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Reaction of melon accessions to crater rot and resistance inheritance

Reação de acessos de meloeiro à podridão-de-cratera e herança da resistência

Abstracts

The aims of the present study were to assess the reaction of melon accessions to crater rot, caused by Myrothecium roridum, and study the inheritance of resistance. In the first experiment, 30 melon accessions from northeastern Brazil were assessed in a randomized block design with two replicates. Each plot was formed by a row of 12 plants, from which three fruits were sampled and used for inoculation. Each fruit was inoculated at four equidistant sites on the surface. Ten wounds were made at each site to an approximate depth of 3.0 mm, to which 0.05 mL of conidial suspension was placed at a concentration of 10(6) spores mL-1 of sterilized distilled water with the aid of a pipette. The fruits were placed on Petri dishes and enveloped in polyethylene bags containing hydrophilic cotton, both of which were moistened with sterilized distilled water. Five days after inoculation, the injured area (in mm²) was assessed. Accessions A-9, A-14 and A-30 were resistant to the CMM-609 isolate of M. roridum. In the second experiment, the parents AF-682 and UFERSA-05 were used as standards of susceptibility and resistance, respectively. From these plants, generations F1, F2, RC11 and RC12 were obtained. The six populations were grown under field conditions in a randomized block design. Resistance to crater rot on the melon fruits exhibited complex inheritance, with six loci and the involvement of additive and dominance effects.

Cucumis melo; Myrothecium roridum; germplasm; genetic control; poligenes


Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a reação de germoplasma de meloeiro à podridão-de-cratera, causada por Myrothecium roridum, e estudar a herança da resistência. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliados 30 acessos de meloeiro coletados no Nordeste brasileiro. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. Cada parcela foi formada por uma linha com 12 plantas, da qual três frutos foram amostrados e utilizados para inoculação. Cada fruto foi inoculado em quatro regiões equidistantes na superfície. Em cada região foram realizados 10 ferimentos de aproximadamente 3,0 mm de profundidade. Nestes foram depositados 0,05 mL da suspensão de conídios na concentração de 10(6) esporos mL-1 de água destilada esterilizada por meio de uma pipeta. Os frutos foram colocados sobre placas de Petri e envoltos em sacos de polietileno, contendo algodão hidrófilo, ambos umedecidos com água destilada esterilizada. A avaliação foi efetuada cinco dias após a inoculação determinando-se a área lesionada (em mm²). Os acessos A-9, A-14 e A-30 foram resistentes ao isolado CMM-609 de Myroyhecium roridum. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados os genitores AF-682 e UFERSA-05, como padrões de suscetibilidade e resistência, respectivamente. A partir dos mesmos foram obtidas as gerações F1, F2, RC11 e RC12. As seis populações foram cultivadas em condições de campo em blocos ao acaso. A resistência à podridão-de-cratera em frutos do meloeiro teve herança complexa, com seis loci e envolvimento de efeitos aditivo e de dominância.

Cucumis melo; Myrothecium roridum; germoplasma; controle genético; poligenes


RESEARCH PESQUISA

Ítala JB NascimentoI; Glauber HS NunesI; Rui Sales JúniorI; Katchen JP SilvaI; Izabel M GuimarãesI; Sami J MichereffII

IUFERSA, C. Postal 137, 59625-900 Mossoró-RN; glauber@ufersa.edu.br

IIUFRPE-Depto. Agronomia, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, 52171-900 Recife-PE; sami@depa.ufrpe.br

ABSTRACT

The aims of the present study were to assess the reaction of melon accessions to crater rot, caused by Myrothecium roridum, and study the inheritance of resistance. In the first experiment, 30 melon accessions from northeastern Brazil were assessed in a randomized block design with two replicates. Each plot was formed by a row of 12 plants, from which three fruits were sampled and used for inoculation. Each fruit was inoculated at four equidistant sites on the surface. Ten wounds were made at each site to an approximate depth of 3.0 mm, to which 0.05 mL of conidial suspension was placed at a concentration of 106 spores mL-1 of sterilized distilled water with the aid of a pipette. The fruits were placed on Petri dishes and enveloped in polyethylene bags containing hydrophilic cotton, both of which were moistened with sterilized distilled water. Five days after inoculation, the injured area (in mm2) was assessed. Accessions A-9, A-14 and A-30 were resistant to the CMM-609 isolate of M. roridum. In the second experiment, the parents AF-682 and UFERSA-05 were used as standards of susceptibility and resistance, respectively. From these plants, generations F1, F2, RC11 and RC12 were obtained. The six populations were grown under field conditions in a randomized block design. Resistance to crater rot on the melon fruits exhibited complex inheritance, with six loci and the involvement of additive and dominance effects.

