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Remoción de formas parasitarias intestinales en una laguna facultativa de estabilización en Lima, Perú

Removal of intestinal parasitic forms in a facultative stabilization pond in Lima, Peru

Resumen

The effectiveness of a waste stabilization pond, to remove intestinal helminth eggs and protozoan cysts was studied in San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru. From September to October 2000 four collections of samples were performed from raw domestic wastewater and from contends of primary, secondary and tertiary ponds. A comparative study of performance of the concentrations methods of Ritchie and Faust was also done. The overall average removal of parasitic forms was as follow: 69.37% from raw water and primary pond; 48.34% from primary to secondary pond; 85.45% from secondary to tertiary pond and 97.69% from raw water to tertiary pond. There was no significant difference in the quantitative performance of Ritchic and Faust methods. Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859) Alexeieff, 1914, Entamoeba coli (Gras, 1879) Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895 and Ascaris lumbricoides (Linnaeus, 1758) were detected with both methods. Three other parasites were detected only by Ritchie method: Taenia sp., Rodentolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852) Spasskii, 1954 and Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) Stiles, 1901 and only Faust detected Isospora belli Wenyon, 1923. Overall number of protozoa cysts was higher than the number of helminth eggs. At the end, wastewater had a concentration of 1.5 parasitic forms L¹ what is considered inappropríate for ultimate use in agriculture by current standards.

Agricultúralland; Ascaris lumbricoides; domestic sewage; Entamoeba coli; Giardia duodenalis; Peru


Agricultúralland; Ascaris lumbricoides; domestic sewage; Entamoeba coli; Giardia duodenalis; Peru

Remoción de formas parasitarias intestinales en una laguna facultativa de estabilización en Lima, Perú

Removal of intestinal parasitic forms in a facultative stabilization pond in Lima, Peru

José O. Iannacone

Laboratorio de Ecofisiología, Facultad de Giencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. Galle San Marcos 383, Pueblo Libre, Lima 21, Perú. E-mail: joselorena@terra.com

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of a waste stabilization pond, to remove intestinal helminth eggs and protozoan cysts was studied in San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru. From September to October 2000 four collections of samples were performed from raw domestic wastewater and from contends of primary, secondary and tertiary ponds. A comparative study of performance of the concentrations methods of Ritchie and Faust was also done. The overall average removal of parasitic forms was as follow: 69.37% from raw water and primary pond; 48.34% from primary to secondary pond; 85.45% from secondary to tertiary pond and 97.69% from raw water to tertiary pond. There was no significant difference in the quantitative performance of Ritchic and Faust methods. Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859) Alexeieff, 1914, Entamoeba coli (Gras, 1879) Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895 and Ascaris lumbricoides (Linnaeus, 1758) were detected with both methods. Three other parasites were detected only by Ritchie method: Taenia sp., Rodentolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852) Spasskii, 1954 and Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) Stiles, 1901 and only Faust detected Isospora belli Wenyon, 1923. Overall number of protozoa cysts was higher than the number of helminth eggs. At the end, wastewater had a concentration of 1.5 parasitic forms L1 what is considered inappropríate for ultimate use in agriculture by current standards.

Key words: Agricultúralland, Ascaris lumbricoides, domestic sewage, Entamoeba coli, Giardia duodenalis, Peru

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AGRADECIMIENTOS. A Celeste Miraval, Fernando Sernaqué y a Rubio Pavel por su colaboración en la toma delas muestras de aguas residuales. A los laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal por el apoyo en la presente Investigación. A Víctor Maldonado. Jefe de las Lagunas de Oxidación de San Martín de Porres, quien nos facilitó la toma de las muestras de aguas residuales.

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

APHA (American Public Health Association) 1995. Standard methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, D.C, APHA, 18th ed., 1100p.

AURAZO, M. 1996. Caracterizarión de las aguas residuales: Aspectos parasitológicos. III Curso "Lagunas de estabilización". Teoría, Diseño, Construcción, Operación, evaluación y mantenimiento. Lima, OPS/CEPIS, 6p.

AYRES, M. & D. MARA. 1997. Análisis de aguas residuales para su uso posterior en agricultura. Manual de Técnicas parasitológicas y bacteriológicas de laboratorio. Geneva, OMS, 31p.

