Tomato progenies selection in Rondônia, Brazil

Seleção de progênies de tomate em Rondônia

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to select endogamic progenies of tomato cv. Yoshimatsu and to conduct a progeny test in the state of Rondônia. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with four replicates and eight plants per plot, spacing 1x0.5 m, with one stem. A significant variation was observed among the fifteen progenies for productivity (2.0-5.5 kg plant^-1), seed mass with placenta (18-31.5 g fruit^-1), number of fruits per plant (18.8-38.7) and soluble solids (3.4-4.2°Brix). No significant variation was noticed for fruit size, pericarp thickness, number of locules, pH, number of flowers and fruit set, though. P6 progeny showed to be the most productive one (110 t ha^-1): average fruit mass was 142.5 g, salad type tomato, 7.5 locules, 3.5°Brix, pH 4.2, 60.9 flowers per plant and 64.2% fruit set. Thus, these data show genetic variability of cultivar Yoshimatsu, being possible to obtain lines and/or cultivars with medium to large fruits adapted to the state of Rondônia.

Keywords:
Solanum lycopersicum; progeny test; plant breeding; Amazon; agronomical performance

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar progênies endogâmicas de tomate, a partir da cultivar Yoshimatsu e realizar teste de progênies no estado de Rondônia, seguindo o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e oito plantas por parcela, num espaçamento de 1x0,5 m, conduzidas com uma haste. Mediante analise dos resultados verificou-se que há variação significativa entre as quinze progênies para produtividade (2,0-5,5 kg planta^-1), massa das sementes com placenta (18,0-31,5 g fruto^-1), número de frutos planta^-1 (18,8-38,7) e sólidos solúveis (3,4-4,2°Brix), porém não para tamanho de fruto, espessura do pericarpo, número de lóculos, pH, número de flores e pegamento de frutos. A progênie P6 foi a mais produtiva (110 t/ha), com massa média do fruto de 142,5 g, formato tipo salada, 7,5 lóculos, 3,5°Brix, pH 4,2, número de flores 60,9 e pegamento de frutos 64,2%. Assim, há variabilidade genética dentro da cultivar Yoshimatsu e é possível obter linhagens e/ou cultivares com frutos médios a grandes adaptados ao estado de Rondônia.

Palavras- chave:
Solanum lycopersicum; teste de progênies; melhoramento; Amazônia; desempenho agronômico

Developing tomato varieties adapted to the Amazon Region is extremely important due to the growing demand of this vegetable in the region. Tomato statistics indicate it has been continuously planted in Amazonas for the last 30 years (SIDRA, 2017), an average yield of 21.5 t ha^-1 is still far below the national average (64.6 t ha^-1) (LSPA, 2017), though.

This low productivity is related to biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, diseases and pests should be considered, mainly bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Martins et al., 2013); among abiotic factors, high temperature and humidity, low luminous intensity and low nutrient and acid soils should be cited (Jyothi et al., 2012).

In a wide study on weather conditions, Alvares et al. (2013) used 2950 Brazilian weather stations and evaluated three prevailing climate conditions for the Brazilian Amazon: humid tropical (Af), tropical monsoon (Am) and tropical with dry winter (Aw). The Af climate has an average altitude of 100 m, temperature and average annual rainfall of 25^oC and 2700 mm, respectively. 'Af' and 'Aw' climates have altitudes from 200 to 450 m, annual average temperatures from 26 to 24.5^oC, and annual rainfall between 2,500 and 1,500 mm, respectively. In this same study, the authors identified the climate in each state. In Amazonas and Acre predominates Af climate (82.3% and 70.5% of its area, respectively); in Rondônia, Amapá, Pará, Roraima and Mato Grosso do Sul, Am climate predominates (100%, 100%, 66.6%, 55.2% and 45.6%, respectively). In Mato Grosso, the dominant climate is Aw (52.8%). This climatic difference influences the tomato production in the northern region of Brazil. In 2016, the state of Pará produced 6,600 t in 254 ha and Rondônia 4,600 t in 180 ha, being the most productive states in the Amazon region (LSPA, 2017), in contrast to the state of Amazonas which produced 162 t in 18 ha (LSPA, 2017).

The state of Rondônia is one of the main producers in the region and its production is used to meet the demand of the city of Manaus [2.1 million people, according to IBGE (2017)], in the state of Amazonas, especially the tomato production. Studies on the evaluation of tomato cultivars point out that hybrids dominate the market. However, these cultivars were developed for mild climate regions such as Goiás, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, without resistance to bacterial wilt, a common disease of tomato in tropical regions.

