Mamíferos não-voadores do campus "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brasil

Gheler-Costa, Carla; Verdade, Luciano M.; Almeida, Álvaro F. de

doi:10.1590/S0101-81752002000600021

Resumo

The remaining portion of the Atlantic Forest within the State of Sao Paulo is highly fragmented and most of the remainders are wrapped up in an essentially agricultural mosaic. This study aims at the local surveying of non-volant mammals, including their distribution and relative abundance within the human-altered environments of campus "Luiz de Queiroz", University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, an urbanized area bordered by two highways and the Piracicaba River. The landscape of the study area is characterized by a mosaic of small forest fragments surrounded by pastures, agriculture, and planted forests. Small mammals were captured from February to October, 2001, with an effort of 7056 day-traps, sampling the most representative environments of the campus: planted Eucalyptus (L'Héritier) and Pinus (Shaw) forests, native forest fragment, meadow, rubber tree (Hevea sp.) plantation, agriculture and pasture area. Occurrence of medium and large frame mammals was recorded daily (morning and afternoon) from November of 2000 to October of 2001 along a trail set up to merge the studied environments. Sixteen species of non-volant mammals were recorded, ten of medium or big body-size, and six of small body-size. Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766)) and coati (Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766)) were the most abundant species.

Mammals; forest; agricultural mosaic; landscapes

Mamíferos não-voadores do campus "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brasil

Non-volant mammals of campus "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil

Carla Gheler-Costa^I; Luciano M. Verdade^I; Álvaro F. de Almeida^II

^ILaboratório de Ecologia Animal, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo. Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: lmv@esalq.usp.br

^IIDepartamento de Ciências Florestais, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brasil

ABSTRACT

The remaining portion of the Atlantic Forest within the State of Sao Paulo is highly fragmented and most of the remainders are wrapped up in an essentially agricultural mosaic. This study aims at the local surveying of non-volant mammals, including their distribution and relative abundance within the human-altered environments of campus "Luiz de Queiroz", University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, an urbanized area bordered by two highways and the Piracicaba River. The landscape of the study area is characterized by a mosaic of small forest fragments surrounded by pastures, agriculture, and planted forests. Small mammals were captured from February to October, 2001, with an effort of 7056 day-traps, sampling the most representative environments of the campus: planted Eucalyptus (L'Héritier) and Pinus (Shaw) forests, native forest fragment, meadow, rubber tree (Hevea sp.) plantation, agriculture and pasture area. Occurrence of medium and large frame mammals was recorded daily (morning and afternoon) from November of 2000 to October of 2001 along a trail set up to merge the studied environments. Sixteen species of non-volant mammals were recorded, ten of medium or big body-size, and six of small body-size. Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766)) and coati (Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766)) were the most abundant species.

Key words: Mammals, forest, agricultural mosaic, landscapes

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Recebido em 18.VII.2002; aceito em 03.XII.2002.