BOUHOUM, K. & J. SCHWARTZBROD.1989. Quantification of helminth eggs in waste waster. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed, Berlin, 188: 322-330.

BUSH, O. A.; K.D LAFFERTY;JM. LOTZ & A.W. SHOSTAK. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. Revisited. Jour. Parasitol., Washington, D.C, 83: 575-583.

CARRINGTON, E.G.; E.B. PIKE;D. AUTY & R. MORRIS. 1991. Destruction offaecal bacteria, enteroviruses and ova of parasites in wastewater sludge by aerobic thermophilic and anaerobic mesophilic digestion. Water Sci. Tech. Amsterdam, 24: 377-380.

CHAVEZ, V.; P. HUAPAYA;Y. ESPINOZA; A. HUAMÁN & D. KANASHIRO.1994. Prevalencia de enteroparásitos y desnutrición infantil en un Centro Educativo dei distrito dei Rímac - Lima (1993). Rev. Per. Med. Trop. U.N.M. S.M., Lima, 8: 81-85.

CIFUENTES, E.; U. BLUMENTAL;G. RUIZ- PALACIOS; S. BENNETT & M. QUIGLEY. 2000 Health risk in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in central Mexico: perspectives for protection. Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg, Berlin, 105: 249-256.

DANIEL, W.W 1993. Bioestadística: Base para el análisis de las Cieneias de la Salud. Limusa. México, DF, 3ra ed., 667p.

DE LOS RIOS, J.C.Z. 1998. Plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y usos no convencionales Revista "Saneamiento y Medio Ambiente" CISA-CIP (Perú), Lima, 4: 11-13.

ESPINOZA, E.P. 1998. Análisis de aguas residuales para plantas de tratamiento. Revista "Saneamiento y Medio Ambiente" CISA-CIP (Perú), Lima, 4: 3-6.

HABBARI, K.; A. TIFNOUTI;G. BITTON & A. MANDIL. 2000. Geohelminth infections associated with raw wastewater reuse for agricultural. Parasitol. Int., Amsterdam, 48: 249-254.

HOWARD, S.C; CA. DONNELL & MS CHAN 2001 Methods for estimation of association between multiple species parasite infection. Parasitology, Cambridge, 122: 233-241.

JAKUBOWSKI,W.; J.L. SYKORA;CA. SORBER; L.A. CASSON & PD. GAVAGHAN. 1991 Determining giardiasis prevalence by examination of sewage. Water Sci. Teeh., Amsterdam, 24: 173-178.

MALICKI, J; A. MONTUSIEWICZ; A. BIEGANOWSKI. 2001. Improvement of counting helminth eggs with internal standard. Water Res., Amsterdam, 35: 2333-2335.

MARA, D.D. & S.A. SILVA.1986. Removal of intestinal nematode eggs in tropical waste stabilization ponds. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., Oxford, 89: 71-74.

NELSON, K.L. & J.L. DARBY.2001. Inactivation of viable Ascaris eggs by reagents during enumeration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., New York, 67: 5453-5459.

OMS. 1992. Métodos básicos de laboratorio en parasitología médica. Ginebra, OMS, 116p.

PAULINO, R.C; E.A. CASTRO & Y. THOMAZ-SOCCOL. 2001 Helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in sludge obtained by anaerobic digestion processo Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., Uberaba, 34: 421-428.

ROSE, J.B. & G.C GERBA. 1991. Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards. Water Sci. Tech., Amsterdam, 24: 29-34.

ROSE, J.B.; H. DARBIN & G. C GERBA. 1988 Correlations of the protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia with water quality variables in a watershed. Water Sci. Tech., Amsterdam, 20: 271-276.

SÁNCHEZ, M.CA. 1991. Estudio de factibilidad para el tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante lagunas de oxidación. Lima, CEPIS, OPS/OMS Ed., 336p.

SEMENAS, L.; N. BRUGNI;G. VIOZZI & A. KREITER.1999. Monitoring of parasites in domestic sewage. Rev. Saúde Publica, São Paulo, 33: 379-384.

