Diversidade dos noctuídeos (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) em Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Specht, Alexandre; Corseuil, Elio

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752002000500022

Resumo

Diversity of owlet-moth (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Noctuidae community in Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. Light traps captured the insects of this research. The quantitative data were collected through weekly sampling, during one year (1994-1995); the qualitative data were collected through non-systematic sampling, during four consecutive years. The community characterization was based on the richness, abundance, specific constancy, diversity indices and abundance distribution; also total richness estimates were calculated, by nonparametric statistical procedures. In the systematized collecting there were captured 4017 noctuids of 108 species, distributed in 14 subfamilies; in the non-systematized, another 189 additional species and two subfamilies. Amphipyrinae, Hadeninae and Ophiderinae had the largest species richness. The more constant species were noctuids of great economic importance; the accessories were related to specific vegetable groups; the accidentals have their host unknown. The accessories and accidental species were captured more in spring and summer; also in these periods were measured the highest values of richness, abundance and diversity. There was no fit between observed/calculated log normal and log series distribution models. The 2nd order Jackknife and Michaelis-Menten equation procedures estimated that the total richness values were close to the total number of the species in the studied area.

Biodiversity; community structure; light trap; species accurnulation

Diversidade dos noctuídeos (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) em Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Diversity of owlet-moth (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Alexandre Specht^I; Elio Corseuil^II

^ICurso de Agronomia, UNISUL. Caixa Postal 370, 88704-900 Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brasil. E-mail: spechta@terra.com.br

^IIPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, PUCRS. Caixa Postal 1429, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. E-mail: corseuil@pucrs.br

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to describe the Noctuidae community in Salvador do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. Light traps captured the insects of this research. The quantitative data were collected through weekly sampling, during one year (1994-1995); the qualitative data were collected through non-systematic sampling, during four consecutive years. The community characterization was based on the richness, abundance, specific constancy, diversity indices and abundance distribution; also total richness estimates were calculated, by nonparametric statistical procedures. In the systematized collecting there were captured 4017 noctuids of 108 species, distributed in 14 subfamilies; in the non-systematized, another 189 additional species and two subfamilies. Amphipyrinae, Hadeninae and Ophiderinae had the largest species richness. The more constant species were noctuids of great economic importance; the accessories were related to specific vegetable groups; the accidentals have their host unknown. The accessories and accidental species were captured more in spring and summer; also in these periods were measured the highest values of richness, abundance and diversity. There was no fit between observed/calculated log normal and log series distribution models. The 2nd order Jackknife and Michaelis-Menten equation procedures estimated that the total richness values were close to the total number of the species in the studied area.

Key Words: Biodiversity, community structure, light trap, species accurnulation

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Full text available only in PDF format.

Recebido em 11.III.2002; aceito em 02.VII.2002.