The most adapted cultivar for humid tropic (Af) is Yoshimatsu, which is a result from the crossing between IH-40 and UH-7976 (Noda et al., 1997), developed in Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (National Research Institute of Amazon, INPA). This cultivar shows high level of resistance to bacterial wilt (polygenic inheritance) (Noda et al.,1997; Menezes, 1998). Curiously, some phenotypic variability was noticed even in F₈ generation. Thus, new selections originated varieties Y-L1, Y-L2, Y-L3 (Noda et al., 2007). Another cultivar which is recommended for the Amazon is the clonal variety ‘Pará Belo’, since it shows resistance to R. solanacearum Biovar III (Cheng & Chu, 2002).

For a continuous tomato production in Rondônia, it is necessary to make some breeding in this state. A good strategy to begin it is to make selections using the cultivar Yoshimatsu, in order to obtain either parents or cultivars. Given the above, this study aimed to select and test agronomically progenies of this variety in the state of Rondônia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiments were carried out in setor de produção vegetal de olericultura do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia, campus Colorado do Oeste, at km 63 on highway BR 435 (13°06’54”, 60°29’10”, 460 m altitude). The soil is classified as Eutrophic Red Ultisol, wavy-plain topography (Embrapa, 2006). According to Köppen, the climate is Am (Alvares et al., 2013).

Tomato seeds, cultivar Yoshimatsu, indeterminate growth habit, of Germplasm Bank of Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) in Manaus, AM were used. Sowing was performed in August, 2014. Seedlings were grown in 128-cell styrofoam trays, filled with commercial substrate Vivatto Slim Plus and kept in a greenhouse until transplant (30 days after sowing).

The experiment was carried out in two stages: the first was to select individual plants and the second stage to test the progenies. In the first stage, 100 seedlings were transplanted without any experimental design, spacing 1x1 m; the seedlings were conducted with two stems and staked vertically using ribbons. Fertilization was performed per pit using the formulation NPK (4-30-10) and one liter of organic fertilizer in the form of cattle manure. Top dressing fertilization began 30 days after transplant (DAT), with a 15-day interval between each application, using 15 g of formulation NPK (20-00-20) per pit. From 75 to 120 DAT, 20 g of formulation NPK (15-00-30) were applied in each pit.

Right after reaching fruit maturation stage, through observations on sanity, fruit shape homogeneity and productivity, 15 plants were visually selected. The following traits were evaluated: average fruit mass (MF), number of locules (NL), fruit width (LF), fruit length (CF), pulp thickness (EP), pH and total soluble solids. Seeds were taken and stored forming 15 progenies. Additionally, the variability within the cultivar in a study carried out 30 days after transplant was evaluated. Twenty five plants were sampled randomly, and the following traits were evaluated: number of fruits per plant (NFP), number of flowers (NF), number of aborted flowers (NFA) and number of clusters (NC) until the maturation phase of the fruits of the first cluster. Using these data, Boxplots were built using the computer program STATISTICA 12 (Stat soft, Inc, 2014).

In the second phase, 15 progenies were prepared according to the procedures adopted in the first phase and transplanted according to randomized block design, with fifteen treatments (progenies), four blocks and eight plants per plot, spacing 1x0.5 m, conducted with one stem, and staked vertically using ribbons. Cultural practices adopted were identical to the ones performed previously. Harvest started one month after transplant, extending for three weeks. The following traits were evaluated: number of fruits per plant (NFP), number of flowers (NF), number of aborted flowers (NAF) and number of clusters (NB). A sample of five fruits per plot was considered to evaluate average mass of fruits (MF), number of locules (NL), diameter (D) and length (L) of the fruit, length/diameter ratio (L/D), pulp thickness (PT), mass of seeds with placenta (MS), pH and total soluble solids (^oBrix).

Precision scale, digital caliper, calibrated tabletop pH meter, digital bench refractometer, and crusher for particles less than 1 cm, stainless steel spatulas and beakers, were used for laboratorial evaluations. Total soluble solids were determined based on the methodology described by Moretti et al. (1998), crushing the samples for three minutes and then a small quantity of a homogenized material was put in the refractometer, previously calibrated with distilled water, and the reading was expressed in degrees Brix. Data were submitted to analysis of variance; then, Duncan test (P≤0.05) was used to compare the averages, using ASSISTAT program version 7.7 (Silva & Azevedo, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Individual plant selection

The traits which showed higher variation were number of flowers (55-132) and fruits (17-63) per plant, followed by fruit set (22.08-61.16%), number of aborted flowers (2-20) and number of clusters (14-26) (Figure 1). These findings show that there exists variation for fruit productivity, showing that the selection of progenies using cultivar Yoshimatsu can be promising.

