Molecular approach of the fragile chromosomal region Xq31-34 in cattle (Bos taurus) by microdissection and DOP-PCR

Aproximação molecular da região cromossômica frágil Xq31-34 em bovinos (Bos taurus) utilizando microdissecação cromossômica e DOP-PCR

ANIMAL SICENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND INSPECTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS

Molecular approach of the fragile chromosomal region Xq31-34 in cattle (Bos taurus) by microdissection and DOP-PCR

Aproximação molecular da região cromossômica frágil Xq31-34 em bovinos (Bos taurus) utilizando microdissecação cromossômica e DOP-PCR

S. Llambí^{I, *}; M.V. Arruga^II

^IFacultad de Veterinaria - UdeLAR - A. Lasplaces 1550 CP11600 - Montevideo, Uruguay

^IIFacultad de Veterinaria - Universidad de Zaragoza - Zaragoza, Spain

ABSTRACT

Fragile sites (FS) are chromosomal regions where the normal compactation of chromatine is not observed. FRAXA (Fra Xq27.3, X sexual chromosome) is one of the most studied FS in humans. FRAXA is an expansion of the trinucleotide CGG located in the gene FMR-1. In cattle, sites of chromosomal fragility were reported in BTAX, associated with different pathologies and fertility impairment. Chromosomal microdissection has became a valuable tool for isolating chromatine fragments. In this work, it was combined the chromosomal microdissection technique with DOP-PCR in order to carry out a molecular analysis of the fragile chromosomal region BTAXq31-34. In that region, polymorphic DNA-RAPD sequences (GC rich) are present and sequences of the gene FMR-1 are missing. The results showed the usefulness of the microdissection-DOP-PCR technique for molecular characterization of fragile chromosomal sites in cattle.

Keywords: cattle, fragile sites, DOP-PCR, microdissection, X sexual chromosome

RESUMO

Os sítios frágeis (FS) são regiões de cromossomo onde a compactação normal da cromatina não é realizada. O FRAXA (Fra Xq27.3, cromossomo sexual X) é um dos FS mais estudados em seres humanos. O FRAXA apresenta expansão do trinucleotídeo CGG localizado no gene FMR-1. Em bovinos, existem estudos informando sobre fragilidade cromossômica em BTAX associada com diversas patologias e alterações na fertilidade. A microdissecação cromossômica é uma valiosa técnica para isolar fragmentos de cromatina. Neste trabalho, combinou-se a técnica de microdissecação de cromossomo com DOP-PCR para executar a análise molecular da região do sitio frágil cromossômico BTAXq31-34. Naquela região estão presentes seqüências do polimorfo DNA-RAPD (rico em GC), em que as seqüências do gene FMR-1 estão ausentes. Os resultados mostram a utilidade da técnica de microdissecação-DOP-PCR para a caracterização molecular de sítios frágeis cromossômicos em bovinos.

Palavras-chave: bovino, sítios frágeis, DOP-PCR, microdissecação, cromossomo sexual X

INTRODUCTION

Fragile sites (FS) are regions of the chromatine where the normal compactation is not observed during mitosis, being conserved in evolution (Sutherland, 2003). In domestic animals (dog, swine, and, horse) fragile regions of the X chromosome were detected, related to pathologies such as cancer, chromosomal rearrangements, and fertility alterations (Stone et al., 1991; Riggs et al., 1993). In different cattle breeds, chromosomal fragility has been identified in autosomes and in the sexual X chromosome (BTAX) associated with reproductive anormalities, bald calf syndrome, and dwarfism (Hanada and Muramatsu, 1980; Uchida et al., 1986; Llambí and Postiglioni, 1994).In this species, a fragile site was discovered in the region FRAXq3.1, associated with fertility problems such as repeat breeders, long calving interval, and abortions (Rincón et al., 1997; Slota et al., 2000; Danielak-Czech and Slota, 2004).

Structural chromosome instability is considered to reflect DNA damage which, if not repaired, result in chromosomal or genic mutation (Danielak-Czech and Slota, 2004).

Authors have identified homologous sequences of the gene FMR1 associated to human fragile X chromosome by means of PCR and sequencing using specific primers in cattle DNA (Llambí et al., 2003). This gene shows dynamic mutations due to CGG repeats, causing X sexual chromosome fragility (Sutherland, 2003).