Keywords:Cucumis melo, Myrothecium roridum, germplasm, genetic control, poligenes.

RESUMO

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a reação de germoplasma de meloeiro à podridão-de-cratera, causada por Myrothecium roridum, e estudar a herança da resistência. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliados 30 acessos de meloeiro coletados no Nordeste brasileiro. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. Cada parcela foi formada por uma linha com 12 plantas, da qual três frutos foram amostrados e utilizados para inoculação. Cada fruto foi inoculado em quatro regiões equidistantes na superfície. Em cada região foram realizados 10 ferimentos de aproximadamente 3,0 mm de profundidade. Nestes foram depositados 0,05 mL da suspensão de conídios na concentração de 106 esporos mL-1 de água destilada esterilizada por meio de uma pipeta. Os frutos foram colocados sobre placas de Petri e envoltos em sacos de polietileno, contendo algodão hidrófilo, ambos umedecidos com água destilada esterilizada. A avaliação foi efetuada cinco dias após a inoculação determinando-se a área lesionada (em mm2). Os acessos A-9, A-14 e A-30 foram resistentes ao isolado CMM-609 de Myroyhecium roridum. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados os genitores AF-682 e UFERSA-05, como padrões de suscetibilidade e resistência, respectivamente. A partir dos mesmos foram obtidas as gerações F1, F2, RC11 e RC12. As seis populações foram cultivadas em condições de campo em blocos ao acaso. A resistência à podridão-de-cratera em frutos do meloeiro teve herança complexa, com seis loci e envolvimento de efeitos aditivo e de dominância.

Palavras-chave:Cucumis melo, Myrothecium roridum, germoplasma, controle genético, poligenes.

The semiarid region of Brazil has climatic conditions that are favorable to the cultivation of different tropical vegetables and fruits, among which the melon (Cucumis melo) is one of the most important. The expansion of melon crops in northeastern Brazil accounted for 98.36% of the national melon production in 2010, with the states of Ceará (60.88%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37.48%) figuring prominently (MDICE, 2011). Besides the yield and considerable contribution to the national economy, melon agribusiness plays an important social role by employing a large contingent of laborers.

Despite efforts on the part of melon growers to improve the quality and quantity of the fruit, a number of plant health problems have hampered these initiatives. Crater rot caused by Myrothecium roridum is one of the more serious problems. The disease was first detected in Brazil in 1991 in the municipality of Mossoró (Rio Grande do Norte state) (Silva et al., 1996) and has since occurred with frequency in crops in the region (Senhor, 2006).

Myrothecium roridum is a soilborne fungus and has a broad host range. The pathogenesis of crater rot is associated with the production of enzymes and toxins. In melons, this fungus causes symptoms on the stems, leaves, roots and fruits. Crater rot on melons is characterized by surface and deeper lesions often in the form of a crater measuring 2 to 50 mm in diameter, in which olive-green fructifications (sporodochia) and dark exudates are produced. The fungus can become a parasite when environmental conditions are favorable to its development (Bruton, 1996). The occurrence of fungal rots on melons in the field is generally associated with warm, humid environmental conditions and the presence of injured fruits (Viana et al., 2001).

The dissemination of spores from infected to healthy parts of plants occurs mainly through the rainfall drops or irrigation. When the temperature is favorable and wounds are found on the tissue of the host plant, rain drops contribute significantly to the disease progress (Bruton, 1996). Assessing different inoculation methods, Senhor et al. (2006) found larger lesions on fruits inoculated using the method of wounds placed at equidistant sites, with no symptoms found on fruits without wounds. On melon plants, injuries may occur due to friction between the melons and the soil surface, cuts by instruments or rocks and the activity of insects, such as scraping of the surface, bites or penetration for feeding purposes (Viana et al., 2001). Moreover, melon producers periodically turn the fruits over to avoid the phenomenon denominated "white belly" caused by excess moisture on the lower portion of the fruit, which lowers its value; this conduct can also cause injury to the melons.

Studying the effects of inoculation methods, number of wounds on the fruit and age of the fruit on crater rot in the varieties AF-682 and Orange Flesh, Senhor et al. (2006) found that inoculation by sub-epidermal injection led to smaller lesions and that disease severity increased with the increase in the number of wounds, reaching a maximum with 10 wounds. The authors also found a tendency toward a reduction in disease severity with the increase in the age of the wounds, as lesions were significantly smaller on fruits injured six hours prior to inoculation in comparison to those inoculated immediately following injury. Moreover, the age of the fruit was not a determinant of either an increase or reduction in the severity of crater rot.