Figure 1
Boxplot of traits related to flowers and fruits of 25 tomato plants, cv. Yoshimatsu. Colorado do Oeste, IFRO, 2015.

According to Noda & Machado (1992), higher abortion rate of flowers in this cultivar occurs under nursery conditions. In the field, abortion rate is lower due to the greater movement of the plant, caused by wind and by greater number of insect pollinators. In relation to number of fruits per plant, productivity superior to the one found in the previous experiment, with the same cultivar in Manaus, producing 25 fruits per plant was noticed (Pena et al., 2010). This greater productivity in Rondônia showed that cv. Yoshimatsu is able to obtain higher yields under ‘Am’ climate, such as in Rondônia, Amapá, Pará, Roraima and Mato Grosso (Alvares et al., 2013) than in humid tropic (Af climate). As a consequence it is possible to conclude that in Acre this cultivar could have a similar performance to the obtained in Manaus, since 75.5% of its area is Af climate.

Morphoagronomic and physico-chemical analyzes of the fruits of the 15 plants selected in this study (Table 1) are mainly characterized by their average fruit mass (58.7-99.1 g). These values were superior to the ones found by Sousa et al. (2011) who, among other accessions, also evaluated cultivar Yoshimatsu in the state of Roraima, where the averages did not exceed 34.69 g. This could be explained because these authors conducted the experiment in pots, which would limit plant development.

Table 1
Fruit physicochemical traits of 15 visually selected tomato plants from Yoshimatsu cultivar. Colorado do Oeste, IFRO, 2015.

Plants	Fruit mass (g)	Fruit length (cm)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Length/diameter ratio	Pericarp thickness (cm)
P1	92.5	5.03	6.14	0.81	0.53
P2	86.7	4.91	5.67	0.86	0.57
P3	72.3	4.48	5.18	0.86	0.41
P4	62.8	4.41	4.84	0.91	0.47
P5	76.7	4.76	5.14	0.92	0.48
P6	99.1	4.80	5.82	0.82	0.49
P7	87.9	5.05	5.55	0.90	0.54
P8	68.9	4.63	5.06	0.91	0.42
P9	85.3	4.96	5.64	0.87	0.50
P10	68.7	4.52	5.09	0.88	0.39
P11	82.7	4.74	5.51	0.86	0.53
P12	65.4	4.52	4.84	0.93	0.53
P13	84.3	4.93	5.69	0.86	0.51
P14	97.6	5.06	6.66	0.75	0.52
P15	58.7	4.32	4.84	0.89	0.48
Average	79.31	4.74	5.44	0.87	0.49
CV (%)	12.73	0.25	0.52	0.05	0.05
	Number of locules	Seed mass with placenta (g)	°Brix	pH
P1	5.8	17.06	4.06	4.45
P2	5.5	17.52	4.05	4.20
P3	5.2	13.94	3.91	3.56
P4	4.0	11.25	4.15	4.14
P5	4.3	15.75	4.10	4.37
P6	6.9	19.62	4.64	4.70
P7	4.7	17.05	4.15	4.06
P8	5.4	12.92	3.87	4.11
P9	5.6	17.69	4.03	4.29
P10	4.7	15.37	4.15	4.05
P11	4.7	15.87	4.06	3.78
P12	3.6	16.58	3.80	3.83
P13	5.1	16.12	4.11	3.48
P14	5.9	19.80	4.17	4.20
P15	4.9	9.46	4.03	4.00
Average	5.09	15.73	4.09	4.08
CV (%)	0.82	2.85	0.19	0.32

Physico-chemical traits help to evaluate fruit quality. Regarding fruit’s pH, findings showed an average of 3.5-4.7. According to Guilherme et al. (2008) and Rodrigues et al. (2008), 4.5 is the pH range for the highest consumer acceptability. Fruits with values lower than 3.7 show high acidity, being less appreciated by consumers (Borguini & Silva, 2007). Following this criterion just P1 (4.45) and P6 (4.70) would have greater acceptability. However, pH ranges superior to 4.5 promote microorganism proliferation (Monteiro et al., 2008). Considering this information, only the plant P1 would be the most suitable for the market.