In the last years, chromosomal microdissection with DOP-PCR technique has been used in cattle in order to generate molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL), DNA probes, and in studies on chromosomal rearrangements in pathologies and karyotype evolution (Goldammer et al., 1996; Ponce de León et al., 1996; Schwerin, 2001; Slota et al., 2003).

At the evolutionary level, the use of laser microdissection and painting probe in the Bovidae family has shown that the X chromosome has suffered complex rearrangements, such as transpositions that do not involve changes in the order of the genes (Pauciullo et al., 2006). This type of rearrangement is associated to chromosomal instability regions (breakpoints), where repetitive sequences are present, such as LINEs (AT rich) or SINE (CG-rich) (Schibler et al., 2006).

The aim of this work was to accomplish a molecular approach to know which type of sequences are present in the fragile region BTAXq31-34, using the chromosomal microdissection technique combined with a preamplification with universal primers and amplification with specific primers (DOP-PCR).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Metaphase spreads were prepared from two Holstein-Friesian cows lymphocyte cultures in RPMI 1640¹ complete medium using standard cytogenetic techniques. For RBG banding 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine, BrdU (20µg ml^-1) was incorporated into the cells six hours before harvesting. Air-dried chromosomes slides were incubated with Hoechst 33258 (4mg l^-1) in 0.9% NaCl during 30min and exposed to a black-ray lamp for 15min (Llambí and Postiglioni, 1996).

The fixed cells were dropped onto 24X50mm cover slips and stored under sterile conditions at room temperature for three to five days. All chromosome manipulations were observed under inverted microscope (magnification 1.000x) with a micromanipulator². The region to be microdissected was identified by RBG banding (BTAXq31-34) acording to the bovine idiogram (Di Berardino et al., 2001).

Microdissection of 20 pieces of this chromosomal region was performed with microcapillars of borosilicate glass³. In order to avoid DNA contamination, all microneedles were freshly prepared for each dissection and treated with ultraviolet light for 15 minutes prior to use (Kao., 1993).

Dissected chromosomal fragments attached to the glass needles were transferred to 0.5ml Eppendorf tubes, to which 5ul of double deionized sterile water was added, and heat-denatured at 95ºC for 10min according to Yokoyama et al. (1997). The DNA was then preamplified by PCR in a 25ul reaction containing 1.5U Taq DNA polymerase, 2.5ul DOP-PCR buffer, 1X (10nM Tris-HCl, 50nM KCl, 1.5nM MgCl₂), 200uM of each dNTPs and 5pmol of the degenerate oligonucleotide primer (5'-CCGACTCGAGNNNNNNATGTGG3').

The thermocycling program consisted of 95ºC for 5min, five cycles of 94ºC for 1min, 30ºC for 1.5min, and 72ºC for 3min followed by 35 cycles of 94ºC for 1min, 62ºC for 1min, and 72ºC for 2min. The amplification protocol was based in part on the DOP-PCR work of Telenius et al. (1992).

Finally, four pairs of primers and one oligonucleotide type RAPDs (10pmol of each primer) were analysed in separate 0.5ml Eppendorf tubes by PCR (200uM of each dNTPs, 14mM Tris-HCl, 3.5mM MgCl_2, 50mM, 2U Taq polymerase), using 5ul aliquots of the preamplified DNA in a final volume of 50ul. The characteristics of the primer pairs and conventional PCR programs are shown in Table 1. Bovine genomic DNA was used as positive control.

RESULTS

The initial products obtained by DOP-PCR generated a smear pattern from 100 to 800bp for all the microdissected fragments (Fig. 1).

The type II molecular marker RAPD UBC413 amplified a pattern of two bands (200bp and 800bp) in the DNA isolated by microdissection; while in the bovine DNA control, this marker showed more variability of bands including the common band of 800bp. The markers P4-P6, AR, and ESTL08239 amplified the positive bovine controls but not the DNA obtained from microdissection (Fig. 1).

The amplification of a band of the expected size (191bp) with the primers IDVGA82 (mapped to the Xq34) demonstrated the specificity of the microdissection process on the fragile region (region Xq31-34). On the other hand, the specific primers of the human FMR-1 (P4/P6) were not amplified.