AREND. L.M. 1990. Geografia Física. p. 22-53. In: G.R. HOFFMANN; L.M. AREND; J.C.B. DA SILVEIRA; H.R. BELLOMO & l.L.M. NUNES (Eds). Rio Grande do Sul - aspectos da Geografia. Porto Alegre. Martins Livreiro. 104p.
BARBOSA, P.; A. SEGARRA & P. GROSS. 2000. Structure of two macrolepidopteran assemblages on Salix nigra (Marsh) and Acer negundo L.: abundance, diversity, richness, and persistence of scarce species. Ecol. Entomol., Oxford, 25: 374-379.
BARLOW, H.S. & I.P. WOIWOD. 1989. Moth diversity of a tropical forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Jour. Trop. Ecol., Cambridge, 5: 37-50.
BECCALONI, G.W. & K.J. GASTON. 1995. Predicting the species richness of neotropical forest butterflies: Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as indicators. Biol. Conserv., Oxford, 71: 77-86.
BIEZANKO, C.M.; A. RUFFINELLI & C.S. CARBONELL. 1957. Lepidoptera del Uruguay - Lista anotada de especies. Revta Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 46: 1-156.
BIEZANKO, C.M.; A. RUFFINELLI & D. LINK. 1974. Plantas y otras sustancias alirnenticias de las orugas de lo lepidopteros uruguaios. Rev. Centro Ciências Rurais, Santa Maria, 4 (2): 107-148.
BROWER, J.E.; J.H. ZAR & C.N. VON ENDE. 1998. Field and laboratory methods for general Ecology. Boston, McGraw-Hill, 4^th ed., IX+279p.
BROWN JR., K.S.. 1991. Conservation of Neotropical Enviroments: Insects as indicators, p. 349-404. In: N.M. COLLlNS & J.A. THOMAS (Eds). The conservation of insects and their habitats. London, Royal Entomological Society Symposium XV, Academic Press, 450p.
BROWN JR., K.S. & A.V.L. FREITAS. 2000. Atlantic forest butterflies: indicators for landscape conservation. Biotropica, Washington, DC, 32 (4b): 934-956.
CHEY, V.K.; J.D. HOLLOWAY & M.R. SPEIGHT. 1997. Diversity of moths in forest plantations and natural forests in Sabah. Bull. Entornol. Res., Canterbury, 87: 371-385.
COLWELL, R.K. 2000. Estimates: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 6.0b1, online user' s guide draft 20 september 2000, published at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates6
COLWELL, R.K. & J.A. CODDINGTON. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, London, 345: 101-118.
DAILY, C.G. & P.R. EHRLICH. 1995. Preservation of biodiversity in small rainforest patches: rapid evaluations using butterfly trapping. Biodiv. Conserv., London, 4: 35-55.
DAJÓS, R. 1973. Ecologia Geral. Petrópolis, Vozes, 472p.
DEVRIES, P.J.; D. MURRAY & R. LANDE. 1997. Species diversity in vertical, horizontal, and temporal dimensions of a fruit-feeding butterfly community in an Ecuadorian rainforest. Biol. Jour, Linn. Soc., London, 62: 343-364.
DEVRIES, P.J.; R. LANDE & D. MURRAY. 1999a. Associations of co-mimetic ithomiine butterflies on small spatial and temporal scales in a neotropical rainforest. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc., London, 67: 73-85.
DEVRJES, P.; T.R WALLA & H.F. GREENEY. 1999b. Species diversity in spatial and temporal dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies from two Ecuadorian rainforests. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc., London, 68: 333-353.
DUTRA, R.R.C. 1995. Um procedimento para o cálculo do índice de diversidade de Brillouin. Revta bras. Zool., Curitiba, 12 (4): 1025-1028.
FISHER, B.L. 1998 Insect behavior and ecology in conservation: Preserving functional species interactions. Ann. Entornol. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 91 (2): 155-158
FISHER, R.A; A.S. CORBET & C.B. WILLIAMS. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Jour. Anim. Ecol., London, 12: 42-58.
FROST, S.W. 1957. The Pennsylvania Insect Light Trap. Jour. Econ. Entomol., College Park, 50 (3): 287-292.
GASTON, K.J. 1988. Patterns in the local and regional dynamics of moths populations. Oikos, Copenhagen, 53: 49-57.
HAMPSON, G.F. 1903- 1913. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the Britihs Museum. London: Taylor and Francis, V. 4-13. Pranchas 55-239.
HEPPNER, J.B. 1991. Faunal regions and the diversity of Lepidoptera. Trop. Lep., Gainesville, 2 (supl.): 1-85.
HILL, J.K. & K.C. HAMER. 1998. Using abundance models as indicators of habitat disturbance in tropical forests. Jour. Appl, Entomol., Hamburg, 35: 458-460
HOLLOWAY, J.D. & H.S. BARLOW. 1992. Potential for loss of biodiversity in Malaysia, illustrated by the moth fauna, p. 293-311. In: A. AZIZ; S.A. KADIR & H.S. BARLOW (Eds). Pest management and the environment in 2000. Wallingford, CAB Intemational & Agricultural Institute of Malaysia, 401p.
HOLLOWAY, J.D.; J.D. BRADLEY & D.J. CARTER. 1992. II E Guides to Insects of lmportance to Man. 1. Lepidoptera. London, The Natural History Museum, 263p.
