazing catfish, fishing birds, and attached algae in a Panamanian stream. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht. 26: 285-294.

[36] Power. M. & W.J. Matthews. 1983. Algae-grazing minnows (Campostmna anomalum), piscivorous bass (Micropterus spp.), and the distribution of attached algae in a small prairie-margin stream. Oecologia, New York, 60: 328-332.

[37] Rincón, P.A. 1999. Uso do micro-habitat em peixes de riachos: métodos e perspectivas, p. 23-90. In: E.P. Caramaschi; R. Mazzoni & P.R. Peres-Neto (Eds). Ecologia de peixes de riachos. Rio de Janeiro. PPGE-UFRJ. Série Oecologia Brasiliensis, Vol. 6, 260p.

[38] Sabino, J. 1999. Comportamento de peixes em riachos: métodos de estudo para uma abordagem naturalística, p. 183-208. In: E.P. Caramaschi; R. Mazzoni & P.R. Peres-Neto (Eds). Ecologia de peixes de riachos. Rio de Janeiro, PPGE - UFRJ, Série Oecologia Brasiliensis, Vol. 6, 260p.

[39] Sabino, J. & J. Zuanon. 1998. A stream fish assemblage in Central Amazonia: distribution, activity patterns and feeding behavior. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, München, 8 (3): 201-210.

[40] Sabino, J. & R.M.C. Castro. 1990. Alimentação, período de atividade e distribuição espacial dos peixes de um riacho da Floresta Atlântica (Sudeste do Brasil). Rev. Brasil. Biol., Rio de Janeiro, 50 (1):23-36.

[41] Sabino, J. & I. Sazima. 1999. Association between fruit-eating fish and foraging monkeys in western Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, München. 10 (4): 309-312.

[42] Sale, P.F. & W.A. Douglas. 1981. Precision and accuracy of visual census technique for fish assemblages on coral patch reefs. Env. Biol. Fish., Dordrecht, 3/4 (6): 333-339.

[43] Saul, W.G. 1975. An ecological study of fishes at a site in upper amazonian Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia: 127:93-134.

[44] Schlosser. L.J. 1982. Fish community structure and function along two habitat gradients in a headqater stream. Ecol. Monogr., Lawrence, 52 (4): 395-414.

[45] Sheldon, A.L. 1968. Species diversity and longitudinal succession in stream fishes. Ecology, Lawrence, 49: 193-198.

[46] Siegel. S. 1975. Estatística não-paramétrica para as ciências do comportamento. São Paulo, McGraw-Hill, 350p.

[47] Silva, C.P.D. 1993. Alimentação e distribuição espacial de algumas espécies de peixes do igarapé do Candirú, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazônica, Manaus, 23: 271-285.

[48] ______. 1995. Community structure of fish in urban and natural streams in the Central Amazon. Amazoniana, Kiel, 13 (3/4): 221-236.

[49] Soares. M.G.M. 1979. Aspectos ecológicos (alimentação e reprodução) dos peixes do Igarapé do Porto, Aripuanã, MT. Acta Amazônica, Manaus. 9: 325-352.

[50] Sokal, R.R. & F.J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. New York, W.H. Freeman & Co., 859p.

[51] Uieda. V.S. 1984. Ocorrência e distribuição dos peixes em um riacho de água doce. Rev. Brasil. Biol.. Rio de Janeiro, 44: 203-213.

[52] Uieda, V.S. & M.G. Barreto. 1999. Composição da ictiofauna de quatro trechos de diferentes ordens do rio Capivara, Bacia do rio Tietê, Botucatu, SP. Rev. bras, de Zoociências. Juiz de Fora, 1(1):55-67.

[53] Uieda, V.S.; P. Buzzato & R.M. Kikuchi. 1997. Partilha de recursos alimentares em peixes em um riacho de serra do sudeste do Brasil. An. Acad. Bras. Ci., Rio de Janeiro, 69 (2): 243-252.

[54] Weitzman, S.H. & R.P. Varl 1988. Miniaturization in South American freshwater fishes: an overview and discussion. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.., Lawrence. 101 (2): 444-465.

[55] Zarske. A. 1997. Geryichihys sterbai gen. et spec. nov. und Microcharacidium geryi spec, nov.: Beschreibung einer neuen Gattung und zweier neuer Arten von Bodensalmlern aus dem Einzugsgebeit des Rio Ucayali in Peru. Zool. Abb. Mus. Tierkd., Dresden. 49 (9): 157-172.