The different strategies currently employed for the control of M. roridum have demonstrated a poor degree of efficacy, which is why the use of resistant varieties is the measure of choice for the integrated management of crater rot. However, there are few reports on the reaction of melon genotypes inoculated with M. roridum in different plant parts. The literature reports the results of studies carried out to investigate the reaction in leaves (Kuti et al., 1987), which are rare symptoms in crops in northeastern Brazil, and in the neck of the plant (Silva et al., 1993; Lima et al., 1997; Noronha et al., 2006). Senhor et al. (2008) report the susceptibility of a simple hybrid of the yellow AF-682 and the pollination variety of Orange Flesh with symptoms on the fruits. Transmission through seeds has not been proven, but the presence of the fungus on seeds affects the germination and vigor of the plantlets of different varieties (Kuti et al., 1985). Due to the lack of information on the reaction of melon genotypes with symptoms on the fruits, it is important to carry out studies to identify sources of resistance to M. roridum.

The determination of the genetic control of resistance is another important aspect in any genetic improvement program aimed at resistance to a given pathogen. There are no reports in the literature on crater rot in fruits. In studies carried out on detached leaves, Kuti & Ng (1989) found evidence of polygenic inheritance, whereas MacKay et al. (1992) were unable to arrive at conclusive results due to the small degree of contrast between the parent plants.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the reaction of melon accessions from northeastern Brazil to the fungus M. roridum and study the inheritance of resistance to crater rot in melon fruits.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Reaction of melon accessions to Myrothecium roridum - The experiment was carried out in the horticulture field of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, in the municipality of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil (5º11'05''S, 37º20'19''W; 18 m altitude). The Köppen climatic classification for the region is BSWh' (very dry), with a rainy season in summer and early autumn (Carmo Filho & Oliveira, 1989).

Thirty accessions of melon collected from different states of northeastern Brazil were evaluated. The accessions were classified into four botanical groups based on Münger & Robinson (1991) and one undefined group (Table 1). The experiment was carried out with the transplantation of 15-day-old seedlings from 128-cell polystyrene trays. The management practices followed the cultivation needs of Rio Grande do Norte state (Nunes et al., 2004). The field experiment was conducted between September 12 and December 5, 2006. Maximum and minimum temperatures were 33 and 27ºC, respectively. No rainfall was recorded throughout the experimental period.

A randomized block design was employed with two replicates. Each plot was formed by a row of 12 plants. At harvest (65 to 70 days after sowing), three fruits were randomly sampled from each plot for inoculation. The fruits were uniform, with size and coloration characteristic of the commercial maturation of each accession at the time of harvesting.

Inoculation was performed with a strain of M. roridum (CMM-609) obtained from the roots of a melon plant with symptoms of crater rot collected from a commercial field in Mossoró, in 2004. The isolate was deposited in the Culture Collection of the Phytopathogenic Fungi "Prof. Maria Menezes" - CMM of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (Recife, Pernambuco state, Brazil). The M. roridum inoculum was produced in Petri dishes with potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) culture medium and incubated in a BOD incubator for 15 days at 25°C with a 12-h light/dark cycle. Spore suspensions were prepared with the addition of sterilized distilled water to the surface of the cultures, filtering with a double layer of gauze and the adjustment of the concentration to 106 conidia mL-1 in a hemocytometer.

Melon fruits at commercial maturation stage were washed with soap and water, disinfested by immersion in 0.05% NaClO for 5 minutes and left to dry for 45 minutes. Four equidistant sites on the surface of each fruit were injured with aid of a pin cushion. The pins had been disinfested by immersion in alcohol for 2 minutes. Each site had a total of 10 wounds measuring approximately 3.0 mm in depth. A pipette was used to place 0.05 mL of the M. roridum conidial suspension immediately after the injury to the fruits. After inoculation, fruits were maintained for 48 h on lids of Petri dishes containing hydrophilic cotton moistened with sterile distilled water, and this set placed in moistened plastic bags, forming a humid chamber. The fruits kept in the moist chambers were incubated at ambient conditions (27ºC and 67% relative humidity) in the laboratory.

The evaluation of the crater rot severity was performed 5 days after inoculation, with the measurement of external lesion length in two diametrically opposite ways at each inoculated site and calculation of lesion area in mm2 (Senhor, 2006).

Friedman's non-parametric test was applied, with the level of significance set to 5% (α= 0.05). A rank comparison test was then employed for the distinction of the treatments. The statistical analysis was performed using the R software, version 2.10.1.