INTACHAT, J.; J.D. HOLLOWAY & M.R. SPEIGHT. 1997. The effects of different forest management practices on geometroid moth populations and their diversity in peninsular Malaysia. Jour. Trop. Forest Sci., Kuala Lumpur, 9 (3): 411-430.
KITCHING, R.L.; A.G. ORR; L. THALIB; H. MITCHELL; M.S. HOPKINS & A.W. GRAHAM. 2000. Moth assemblages as indicators of environmental quality in remnants of upland Australian rain forest. Jour. Appl. Ecol., Oxford, 37: 284-297.
KREBS, C.J. 1999. Ecological Methodology. Mento Park, Benjamin Cummings. 2^nd ed., 620p.
KREMEN, C. 1992 Assessing the indicator proprieties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecol. Appl., Washington, DC, 2 (2): 203-217.
_____. 1994 Biological inventory using target taxa: a case study of the butterflies of Madagascar. Ecol. Appl., Washington, DC, 4 (3): 407-422.
KREMEN, C.; R.K.COLWELL; T.L. ERWIN; D.D.MURPHY; R.F. Noss & M.A. SANJAYAN. 1993. Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: Their use in conservation planning. Conserv. Biol., New York, 7 (4): 796-808
LAFONTAINE, J.D. & R.W. POOLE. 1991. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part.): Plusiinae. Washington, DC, The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, 182p. [Série: The moths of America North of Mexico, including Greenland; fase. 25.1]
LANDAU, D.; D. PROWELL & C.E. CALTON. 1999. Intensive versus long-term sampling to assess lepidopteran diversity in a Southern Mixed Mesophytic Forest. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 92 (3): 435-441.
LARA, F.M; S. SILVEIRA NETO & L.C. FORTI. 1977. Constância e diversidade de espécies de noctuídeos coletados em Jaboticabal e Piracicaba com auxílio de armadilhas luminosas. Científica, Jaboticabal, 5 (2): 144-151.
LEÓN-C, J.L.; J. SOBERÓN-M.& J. LLORENTE-B. 1998. Assessing completeness of Mexican sphinx moth inventories through species accumulation functions. Diversity and Distributions, London, 4: 37-44.
LIMA, A.F. & F. RACCA FILHO. 1996. Manual de pragas e praguicidas - Receituário Agronômico. Rio de Janeiro, EDUR, 818p.
LIN, C.S. 1995. Macroheteroceran diversity variation in agricultural/forestry systems at Meifeng. Jour. Taiwan Mus., Taipei, 48 (1): 25-38.
LINK, D. 1977. Abundância relativa de alguns Noctuidae, em armadilha luminosa, em Santa Maria, RS. Revta Centro Ciências Rurais, Santa Maria, 7 (4): 331-351.
LINK, D. & E.C. COSTA. 1988. Aspectos biológicos das lagartas do trigo. Rev. Centro Ciências Rurais, Santa Maria, 18 (2): 99-105.
MAGURRAN, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. New Jersey, Princeton University Press. 179p.
McGEACHIE, W.J. 1988. A remote sensing method for the estimation of light-trap efficiency. Bull. Entomol. Res., Canterbury, 78: 379-385.
MCGEOCHE, M.A. 1998. The selection testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biol Rev., Cambridge, 73: 181-201.
MUIRHEAD-THOMPSON, R.C. 1991. Trap responses of flying insects. The influence of trap desing on capture efficiency. London, Academic Press, 287p.
NEW, T.R. 1997. Are Lepidoptera an effective 'umbrella group' for biodiversity conservation? Jour. Insect Conserv., Dordrecht, 1: 5-12.
Noss, R.F. 1990. Indicators for Monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conserv. Biol., New York, 4 (4): 354-364.
OLIVER, I. & A.J. BEATTIE. 1996. Designing a cost-effective invertebrate survey: a test of methods for rapid assessment of biodiversity. Ecol. Appl., Washington, DC, 6 (2): 594-607.
PALMER, M.W. 1991. Estimating species richness: The second-order jackknife reconsidered. Ecology, New York, 72 (4): 1512-1513.
PRESTON, F.W. 1948. The commonness and rarity of species. Ecology, New York, 29: 254-283.
POOLE, R.W. 1989. Noctuidae. In: J.B. HEPPNER (Ed.) Lepidopterorum Catalogus. New York, Brill, 1314p.
REAKA-KUDLA, M.L.; D.E. WILSON & O. WILSON. 1997. Biodiversity II. Washington, DC, Joseph Henry Press, 551 p.
SEITZ, A. 1919-1944. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Abteilung II - Die Gross-Scheterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Band 7: Eulenartige Nachtfalter. Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen, 508p.
SILVA, A.G.A.; C.R. GONÇALVES; D.M. GALVÃO; A.J.L. GONÇALVES; J. GOMES; M.N. SILVA & L. SIMONI. 1968. Quarto Catálogo dos Insetos que vivem nas Plantas do Brasil. Seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II, 1º tomo, Insetos, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais. Rio de Janeiro, Ministério de Agricultura, 622p.
SILVEIRA NETO, S.; O. NAKANO; D. BARBIN & N.A. VILLA NOVA. 1976. Manual de ecologia dos insetos. São Paulo, CERES, 419p.
SOBERÓN-M., J. & J. LLORENTE-B. 1993. The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness. Conserv. Biol., New York, 7 (3): 480-488.
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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
03 Jun 2009
Data do Fascículo
Jul 2002