SENCICO (Servicio Nacional de Capacitación para la Industria de la Construcción). 1996. Proyeeto de Norma Técnica de edificaeión S.010 Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Lima, SENCICO, 72p

SHUVAL, H.I.; Y. PEREZ & F. BADRI. 1985. Epidemiological evidence for helminth and cholera transmission by vegetables irrigated with wastewater; Jerusalem a case study. Water Sci. Tech., Amsterdam, 17: 433-A42.

SMITH, H.V. 1999. Detection ofparasites in the environment. Parasitology, Cambridge, 117: 113-141.

TORANZOS, G.A. 1991. Current and possible alternate indicators of fecal contaminations in Tropical waters: a short review. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., New York, 6: 121-130.

VARGAS, M.E. 1988. Aspectos microbiológicos y biológicos de las guías sobre calidad de agua potable. Manual del curso taller sobre control de calidad analítica de Laboratorios. Lima, SEN APA, 23p.

WATSON, D.E.; M. SATCHWEEL & CE. JONES.1983. Study of the prevalence of parasitic helminth eggs and cyst in sewage sludges disposed of to agricultural land. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., Washington, D.C., 3: 3285-3289.

ZAPATA, S. M.; F.T. TORRICO & M.A. M. SOLANO.1991. Estudio microbiológico de aguas residuales hospitalarias de la eiudad de Cochabamba. Universidad Mayor de San Simón (Cochabamba, BO). Facultad de Medicina. Salud Ambiental, un desafío hacia el afio 2000. La Paz, ABIS, 12p.

ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc., 3th ed., 662p.

Recebido em 13.III.2002; aceito em 01.X.2002.