Alho, C.J.R. 1981. Small mammal population of Brazilian Cerrado: the dependence abundance on diversity habitat complexity. Revta bras. Zool. 41:223-230.
Alho, C.J.R. 1982. Brazilian rodents: their habitats and habits. Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology Special Publications 6:143-166.
Alho, C.J.R. & L.A. Pereira. 1985. Population ecology of acerrado community in Central Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 45:597-607.
Alho, C.J.R.; L.A. Pereira & A.C. Paula. 1986. Patterns of habitat utilization by small population cerrado biome of Central Brazil. Mammalia 50(4):447-460.
Bayne, E.M.; K.A. Hobson & P. Fargey. 1997. Predation artificial nests in relation to forest type: contrasting the use of quail and plasticine egges. Ecography 20:233-239
Becker, M. & J.C. Dalponte. 1999. Rastros de mamíferos silvestres brasileiros. Um guia de campo. Brasilia, Ed. Univ. Brasilia, 2ª ed., 180p.
Benzecri, P.J. 1973. L'Analyse des correspondences. L'Analyse des Données. Paris, Dunod, vol. 2, 619p.
Blake, J.C. & J.R. Karr. 1987. Breeding birds of isolated woodlots: area and habitat relationships. Ecology 68(6):1724-1734.
Bodmer, R.E; J.F. Eisenberg & K.H. Redford. 1997. Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conserv. Biol. 11(2):460-466.
Carvalho, C.T. 1980. Mamíferos dos parques e reservas de São Paulo. Silvicultura, São Paulo, 13/14:1-23.
Cullen Jr., L.; R.E. Bodmer & C.V. Padua. 2000. Effects of hunting in habitat fragments of the Atlantic forests, Brazil. Biol. Conserv. 95(1):49-56.
D'Andrea, P.S. ; R. Gentili & R. Cerqueira. 1998. Home ranges of Philander frenata and Akodon cursor in a Brazilian restinga (coastal shrubland). Mastozool. Neotrop. 4(2):105-112.
Davis, D.E. 1945. The annual cycle of plants, mosquitoes, birds and mammals in two Brazilian forests. Ecol. Monogr., Durham, 15:244-295.
______. 1947. Notes on the life histories of some Brazilian mammals. Bol. Mus. Nac. n.s., Zool., Rio de Janeiro, 76:1-8.
Dietz, J.M. 1983. Notes on the natural history of some small mammals in Central Brazil. Jour. Mammal. 64:521-523.
Eisenberg, J.F. & K.H. Redford. 1999. Mammals of neotropics: the central neotropics. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, vol. 3, 609p.
Emmons, L.H. 1989. Tropical rain forest: why they have so many species and how we may lose this biodiversity without cutting a single tree. Oryx, Oxford, 8(3):8-14.
Emmons, LH. 1990. Neotropical rainforest mammals. A field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 281p.
Facure, K.G. & E.L.A. Monteiro-Filho. 1996. Feeding habits of the crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous (Carnívora, Canidae), in a suburban area of southeastern Brazil. Mammalia 60(1):147-149.
Ferraz, K.P.M.B.; R.M.F. Santos-Filho; T.R.O. Piffer & L.M. Verdade. 2001. Biologia e manejo da capivara: do controle de danos ao máximo rendimento sustentável, p. 580-588. In: W.R.S. Mattos (Ed.). A produção animal na visão dos brasileiros. Piracicaba, Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 927p.
Ferraz, K.P.M.B; M. Lechevalier; H.T.Z. Couto & L.M. Verdade (no prelo). Danos causados por capivaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), Rodentia: Caviomorpha (Linnaeus, 1766) em campos de milho, SP, Brasil. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, 60(1).
Fonseca, G.A.B. & K.H. Redford. 1984. The mammals of IBGE'S ecological reserve, Brasília, and analysis of the role of gallery forest in increasing diversity. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44(4):517-523.
Fonseca, G.A.B. & M.C.M. Kierulf. 1989. Biology and natural history of Atlantic forest mammals. Bull. Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 34(3):99-152.
Glanz, WE. 1991. Mammalian densities at protected versus hunted sites in central Panama, p. 163-173. In: J.G. Robinson & K.H. Redford (Eds). Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. Chicago, Chicago Univ. Press, 520p.
Gentile, R. & F.A.S. Fernandez. 1999. Influence of habitat structure on a streamside small mammal community in a Brazilian rural area. Mammalia 63(1):29-40.
Ibge. 1992. Manual Técnico da Vegetação Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 115p.
Karimi, Y.; CR. Almeida & F. Petter. 1976. Note sur less rongeurs du Nort Est du Brésil. Mammalia 40:257-266.
Laurance, W.F. 1990. Comparative response of five arboreal marsupials to tropical forest fragmentation. Jour. Mammal. 71:641-653.