Histórico

Recebido
11 Mar 2002
Aceito
02 Jul 2002

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AREND. L.M. 1990. Geografia Física. p. 22-53. In: G.R. HOFFMANN; L.M. AREND; J.C.B. DA SILVEIRA; H.R. BELLOMO & l.L.M. NUNES (Eds). Rio Grande do Sul - aspectos da Geografia. Porto Alegre. Martins Livreiro. 104p.

[2] BARBOSA, P.; A. SEGARRA & P. GROSS. 2000. Structure of two macrolepidopteran assemblages on Salix nigra (Marsh) and Acer negundo L.: abundance, diversity, richness, and persistence of scarce species. Ecol. Entomol., Oxford, 25: 374-379.

[3] BARLOW, H.S. & I.P. WOIWOD. 1989. Moth diversity of a tropical forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Jour. Trop. Ecol., Cambridge, 5: 37-50.

[4] BECCALONI, G.W. & K.J. GASTON. 1995. Predicting the species richness of neotropical forest butterflies: Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as indicators. Biol. Conserv., Oxford, 71: 77-86.

[5] BIEZANKO, C.M.; A. RUFFINELLI & C.S. CARBONELL. 1957. Lepidoptera del Uruguay - Lista anotada de especies. Revta Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 46: 1-156.

[6] BIEZANKO, C.M.; A. RUFFINELLI & D. LINK. 1974. Plantas y otras sustancias alirnenticias de las orugas de lo lepidopteros uruguaios. Rev. Centro Ciências Rurais, Santa Maria, 4 (2): 107-148.

[7] BROWER, J.E.; J.H. ZAR & C.N. VON ENDE. 1998. Field and laboratory methods for general Ecology. Boston, McGraw-Hill, 4^th ed., IX+279p.

[8] BROWN JR., K.S.. 1991. Conservation of Neotropical Enviroments: Insects as indicators, p. 349-404. In: N.M. COLLlNS & J.A. THOMAS (Eds). The conservation of insects and their habitats. London, Royal Entomological Society Symposium XV, Academic Press, 450p.

[9] BROWN JR., K.S. & A.V.L. FREITAS. 2000. Atlantic forest butterflies: indicators for landscape conservation. Biotropica, Washington, DC, 32 (4b): 934-956.

[10] CHEY, V.K.; J.D. HOLLOWAY & M.R. SPEIGHT. 1997. Diversity of moths in forest plantations and natural forests in Sabah. Bull. Entornol. Res., Canterbury, 87: 371-385.