DISCUSSION

The first chromosomal microdissection in domestic animals was achieved in 1994 (Schmutz et al., 1994). These authors developed a cattle DNA library from chromosomal rearrangements (Robertsonian translocation). Most works in domestic animals including chromosomal microdissection have focused in the construction of probes for physical mapping, construction of DNA libraries, studies on chromosomal rearrangements, and karyotypic evolution (Pinton et al., 2003; Li et al., 2005). The results showed in the present work validate the application of this technique for molecular approachs of fragile chromosomal regions in cattle.

Analyzing the genomic DNA of different cattle breeds, Rincón et al. (2000) obtained a specific band pattern amplification using the marker UBC413 (80% of GC). In the DNA of the microdissected region, in this work, only two bands were amplified with this marker. This was an expected result, since a small portion of the bovine genome was used for the amplification. Future sequencing and characterization of these amplified bands (SCAR) could give information about the type of sequences present in such an unstable chromosomal region.

Sexual chromosome X is conserved in mammal evolution, showing a high concentration of LINEs (AT rich) dispersed sequences (Asai et al., 2004). However, Monteagudo et al. (1999), using the FISH technique with a probe of CGG repeats, found hybridization signals in the medium region of the q arm (Xq31) of the bovine X chromosome. In the present work, because the FMR-1 gene sequences were not amplified, the possible presence of CGG repeats due to dynamic mutations of this gene was discarded. In spite if this, it was not possible rule out the possible presence of other genes with dynamic mutations in this region, rich in CGG repeats acording to Monteagudo et al. (1999) findings. Even if it was demostrated that FMR1 gene sequences were not present in the DNA pool of this instability region, it must be taken into account that the amplification products obtained by chromosomal microdissection are composed of a complex collection of chromosomal fragments. Ponce de León et al. (1996) developed specific bovine DNA libraries of chromosome X regions combining methods of microdissection and PCR amplification with adapter primers. According to the used methods, these authors estimated that the chromosomal fragments represented around 75% of the microisolated DNA. According to the experiences of the authors of the present study, the use of universal degenerated short primers (DOP-PCR) allowed to obtain a uniform amplification from small DNA samples (microdissected fragments).

The importance of studying bovine fragile sites at the molecular level lays in the reproductive potential of breeding animals and in the relationship between the X chromosome fragile regions and fertility alterations.

Danielak-Czech and Slota (2004) suggested the existence of unappropriate expression of genes related to fertility in region Xq2.4-Xq3.1, due to the excessive chromosomal instability found in cows with reproductive problems.

Asai et al. (2004), mapped the trophinin (TRO) gene to bovine region Xq25-33, which codes for a protein involved in embryo implantation. Using the technique described in that work, it will be possible to study in depth this gene at the cyto-molecular level, being a candidate gene for reproductive problems associated to chromosomal fragility in bovines.

The amplification of a band of the expected size (191bp) with the primers set IDVGA82 (mapped to Xq34) demonstrated the specificity of the microdissection process. Moreover, not amplifying with the set of primers AR (mapped to Xq26) and ESTL08239 (mapped to Xq31) limited the microdissected region under this chromosome band.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that chromosomal microdissection and DOP-PCR techniques are valuable tools for the study of chromosomal fragility regions and bovine gene mapping. DNA-RAPD sequences (GC rich) are present and sequences of the gene FMR-1 are absent. This would aid in the physical cloning and characterization of those bovine chromosomal regions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Maite Calvo (Hospital Infantil Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain) for constant interest in this work and Miss Iris Hernández for the technical assistance. This work was supported by a Research Project from UNIZAR (Spain) and CSIC (UdeLAR, Uruguay).

Recebido em 21 de março de 2007

Aceito em 18 de junho de 2008

E-mail: [e-mail]

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1

Sigma Co. - St. Louis, USA.

2

Olympus - Tokyo, Japan.

3

Gc 100-10, Clark Electrom. Inst. - Edenbridge, England.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Aug 2008
• Date of issue
  Aug 2008

History

• Accepted
  18 June 2008
• Received
  21 Mar 2007