Soluble solid content is related to flavor and to industrial yield for pulp, and it is influenced by fertilization, temperature and irrigation (Monteiro et al., 2008). In the selected plants, this trait ranged from 3.80 to 4.64. In cultivars, a variation of this content has been ranging according to cultural practices: conventional or organic; for instance, for cv. Carmen values of 4.7 and 4.2°Brix, respectively, were found, and cv. Débora, 4.9°Brix in both cultivations (Borghini, 2002). Plant P6 can be recommended as the most promising one since it showed the highest value for this trait (Table 1).

In relation to fruit characteristics, fruit shape of selected plants is only salad type, since length is lower than diameter and ratio C/D ranged from 0.75 (P15) to 0.91 (P4 and P8). The number of locules ranged from 3.6 to 6.9. Plants with higher number of locules also have greater size and consequently higher mass of 65.4 g. These results corroborate previous studies which state that there is a direct relationship between number of locules and fruit size (Lippman & Tanksley, 2001; Barrero & Tanksley, 2004). In relation to pericarp thickness (Table 1), a range from 0.39 to 0.57 was verified. Plants showing thickness superior to 0.5 were P1, P2, P7, P11, P12 and P13. Considering that pulp content is related to pericarp thickness (Ferreira et al., 2004), plants showing thickness superior to 0.5 cm would be considered the most promising.

Progeny test

Considering the evaluated traits, only productivity, fruit mass, seed mass with placenta, ^oBrix and number of fruits per plant (Table 2) showed no significant variance. This indicates there to be genetic variability in cv. Yoshimatsu, for important productivity components and chemical composition of fruits.

Table 2
Physicochemical and agronomical traits of selected tomato progenies from cv. Yoshimatsu. Colorado do Oeste, IFRO, 2015.

Progenies	Productivity (t/ha)	Fruit mass (g)	Length (cm)	Diameter (cm)	Ratio length/diameter	Pericarp thickness (cm)	Number of locules
P1	77.57 b	142.05 ab	5.49	6.32	0.86	0.54	5.75
P2	72.64 b	127.64 ab	4.82	6.39	0.81	0.51	6.50
P3	69.69 bc	131.60 ab	5.04	6.04	0.83	0.51	6.25
P4	62.60 bc	116.05 cd	5.17	5.53	0.86	0.51	6.00
P5	61.70 bc	125.77 ab	4.71	5.98	0.82	0.49	6.50
P6	110.60 a	142.49 ab	5.10	6.09	0.84	0.55	7.50
P7	40.88 f	108.51 cd	5.11	5.66	0.90	0.58	5.00
P8	42.04 ef	90.84 f	4.85	5.77	0.84	0.53	5.00
P9	50.64 cd	108.66 cd	4.95	5.86	0.84	0.49	5.25
P10	61.59 bc	90.94 f	4.82	5.63	0.85	0.46	5.25
P11	60.12 bc	116.60 cd	4.90	5.84	0.83	0.47	5.25
P12	57.55 bc	120.29 bc	5.00	5.89	0.85	0.53	5.25
P13	45.20 de	102.92 de	5.09	6.03	0.84	0.53	5.75
P14	64.27 bc	148.77 a	5.16	6.60	0.78	0.51	6.75
P15	41.64 ef	98.14 ef	5.02	5.80	0.86	0.48	5.50
Average	79.799	134.03	4.79	5.65	0.84	0.50	6.50
CV (%)	21.05	12.26	7.64	8.07	5.80	9.62	24.02
	Seed mass with placenta (g)	°Brix	pH	Number of flowers	Number of fruits	Fruit set (%)	Number of clusters
P1	25.32 bc	3.65 bc	4.08	51.37	27.50 bc	54.28	7
P2	25.93 b	3.77 ab	4.12	49.62	28.83 bc	60.38	7
P3	22.10 bc	3.82 ab	4.23	47.75	26.33 bc	56.64	7
P4	21.99 bc	3.95 ab	4.37	46.00	26.87 bc	58.61	7
P5	23.26 bc	3.95 ab	4.20	44.62	24.75 cd	55.35	6
P6	26.25 b	3.45 c	4.18	60.87	38.66 a	64.22	7
P7	17.99 d	3.65 bc	4.14	40.62	18.83 d	49.34	6
P8	21.50 bc	3.58 bc	3.88	36.62	23.62 cd	67.74	7
P9	19.89 cd	3.42 c	4.12	49.50	23.50 cd	48.23	6
P10	20.64 bc	3.97 ab	4.25	55.62	34.00 ab	62.04	7
P11	22.01 bc	3.60 bc	4.44	47.37	25.66 cd	55.74	7
P12	20.34 bc	3.92 ab	4.29	47.37	23.87 cd	50.20	6
P13	21.92 bc	3.70 bc	4.19	35.50	21.62 cd	60.83	6
P14	31.46 a	3.45 c	4.15	47.00	22.12 cd	47.15	7
P15	19.83 cd	4.17 a	4.26	41.50	21.25 cd	52.22	6
Average	23.82	3.80	4.07	47.00	29.00	58.73	6.5
CV (%)	15.49	7.54	4.75	22.14	19.24	16.59	9.07