[11] COLWELL, R.K. 2000. Estimates: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 6.0b1, online user' s guide draft 20 september 2000, published at: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/estimates6

[12] COLWELL, R.K. & J.A. CODDINGTON. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, London, 345: 101-118.

[13] DAILY, C.G. & P.R. EHRLICH. 1995. Preservation of biodiversity in small rainforest patches: rapid evaluations using butterfly trapping. Biodiv. Conserv., London, 4: 35-55.

[14] DAJÓS, R. 1973. Ecologia Geral. Petrópolis, Vozes, 472p.

[15] DEVRIES, P.J.; D. MURRAY & R. LANDE. 1997. Species diversity in vertical, horizontal, and temporal dimensions of a fruit-feeding butterfly community in an Ecuadorian rainforest. Biol. Jour, Linn. Soc., London, 62: 343-364.

[16] DEVRIES, P.J.; R. LANDE & D. MURRAY. 1999a. Associations of co-mimetic ithomiine butterflies on small spatial and temporal scales in a neotropical rainforest. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc., London, 67: 73-85.

[17] DEVRJES, P.; T.R WALLA & H.F. GREENEY. 1999b. Species diversity in spatial and temporal dimensions of fruit-feeding butterflies from two Ecuadorian rainforests. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc., London, 68: 333-353.

[18] DUTRA, R.R.C. 1995. Um procedimento para o cálculo do índice de diversidade de Brillouin. Revta bras. Zool., Curitiba, 12 (4): 1025-1028.

[19] FISHER, B.L. 1998 Insect behavior and ecology in conservation: Preserving functional species interactions. Ann. Entornol. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 91 (2): 155-158

[20] FISHER, R.A; A.S. CORBET & C.B. WILLIAMS. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Jour. Anim. Ecol., London, 12: 42-58.

[21] FROST, S.W. 1957. The Pennsylvania Insect Light Trap. Jour. Econ. Entomol., College Park, 50 (3): 287-292.

[22] GASTON, K.J. 1988. Patterns in the local and regional dynamics of moths populations. Oikos, Copenhagen, 53: 49-57.

[23] HAMPSON, G.F. 1903- 1913. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the Britihs Museum. London: Taylor and Francis, V. 4-13. Pranchas 55-239.

[24] HEPPNER, J.B. 1991. Faunal regions and the diversity of Lepidoptera. Trop. Lep., Gainesville, 2 (supl.): 1-85.

[25] HILL, J.K. & K.C. HAMER. 1998. Using abundance models as indicators of habitat disturbance in tropical forests. Jour. Appl, Entomol., Hamburg, 35: 458-460

[26] HOLLOWAY, J.D. & H.S. BARLOW. 1992. Potential for loss of biodiversity in Malaysia, illustrated by the moth fauna, p. 293-311. In: A. AZIZ; S.A. KADIR & H.S. BARLOW (Eds). Pest management and the environment in 2000. Wallingford, CAB Intemational & Agricultural Institute of Malaysia, 401p.

[27] HOLLOWAY, J.D.; J.D. BRADLEY & D.J. CARTER. 1992. II E Guides to Insects of lmportance to Man. 1. Lepidoptera. London, The Natural History Museum, 263p.

[28] INTACHAT, J.; J.D. HOLLOWAY & M.R. SPEIGHT. 1997. The effects of different forest management practices on geometroid moth populations and their diversity in peninsular Malaysia. Jour. Trop. Forest Sci., Kuala Lumpur, 9 (3): 411-430.

[29] KITCHING, R.L.; A.G. ORR; L. THALIB; H. MITCHELL; M.S. HOPKINS & A.W. GRAHAM. 2000. Moth assemblages as indicators of environmental quality in remnants of upland Australian rain forest. Jour. Appl. Ecol., Oxford, 37: 284-297.

[30] KREBS, C.J. 1999. Ecological Methodology. Mento Park, Benjamin Cummings. 2^nd ed., 620p.

[31] KREMEN, C. 1992 Assessing the indicator proprieties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecol. Appl., Washington, DC, 2 (2): 203-217.