Le Boulenge-Nguyen, P.; E. Le Boulenge. 1986. A new ear-tag small mammals. Jour. Zool. 209(2):20-29.
Lima, A.M.L.P. 1987. Nosso Parque faz 80 anos. Rev. ADEALQ, Piracicaba, 10(6):20-22.
Malcolm, J.R. 1991. Comparative abundances of Neotropical small mammals by trap height. Jour. Mammal. 72(1):188-192.
Mares, MA; M.R. Willig; K.E. Streilein & T.E. Lacher Jr. 1981. The mammals of northeastern Brazil: a preliminary assessment. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 50(4):81-137.
Marinho-Filho, J. 1992. Os mamíferos da Serra do Japi, p. 264-286. In: L.P.C. Morellato (Coord.). História Natural da Serra do Japi. Ecologia e preservação de uma área florestal no sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Ed. Unicamp, 321p.
Medellin, R.A. & M. Equihua. 1998. Mammal species richness and habitat use in rainforest and abandoned agricultural fields in Chiapas, Mexico. Jour. Appl. Ecol. 35(1):13-23.
Mello, D.A. 1980. Estudo populacional de algumas espécies de roedores do cerrado (norte do município de Formosa, Goiás). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40(4):843-860.
Mello, D.A. & L.E. Moojen. 1979. Nota sobre uma coleção de roedores e marsupiais de algumas regiões do Cerrado do Brasil Central. Rev. Brasil. Pesquisas Médicas Biol., São Paulo, 12:287-291.
Metzger, J.P. & H. Decamps. 1997. The structural connectivity threshold an hypothesis in conservation biology at the landscape scale. Acta Oecologica, Paris, 18(1):254-246.
Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A. 1995. Os mamíferos de Santa Genebra, p.86-92. In: P.C. Morellato; H.F. Leitão-Filho (Eds). Ecologia e preservação de uma floresta tropical urbana. Reserva de Santa Genebra. Campinas, Ed. Unicamp, 136p.
Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A. & V.S. Dias. 1990. Observações sobre a biologia de Lutreolina crassicaudata (Mammalia: Marsupialia). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 50(2):393-39.
Morellato, P.C. & H.F. Leitão-Filho. 1995. Ecologia e preservação de uma floresta tropical urbana. Reserva de Santa Genebra. Campinas, Ed. Unicamp, 136p.
Nitikman, L. & M. Mares. 1987. Ecology of small mammals in a gallery forest of Central Brazil. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 56(2):75-95.
Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the word. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 5^th ed., 1629p.
Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio biologico del chiguire o capibara. Caracas, Ed. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuárias, 257p.
Ott, E.R. 1983. Analysis of Means: A graphical procedure. Jour. Quality Technol. 15:10-18.
Paglia, A.P.; P. de Marco Jr.; F.M. Costa; R.F. Pereira & G. Lessa. 1995. Heterogeneidade estrutural e diversidade de pequenos mamíferos em um fragmento de mata secundária de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 12(1):67-79.
Schaller, GB & J.M.C. Vasconcelos. 1978. Jaguar predation on capybara. Zeitschr. Saeugetierk. 43(5):296-301.
Setzer, J. 1946. Contribuição para o estudo do clima do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, D.E.R. 237p.
Silva, F. 1994. Mamíferos silvestres - Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2ª ed., 246p.
Sokal, R.R; J.F. Rohlf. 1973. Introduction to biostatistic. San Francisco, W.H. Freeman, 368p.
Sparovek, G. 1993. Avaliação das terras do campus "Luiz de Queiroz": aspectos físicos, capacidade de uso, uso da terra, adequação de uso e aptidão. Piracicaba, Dep. de Solos, ESALQ, USP, 40p.
Stalling, J.R. 1989. Small mammal inventories in an eastern brazilian park. Bull. Florida State Mus. 34(4):153-200.
Streilen, K.L. 1982. The ecology of small mammals in the semiarid Brazilian caatinga. II. Reproductive biology and population ecology. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 51:252-269.
Talamoni, S.A. & M.M. Dias. 1999. Population and community ecology of small mammal in southeastern Brazil. Mammalia 63(2):167-181.
Viana, V.M.; A.J.A. Tabanez & J.L.A. Martinez. 1992. Restauração e manejo de fragmentos florestais. In: Anais II Congresso Nacional sobre Essências Nativas. Campos do Jordão, Instituto Florestal, p. 400-406.
Vieira, C. 1950. Xenartros e marsupiais do Estado de São Paulo. Arquivos Zool., São Paulo, 7:325-362.
______. 1953. Roedores e lagomorfos do Estado de São Paulo. Arquivos Zool., São Paulo, 8:129-169.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
03 Jun 2009
Data do Fascículo
Dez 2002