The most productive progeny was P6 with 111 t ha^-1 (5.53 kg plant^-1), spacing 1x0.5 m. Considering the common spacing used to produce fresh tomato, 1x1 m, P6 productivity would be at least 66 t ha^-1, value close to the national average (67.8 t ha^-1) (LSPA, 2017). On the other hand, previous tests using cv. Yoshimatsu in spacing 1x1 showed productivity ranging from 18.84 to 38.40 t ha^-1 (Noda, 2007; Pena et al., 2010). Thus, P6 progeny raised productivity in approximately 100%. This fact shows this cultivar, even though having been selected for the humid tropics (Af), to be responsive to environmental improvement (Am), also with gains from selection. Considering the above given data, one may conclude cv. Yoshimatsu is able to be used as base population so as to start a tomato breeding program in the state of Rondônia.

For average fruit mass and seed mass with placenta, P14 progeny showed the highest values for both traits: 148.77 g and 31.46 g, respectively. Followed by P6 progenies (142.5 g; 26.3 g), P1 (142.1 g; 25.3 g) and P3 (131.6 g; 22.1 g). Cv. Yoshimatsu has average fruit mass between 16 and 45 g (Pena et al., 2010; Sousa et al., 2011; Andrade et al., 2013). The results show that from cv. Yoshimatsu varieties with average fruit mass similar to hybrids ‘Débora’ and ‘Fascínio’, whose masses range from 150 to 200 g, could be obtained.

For Monteiro et al. (2008), the highest Brix of tomato fruits increase commercial quality. Based on this state, the progenies which most stood out were P15 (4.17), P10 (3.97), P4 and P5 (both 3.95) and P12 (3.92), which are above 3.90°Brix found by Andrade et al. (2013) for cv. Yoshimatsu in Manaus. Since progenies showed a significant difference among themselves we concluded there to be genetic variability for this trait; which failed to reach up to 4.9 as shown by cv. Débora (Borghini, 2002). Taiz & Zeiger (2004) have reported that in addition to plant genetics and management, luminous intensity also increases the leaves photosynthetic activity, allowing the plant itself to accumulate a larger amount of sugars in their fruits, regardless the used treatment. Thus, these progenies could have their ^oBrix increased if they were planted in July and August in Rondônia, as at this time there is less rainfall and consequently more light.

For number of fruits per plant, a significant difference among progenies (standing out progeny P6 with 38.7) was noticed (Table 2). This value was superior to 25.98 found by Pena et al. (2010) studying the same cultivar on dry land in the municipality of Manaus. This fact shows that plant selection in Rondônia was efficient. This trait is directly related to fruit set percentage (total number of fruits/total number of flowers x 100), which did not show any significant difference among progenies. This could be explained since there is a great variation of number of flowers per plant in a plot, raising the average square of fruit set percentage and, consequently the significant limit difference used to compare the averages. Fruit set is related to number of aborted flowers. According to Villareal et al. (1977), high temperatures promote abortion due to stylet length exceeding anther size. This does not happen in cv. Yoshimatsu since this cultivar shows lower stylet growth at high temperatures (Noda & Machado, 1992). This shows that progenies which can be obtained from this cultivar would show low abortion rate when compared to commercial cultivars.

Plant selection of this cultivar was efficient to obtain progeny P6 as the most productive, reaching 111 t ha^-1 and average fruit mass of 142.5 g; contrary to P7, which had the lowest performance, with 40.88 t ha^-1 and 108.5 g, respectively. The productivities of selected progenies were within the range which corresponds to commercial hybrids. As a consequence, selections using cv. Yoshimatsu would provide gains through so significant selections that their productivities would be similar to the commercial hybrids used in Rondônia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Foundation for research support of Amazonas (FAPEAM) for scientific initiation scholarship for the first author, to Federal Institute of Rondônia (IFRO) and to National Research Institute of the Amazon (INPA).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Apr 2019
• Date of issue
  Jan-Mar 2019

History

• Received
  20 Mar 2018
• Accepted
  16 Nov 2018