[32] _____. 1994 Biological inventory using target taxa: a case study of the butterflies of Madagascar. Ecol. Appl., Washington, DC, 4 (3): 407-422.

[33] KREMEN, C.; R.K.COLWELL; T.L. ERWIN; D.D.MURPHY; R.F. Noss & M.A. SANJAYAN. 1993. Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: Their use in conservation planning. Conserv. Biol., New York, 7 (4): 796-808

[34] LAFONTAINE, J.D. & R.W. POOLE. 1991. Noctuoidea: Noctuidae (part.): Plusiinae. Washington, DC, The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, 182p. [Série: The moths of America North of Mexico, including Greenland; fase. 25.1]

[35] LANDAU, D.; D. PROWELL & C.E. CALTON. 1999. Intensive versus long-term sampling to assess lepidopteran diversity in a Southern Mixed Mesophytic Forest. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Washington, DC, 92 (3): 435-441.

[36] LARA, F.M; S. SILVEIRA NETO & L.C. FORTI. 1977. Constância e diversidade de espécies de noctuídeos coletados em Jaboticabal e Piracicaba com auxílio de armadilhas luminosas. Científica, Jaboticabal, 5 (2): 144-151.

[37] LEÓN-C, J.L.; J. SOBERÓN-M.& J. LLORENTE-B. 1998. Assessing completeness of Mexican sphinx moth inventories through species accumulation functions. Diversity and Distributions, London, 4: 37-44.

[38] LIMA, A.F. & F. RACCA FILHO. 1996. Manual de pragas e praguicidas - Receituário Agronômico. Rio de Janeiro, EDUR, 818p.

[39] LIN, C.S. 1995. Macroheteroceran diversity variation in agricultural/forestry systems at Meifeng. Jour. Taiwan Mus., Taipei, 48 (1): 25-38.

[40] LINK, D. 1977. Abundância relativa de alguns Noctuidae, em armadilha luminosa, em Santa Maria, RS. Revta Centro Ciências Rurais, Santa Maria, 7 (4): 331-351.

[41] LINK, D. & E.C. COSTA. 1988. Aspectos biológicos das lagartas do trigo. Rev. Centro Ciências Rurais, Santa Maria, 18 (2): 99-105.

[42] MAGURRAN, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. New Jersey, Princeton University Press. 179p.

[43] McGEACHIE, W.J. 1988. A remote sensing method for the estimation of light-trap efficiency. Bull. Entomol. Res., Canterbury, 78: 379-385.

[44] MCGEOCHE, M.A. 1998. The selection testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biol Rev., Cambridge, 73: 181-201.

[45] MUIRHEAD-THOMPSON, R.C. 1991. Trap responses of flying insects. The influence of trap desing on capture efficiency. London, Academic Press, 287p.

[46] NEW, T.R. 1997. Are Lepidoptera an effective 'umbrella group' for biodiversity conservation? Jour. Insect Conserv., Dordrecht, 1: 5-12.

[47] Noss, R.F. 1990. Indicators for Monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conserv. Biol., New York, 4 (4): 354-364.

[48] OLIVER, I. & A.J. BEATTIE. 1996. Designing a cost-effective invertebrate survey: a test of methods for rapid assessment of biodiversity. Ecol. Appl., Washington, DC, 6 (2): 594-607.

[49] PALMER, M.W. 1991. Estimating species richness: The second-order jackknife reconsidered. Ecology, New York, 72 (4): 1512-1513.

[50] PRESTON, F.W. 1948. The commonness and rarity of species. Ecology, New York, 29: 254-283.

[51] POOLE, R.W. 1989. Noctuidae. In: J.B. HEPPNER (Ed.) Lepidopterorum Catalogus. New York, Brill, 1314p.

[52] REAKA-KUDLA, M.L.; D.E. WILSON & O. WILSON. 1997. Biodiversity II. Washington, DC, Joseph Henry Press, 551 p.

[53] SEITZ, A. 1919-1944. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Abteilung II - Die Gross-Scheterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Band 7: Eulenartige Nachtfalter. Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen, 508p.

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