Histórico

Aceito
03 Dez 2002
Recebido
18 Jul 2002

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Alho, C.J.R. 1981. Small mammal population of Brazilian Cerrado: the dependence abundance on diversity habitat complexity. Revta bras. Zool. 41:223-230.

[2] Alho, C.J.R. 1982. Brazilian rodents: their habitats and habits. Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology Special Publications 6:143-166.

[3] Alho, C.J.R. & L.A. Pereira. 1985. Population ecology of acerrado community in Central Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 45:597-607.

[4] Alho, C.J.R.; L.A. Pereira & A.C. Paula. 1986. Patterns of habitat utilization by small population cerrado biome of Central Brazil. Mammalia 50(4):447-460.

[5] Bayne, E.M.; K.A. Hobson & P. Fargey. 1997. Predation artificial nests in relation to forest type: contrasting the use of quail and plasticine egges. Ecography 20:233-239

[6] Becker, M. & J.C. Dalponte. 1999. Rastros de mamíferos silvestres brasileiros. Um guia de campo. Brasilia, Ed. Univ. Brasilia, 2ª ed., 180p.

[7] Benzecri, P.J. 1973. L'Analyse des correspondences. L'Analyse des Données. Paris, Dunod, vol. 2, 619p.

[8] Blake, J.C. & J.R. Karr. 1987. Breeding birds of isolated woodlots: area and habitat relationships. Ecology 68(6):1724-1734.

[9] Bodmer, R.E; J.F. Eisenberg & K.H. Redford. 1997. Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conserv. Biol. 11(2):460-466.

[10] Carvalho, C.T. 1980. Mamíferos dos parques e reservas de São Paulo. Silvicultura, São Paulo, 13/14:1-23.

[11] Cullen Jr., L.; R.E. Bodmer & C.V. Padua. 2000. Effects of hunting in habitat fragments of the Atlantic forests, Brazil. Biol. Conserv. 95(1):49-56.

[12] D'Andrea, P.S. ; R. Gentili & R. Cerqueira. 1998. Home ranges of Philander frenata and Akodon cursor in a Brazilian restinga (coastal shrubland). Mastozool. Neotrop. 4(2):105-112.

[13] Davis, D.E. 1945. The annual cycle of plants, mosquitoes, birds and mammals in two Brazilian forests. Ecol. Monogr., Durham, 15:244-295.

[14] ______. 1947. Notes on the life histories of some Brazilian mammals. Bol. Mus. Nac. n.s., Zool., Rio de Janeiro, 76:1-8.

[15] Dietz, J.M. 1983. Notes on the natural history of some small mammals in Central Brazil. Jour. Mammal. 64:521-523.

[16] Eisenberg, J.F. & K.H. Redford. 1999. Mammals of neotropics: the central neotropics. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, vol. 3, 609p.

[17] Emmons, L.H. 1989. Tropical rain forest: why they have so many species and how we may lose this biodiversity without cutting a single tree. Oryx, Oxford, 8(3):8-14.

[18] Emmons, LH. 1990. Neotropical rainforest mammals. A field guide. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 281p.

[19] Facure, K.G. & E.L.A. Monteiro-Filho. 1996. Feeding habits of the crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous (Carnívora, Canidae), in a suburban area of southeastern Brazil. Mammalia 60(1):147-149.

[20] Ferraz, K.P.M.B.; R.M.F. Santos-Filho; T.R.O. Piffer & L.M. Verdade. 2001. Biologia e manejo da capivara: do controle de danos ao máximo rendimento sustentável, p. 580-588. In: W.R.S. Mattos (Ed.). A produção animal na visão dos brasileiros. Piracicaba, Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, 927p.

[21] Ferraz, K.P.M.B; M. Lechevalier; H.T.Z. Couto & L.M. Verdade (no prelo). Danos causados por capivaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), Rodentia: Caviomorpha (Linnaeus, 1766) em campos de milho, SP, Brasil. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, 60(1).

[22] Fonseca, G.A.B. & K.H. Redford. 1984. The mammals of IBGE'S ecological reserve, Brasília, and analysis of the role of gallery forest in increasing diversity. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44(4):517-523.

[23] Fonseca, G.A.B. & M.C.M. Kierulf. 1989. Biology and natural history of Atlantic forest mammals. Bull. Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 34(3):99-152.

[24] Glanz, WE. 1991. Mammalian densities at protected versus hunted sites in central Panama, p. 163-173. In: J.G. Robinson & K.H. Redford (Eds). Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. Chicago, Chicago Univ. Press, 520p.

[25] Gentile, R. & F.A.S. Fernandez. 1999. Influence of habitat structure on a streamside small mammal community in a Brazilian rural area. Mammalia 63(1):29-40.

[26] Ibge. 1992. Manual Técnico da Vegetação Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 115p.

[27] Karimi, Y.; CR. Almeida & F. Petter. 1976. Note sur less rongeurs du Nort Est du Brésil. Mammalia 40:257-266.

[28] Laurance, W.F. 1990. Comparative response of five arboreal marsupials to tropical forest fragmentation. Jour. Mammal. 71:641-653.

[29] Le Boulenge-Nguyen, P.; E. Le Boulenge. 1986. A new ear-tag small mammals. Jour. Zool. 209(2):20-29.

[30] Lima, A.M.L.P. 1987. Nosso Parque faz 80 anos. Rev. ADEALQ, Piracicaba, 10(6):20-22.

[31] Malcolm, J.R. 1991. Comparative abundances of Neotropical small mammals by trap height. Jour. Mammal. 72(1):188-192.