  • APHA (American Public Health Association) 1995. Standard methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, D.C, APHA, 18th ed., 1100p.
  • AURAZO, M. 1996. Caracterizarión de las aguas residuales: Aspectos parasitológicos. III Curso "Lagunas de estabilización". Teoría, Diseño, Construcción, Operación, evaluación y mantenimiento. Lima, OPS/CEPIS, 6p.
  • AYRES, M. & D. MARA. 1997. Análisis de aguas residuales para su uso posterior en agricultura. Manual de Técnicas parasitológicas y bacteriológicas de laboratorio. Geneva, OMS, 31p.
  • BOUHOUM, K. & J. SCHWARTZBROD.1989. Quantification of helminth eggs in waste waster. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed, Berlin, 188: 322-330.
  • BUSH, O. A.; K.D LAFFERTY;JM. LOTZ & A.W. SHOSTAK. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. Revisited. Jour. Parasitol., Washington, D.C, 83: 575-583.
  • CARRINGTON, E.G.; E.B. PIKE;D. AUTY & R. MORRIS. 1991. Destruction offaecal bacteria, enteroviruses and ova of parasites in wastewater sludge by aerobic thermophilic and anaerobic mesophilic digestion. Water Sci. Tech Amsterdam, 24: 377-380.
  • CHAVEZ, V.; P. HUAPAYA;Y. ESPINOZA; A. HUAMÁN & D. KANASHIRO.1994. Prevalencia de enteroparásitos y desnutrición infantil en un Centro Educativo dei distrito dei Rímac - Lima (1993). Rev. Per. Med. Trop. U.N.M. S.M., Lima, 8: 81-85.
  • CIFUENTES, E.; U. BLUMENTAL;G. RUIZ- PALACIOS; S. BENNETT & M. QUIGLEY. 2000 Health risk in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in central Mexico: perspectives for protection. Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg, Berlin, 105: 249-256.
  • DANIEL, W.W 1993. Bioestadística: Base para el análisis de las Cieneias de la Salud. Limusa. México, DF, 3ra ed., 667p.
  • DE LOS RIOS, J.C.Z. 1998. Plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y usos no convencionales Revista "Saneamiento y Medio Ambiente" CISA-CIP (Perú), Lima, 4: 11-13.
  • ESPINOZA, E.P. 1998. Análisis de aguas residuales para plantas de tratamiento. Revista "Saneamiento y Medio Ambiente" CISA-CIP (Perú), Lima, 4: 3-6.
  • HABBARI, K.; A. TIFNOUTI;G. BITTON & A. MANDIL. 2000. Geohelminth infections associated with raw wastewater reuse for agricultural. Parasitol. Int., Amsterdam, 48: 249-254.
  • HOWARD, S.C; CA. DONNELL & MS CHAN 2001 Methods for estimation of association between multiple species parasite infection. Parasitology, Cambridge, 122: 233-241.
  • JAKUBOWSKI,W.; J.L. SYKORA;CA. SORBER; L.A. CASSON & PD. GAVAGHAN. 1991 Determining giardiasis prevalence by examination of sewage. Water Sci. Teeh., Amsterdam, 24: 173-178.
  • MALICKI, J; A. MONTUSIEWICZ; A. BIEGANOWSKI. 2001. Improvement of counting helminth eggs with internal standard. Water Res., Amsterdam, 35: 2333-2335.
  • MARA, D.D. & S.A. SILVA.1986. Removal of intestinal nematode eggs in tropical waste stabilization ponds. Jour. Trop. Med. Hyg., Oxford, 89: 71-74.
  • NELSON, K.L. & J.L. DARBY.2001. Inactivation of viable Ascaris eggs by reagents during enumeration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., New York, 67: 5453-5459.
  • OMS. 1992. Métodos básicos de laboratorio en parasitología médica. Ginebra, OMS, 116p.
  • PAULINO, R.C; E.A. CASTRO & Y. THOMAZ-SOCCOL. 2001 Helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in sludge obtained by anaerobic digestion processo Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., Uberaba, 34: 421-428.
  • ROSE, J.B. & G.C GERBA. 1991. Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards. Water Sci. Tech., Amsterdam, 24: 29-34.
  • ROSE, J.B.; H. DARBIN & G. C GERBA. 1988 Correlations of the protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia with water quality variables in a watershed. Water Sci. Tech., Amsterdam, 20: 271-276.
  • SÁNCHEZ, M.CA. 1991. Estudio de factibilidad para el tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante lagunas de oxidación. Lima, CEPIS, OPS/OMS Ed., 336p.
  • SEMENAS, L.; N. BRUGNI;G. VIOZZI & A. KREITER.1999. Monitoring of parasites in domestic sewage. Rev. Saúde Publica, São Paulo, 33: 379-384.
  • SENCICO (Servicio Nacional de Capacitación para la Industria de la Construcción). 1996. Proyeeto de Norma Técnica de edificaeión S.010 Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Lima, SENCICO, 72p
  • SHUVAL, H.I.; Y. PEREZ & F. BADRI. 1985. Epidemiological evidence for helminth and cholera transmission by vegetables irrigated with wastewater; Jerusalem a case study. Water Sci. Tech., Amsterdam, 17: 433-A42.
  • SMITH, H.V. 1999. Detection ofparasites in the environment. Parasitology, Cambridge, 117: 113-141.
  • TORANZOS, G.A. 1991. Current and possible alternate indicators of fecal contaminations in Tropical waters: a short review. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., New York, 6: 121-130.
  • VARGAS, M.E. 1988. Aspectos microbiológicos y biológicos de las guías sobre calidad de agua potable. Manual del curso taller sobre control de calidad analítica de Laboratorios. Lima, SEN APA, 23p.
  • WATSON, D.E.; M. SATCHWEEL & CE. JONES.1983. Study of the prevalence of parasitic helminth eggs and cyst in sewage sludges disposed of to agricultural land. Jour. Water Poll. Control Fed., Washington, D.C., 3: 3285-3289.
  • ZAPATA, S. M.; F.T. TORRICO & M.A. M. SOLANO.1991. Estudio microbiológico de aguas residuales hospitalarias de la eiudad de Cochabamba. Universidad Mayor de San Simón (Cochabamba, BO). Facultad de Medicina. Salud Ambiental, un desafío hacia el afio 2000. La Paz, ABIS, 12p.
  • ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatistical analysis. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc., 3th ed., 662p.

Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    11 Mayo 2009
  • Fecha del número
    Dic 2002

Histórico

  • Recibido
    13 Mar 2002
  • Acepto
    01 Oct 2002
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