Genetic inheritance of the resistance to crater rot - The AF-682 and UFERSA-05 cultivars were used for the production of populations for the inheritance study. The AF-682 cultivar is a simple hybrid belonging to the yellow type inodorus variety, with a gold-yellow, rough-textured rind, white pulp, andromonoic sexual expression and susceptibility to M. roridum in the fruit (Senhor et al., 2008). The UFERSA-05 stain belongs to the acidulus botany variety, is not defined within any type of commercial melon, has a smooth yellow rind, elliptical shape, white flesh, dark green foliage, monoic sexual expression and resistance to M. roridum in both the seedling and fruit. This line was obtained through five self-fecundations of the A-9 accession (Table 1) and has proven resistant to crater rot in all previous assays performed to demonstrate the pathogenicity of the CMM-609 isolate.

The cross between AF-682 and UFERSA-05 line was performed to obtain the F1 hybrid. F1 plants were selfed to obtain the F2 generation and backcrossed with both parents to obtain the RC11 and RC12 generations.

The experiment was carried out with the transplantation of 12-day-old seedlings from 128-cell polystyrene trays with a commercial substrate. The other cultural practices followed the crop needs of Rio Grande do Norte state (Nunes et al., 2005). The crop season occurred from August 15 to October 17, 2007. Maximum and minimum temperatures were 30 and 26ºC, respectively. No rainfall was recorded throughout the experimental period.

The six populations were cultivated under field conditions in a randomized block design. Two plots with 20 plants were evaluated for the AF-682 (P1), UFERSA-05 (P2) and F1 populations. Eight plots with 20 plants were evaluated for the F2 population and four plots with 20 plants were evaluated for the backcrossed populations. The fruits from each population were harvested and duly identified. The procedures for fruit disinfestation, M. roridum inoculums obtaining, fruit inoculation and disease assessment were the same as those described above.

The following analyses were performed in the study of inheritance: a) evaluation of generations (Mather & Jinks, 1984) to estimate mean and variance components of the additive-dominant model and estimate the number of genes using the GENES software (Cruz, 2006); b) test the hypothesis of monogenic inheritance under different mean degrees of presumed dominance (Oliveira et al., 2003) using the R software version 2.10.1; and c) test the hypothesis of monogenic inheritance and/or the presence of polygenic (or modifying) loci affecting the character based on maximum likelihood estimates (Silva, 2003). The most general model is that which presents a gene of major effect together with polygenes with additive and dominance effects and equal environmental variances in all generations. Independent genes (polygenes and those of major effect) are also considered. The likelihood functions for each model allowed carrying out tests of interests considering different hypotheses. The analyses of the tests were performed using the Monogen software, version 0.1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Reaction in fruits of melon accessions to Myrotecium roridum - Significant differences between accessions were found regarding the reaction to M. roridum2 = 66.67; p<0.01) (Table 1). Accessions A-9, A-14 and A-30 had the smallest lesion areas (Table 1). None of these accessions are among the commercial types exported by Brazil (Sales Júnior et al., 2006). Accessions A-9 and A-14 belong to the acidulus botanical group and A-30 belongs to the momordica group (Table 1). The use of germplasms from botanical groups that are different from commercially important groups, such as cantaloupensis and inodorus, is a common practice in genetic breeding programs for melons, especially in developed nations, such as the United States of America, France and The Netherlands. In Brazil, there are no studies to date on the introgression of alleles using germplasms from the momordica and acidulus groups.

According to Fergany et al. (2011), the C. melo var. acidulus Naudin is endemic to tropical humid southern India (states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu). Fruits have very long shelf life and tender fruits are consumed as salad or use for 'Sambhar' preparation. 'Sambhar', a vegetable stew based on a broth with tamarind and "toor dal" (small lentils), a dish common in south India and Sri Lanka Tamil cuisines. Ripe fruits are also eaten. Melons from the acidulus group are rare in Brazilian small farms.

C. melo var momordica also denominated snapmelons, is native of India and used in salads or in the form of pickles. The main characteristics of these melons are the low content of soluble solids and the opening ("cracking") of the fruit when ripe. The main use of the Indian melon is as a source of genetic resistance to pests and diseases, such as Fusarium oxysporium, Podosphaera xanthii, Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Aphis gossypii (Dhillon et al., 2007).

The snapmelon assessed in the present study is grown on small farms in northeastern Brazil and has not yet been evaluated in genetic breeding programs for its reaction to the main pathogens found in the Mossoró-Assu region, such as P. xanthii, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Acidovorax citrulli. The identification of resistant melon accessions will allow advancements in the ongoing work against economically important diseases (Sinclair, 2003).