[32] Mares, MA; M.R. Willig; K.E. Streilein & T.E. Lacher Jr. 1981. The mammals of northeastern Brazil: a preliminary assessment. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 50(4):81-137.

[33] Marinho-Filho, J. 1992. Os mamíferos da Serra do Japi, p. 264-286. In: L.P.C. Morellato (Coord.). História Natural da Serra do Japi. Ecologia e preservação de uma área florestal no sudeste do Brasil. Campinas, Ed. Unicamp, 321p.

[34] Medellin, R.A. & M. Equihua. 1998. Mammal species richness and habitat use in rainforest and abandoned agricultural fields in Chiapas, Mexico. Jour. Appl. Ecol. 35(1):13-23.

[35] Mello, D.A. 1980. Estudo populacional de algumas espécies de roedores do cerrado (norte do município de Formosa, Goiás). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40(4):843-860.

[36] Mello, D.A. & L.E. Moojen. 1979. Nota sobre uma coleção de roedores e marsupiais de algumas regiões do Cerrado do Brasil Central. Rev. Brasil. Pesquisas Médicas Biol., São Paulo, 12:287-291.

[37] Metzger, J.P. & H. Decamps. 1997. The structural connectivity threshold an hypothesis in conservation biology at the landscape scale. Acta Oecologica, Paris, 18(1):254-246.

[38] Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A. 1995. Os mamíferos de Santa Genebra, p.86-92. In: P.C. Morellato; H.F. Leitão-Filho (Eds). Ecologia e preservação de uma floresta tropical urbana. Reserva de Santa Genebra. Campinas, Ed. Unicamp, 136p.

[39] Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A. & V.S. Dias. 1990. Observações sobre a biologia de Lutreolina crassicaudata (Mammalia: Marsupialia). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 50(2):393-39.

[40] Morellato, P.C. & H.F. Leitão-Filho. 1995. Ecologia e preservação de uma floresta tropical urbana. Reserva de Santa Genebra. Campinas, Ed. Unicamp, 136p.

[41] Nitikman, L. & M. Mares. 1987. Ecology of small mammals in a gallery forest of Central Brazil. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 56(2):75-95.

[42] Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the word. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 5^th ed., 1629p.

[43] Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio biologico del chiguire o capibara. Caracas, Ed. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuárias, 257p.

[44] Ott, E.R. 1983. Analysis of Means: A graphical procedure. Jour. Quality Technol. 15:10-18.

[45] Paglia, A.P.; P. de Marco Jr.; F.M. Costa; R.F. Pereira & G. Lessa. 1995. Heterogeneidade estrutural e diversidade de pequenos mamíferos em um fragmento de mata secundária de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 12(1):67-79.

[46] Schaller, GB & J.M.C. Vasconcelos. 1978. Jaguar predation on capybara. Zeitschr. Saeugetierk. 43(5):296-301.

[47] Setzer, J. 1946. Contribuição para o estudo do clima do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo, D.E.R. 237p.

[48] Silva, F. 1994. Mamíferos silvestres - Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2ª ed., 246p.

[49] Sokal, R.R; J.F. Rohlf. 1973. Introduction to biostatistic. San Francisco, W.H. Freeman, 368p.

[50] Sparovek, G. 1993. Avaliação das terras do campus "Luiz de Queiroz": aspectos físicos, capacidade de uso, uso da terra, adequação de uso e aptidão. Piracicaba, Dep. de Solos, ESALQ, USP, 40p.

[51] Stalling, J.R. 1989. Small mammal inventories in an eastern brazilian park. Bull. Florida State Mus. 34(4):153-200.

[52] Streilen, K.L. 1982. The ecology of small mammals in the semiarid Brazilian caatinga. II. Reproductive biology and population ecology. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 51:252-269.

[53] Talamoni, S.A. & M.M. Dias. 1999. Population and community ecology of small mammal in southeastern Brazil. Mammalia 63(2):167-181.

[54] Viana, V.M.; A.J.A. Tabanez & J.L.A. Martinez. 1992. Restauração e manejo de fragmentos florestais. In: Anais II Congresso Nacional sobre Essências Nativas. Campos do Jordão, Instituto Florestal, p. 400-406.

[55] Vieira, C. 1950. Xenartros e marsupiais do Estado de São Paulo. Arquivos Zool., São Paulo, 7:325-362.

[56] ______. 1953. Roedores e lagomorfos do Estado de São Paulo. Arquivos Zool., São Paulo, 8:129-169.