While the A-9, A-14 and A-30 accessions have low-quality fruits due to the low content of soluble solids (@ 4 ºBrix), all three may be useful as sources of resistance to M. roridum in genetic breeding programs. Accessions from the momordica group have been successfully used for creation of melon cultivars with resistance to powdery mildew. The line MR-1 is resistant to the majority of races of the P. xanthii throughout the world and is used as a genitor of modern resistance cultivars (Fukino et al., 2004). No reports were found in the literature on the resistance to M. roridum of accessions belonging to the momordica and acidulus groups. The A-9 and A-14 accessions of the group acidulus have melons with a high degree of firmness (around 35 N) and approximately 12 weeks of postharvest conservation. These melons have considerable potential for increasing the shelf life of melons from the inodorus group, and especially cantalupensis group, such as the types Galia, Charenthais and Cantaloupe.

It should be stressed that only one isolate of M. roridum was used in the present study. Considering the genetic variability among isolates with regard to pathogenicity (Lima et al., 1997; Senhor, 2006), further evaluations are needed with other isolates collected from melon-producing regions in order to achieve a more reliable assessment of the degree of resistance of the accessions.

Nonetheless, the results of the present study indicate the potential of the melon accessions collected from small farms in northeastern Brazil. These accessions are sources of alleles that could be used in melon breeding programs. Thus, the variability in germplasm banks should be conserved and characterized to obtain important information from both the practical and theoretical standpoints, as in inheritance studies.

Inheritance of resistance to crater rot in melons

Estimates of genetic and phenotype parameters and monogeny test - The hybrid AF-682 cultivar had a larger lesion area in comparison to the UFERSA-05 line (Table 2), which confirms its greater susceptibility to M. roridum, as reported by Senhor et al. (2008). This contrast is important in inheritance studies, as it allows greater variability in the segregating generations (Sinclair, 2003), as demonstrated by the variance estimates in the present study (Table 3).

The adequacy of the additive-dominant model was determined by the non-significance of the chi-square (χ2) estimates, indicating that deviations were due to random (Table 2).

Additive and dominance effects are involved in the inheritance of the reaction of the melon fruits to M. roridum. The estimate of the mean degree of dominance demonstrated incomplete dominance, as the estimate (0.57) was less than 1.0.

Broad-sense heritability measures how much phenotype variance is due to genetic causes (additive and non-additive) and narrow-sense heritability only additive effects. Values closer to 100% denote a greater likelihood of selecting superior genotypes (Falconer & Mackay, 1996). In the present study, values were slightly above 50%, indicating intermediate heritabilities (Table 3).

The χ2 estimates referring to the monogenic inheritance test were higher than the tabulated value of 11.07 (p<0.05) for all presumed degrees of dominance (Figure 1), demonstrating that the character in question is controlled by more than one gene. This finding is in accordance with the classic estimate of 5.52 genes (Table 2).


Test of genetic models using maximum likelihood function - Comparing models 1 and 5, facing the existence of major gene more polygenes, with only polygenes, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected, thereby evidencing the existence of a gene of major effect (Table 4). The test between Models 1 and 7, which compare the existence of a gene of major effect plus polygenes to a gene of major effect alone, was significant (Table 4), evidencing the presence of polygenes in the control of the character in question (Silva, 2003).

No reports were found in the literature regarding the inheritance of reaction to crater rot, but only in relation to symptoms on leaves, which are practically not observed in the Mossoró-Assu region. Studying resistance to M. roridum in melon leaves through diallel cross, Kuti & Ng (1989) found complex inheritance. However, studying the inheritance of the same character in three cross-breeds ('Perlita' x 'Iroquois'; 'Perlita' x 'Hales Best'; 'Iroquois' x 'Hales Best') and their reciprocals, MacKay et al. (1992) were unable to arrive at conclusive results due to the small degree of contrast between the genitors used to generate the segregating populations.

Due to the variability in the pathogen population (Noronha et al., 2008), other isolates should be studied in future studies on the inheritance of resistance to crater rot. Genetic control studies involving other parts of the plant affected by M. roridum should be carried out to determine whether there is an association between the resistance in different parts of the plant.

The complexity of the inheritance of resistance to crater rot in melons is a hindrance to breeding programs which aim at obtaining resistant cultivars to this disease, making this process slow and possible only by means of an increase in the frequency of favorable alleles through recurrent selection.

Received on February 23, 2011

Accepted on June 20, 2012

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  • Reaction of melon accessions to crater rot and resistance inheritance

    Reação de acessos de meloeiro à podridão-de-cratera e herança da resistência
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      04 Oct 2012
    • Date of issue
      Sept 2012

    History

    • Received
      23 Feb 2011
    • Accepted
      20 June 2012
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