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Two levels of the inspired oxygen fraction in propofol-anesthetized dogs with high intracranial pressure: cardiopulmonary function

Dois níveis de fração inspirada de oxigênio em cães anestesiados com propofol e com pressão intracraniana elevada: função cardiopulmonar

Abstracts

In the initial stage of traumatic brain injury, the use of 1.0 inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) is indicated. However, high FiO2 has been correlated with atelectasis. Thus, the effects of FiO2 = 1.0 and FiO2 = 0.6 on the cardiopulmonary function in propofol-anesthetized dogs with high intracranial pressure (ICP) were evaluated. Eight dogs were anesthetized on two occasions, receiving, during controlled ventilation, an FiO2 = 1 (G100) or an FiO2 = 0.6 (G60). Propofol was used for induction (10mg.kg-1) followed by a continuous rate infusion (0.6mg.kg-1.minute-1). An increase in the ICP was induced by temporary obliteration of the right jugular vein (OJv) 50 minutes after induction of anesthesia. The measurement was taken twenty minutes after OJv (T0) and then at 15-minute intervals (T15 to T60). Alveolar oxygen partial pressure in G60 was lower than in G100 during the whole procedure. Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in G100 was greater than in G60 at T0 and at T60. No differences were observed for arterial oxygen partial pressure/inspired oxygen fraction ratio, arterial-to-alveolar oxygen pressure ratio, respiratory index, venous admixture, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction, heart rate, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, cardiac index, stroke index and systemic vascular resistance index. In G100, mean arterial pressure at T0 was higher than at T45. In dogs with high ICP, the cardiopulmonary function was not influenced by the different FiO2 used.

dog; total intravenous anesthesia; cerebral autoregulation; hemodynamic; venous admixture


No estágio inicial do trauma encefálico, o emprego de fração inspirada de oxigênio (FiO2) de 1,0 é indicado. Todavia, altas FiO2 têm sido correlacionadas com atelectasia. Assim, avaliaram-se os efeitos das FiO2 = 1.0 e FiO2 = 0.6 sobre a função cardiopulmonar em cães com pressão intracraniana (PIC) elevada e anestesiados com propofol. Oito animais foram anestesiados em duas ocasiões e receberam, durante a ventilação controlada, FiO2 = 1(G100) ou FiO2 = 0,6 (G60). Propofol foi usado para indução (10mg.kg-1) e seguido por infusão contínua (0,6mg.kg-1minuto-1). O aumento da PIC foi induzido pela obliteração temporária da veia jugular (OJv). As mensurações foram realizadas 20 minutos após OJv (T0) e em intervalos de 15 minutos (de T15 a T60). A pressão parcial de oxigênio alveolar no G60 foi menor do que no G100 durante todo o procedimento. O gradiente alveolar-arterial no G100 foi maior do que no G60, em T0 e T60. Não foram observadas diferenças para: relação pressão parcial de oxigênio/fração inspirada de oxigênio, relação arterioalveolar, índice respiratório, mistura arteriovenosa, oferta de oxigênio, consumo de oxigênio, taxa de extração de oxigênio, frequência cardíaca, pressão da artéria pulmonar média, pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar, índice cardíaco, índice sistólico e índice de resistência vascular sistêmica. No G100, a pressão arterial média em T0 foi maior do que em T45. Em cães com alta PIC, a função cardiopulmonar não foi influenciada pelas diferentes FiO2 empregadas.

cão; anestesia intravenosa total; autorregulação cerebral; hemodinâmica; mistura arteriovenosa


INTRODUCTION

Normal intracranial pressure (ICP) in dogs is 5 to 12mmHg, similar to that of humans for whom 20mmHg is an arbitrary upper limit beyond which treatment for ICP may be instituted. Causes of intracranial hypertension can be nonvascular (interstitial edema, intracellular swelling, masses or obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid) or vascular, which include cerebral vasodilatation caused by increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), distention of cerebral vessels or venous outflow obstruction (Sturges and Lecouteur, 2009STURGES, B.K.; LeCOUTEUR, R.A. Intracranial hypertension. In: SILVERSTEIN, D.C.; HOPPER, K. (Eds). Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2009. p.423-429.).

In the initial stage of traumatic brain injury, the use of 1.0 inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) is indicated (Falcão et al., 2006FALCÃO, A.L.E.; FILHO DANTAS, V.P.; TERZI, R.G.G. Ventilação mecânica em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave: controle pela pressão intracraniana e SjO2. In: CARVALHO, C.R.R. (Ed). Ventilação Mecânica Vol. II - Avançado. São Paulo: Atheneu, 2006. p.181-194.). However, during anaesthesia, high FiO2 has been correlated with atelectasis (Hedenstierna et al., 1989HEDENSTIERNA, G.; LUNDQUIST, H.; LUNDH, B. et al. Pulmonary densities during anaesthesia. An experimental study on lung morphology and gas exchange. Eur. Respir. J., v.2, p.528-535, 1989.), which can cause PaCO2 increase (Haskins, 2007HASKINS, S.C. Monitoring anesthetized patients. In: TRANQUILLI, W.J.; THURMON, J.C.; GRIMM, K.A. (Eds). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4. ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publising, 2007. p.533-558.) that can interfere with cerebral blood flow (Falcão et al., 2006FALCÃO, A.L.E.; FILHO DANTAS, V.P.; TERZI, R.G.G. Ventilação mecânica em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave: controle pela pressão intracraniana e SjO2. In: CARVALHO, C.R.R. (Ed). Ventilação Mecânica Vol. II - Avançado. São Paulo: Atheneu, 2006. p.181-194.) and promote the impairment of cerebral autoregulation (Häggendal and Johansson, 1965HÄGGENDAL, E.; JOHANSSON, B. Effects of arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in dogs. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., v.66, p.27-53, 1965.; McCulloch et al., 2000McCULLOCH, T.J.; VISCO, E.; LAM, A.M. Graded hypercapnia and cerebral autoregulation during sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Anesthesiology, v.93, p.1205-1209, 2000. ).

In several investigations, atelectasis formation with subsequent pulmonary shunting was shown to be related to impairment of gas exchange (Brismar et al., 1985BRISMAR, B.; HEDENSTIERNA, G.; LUNDQUIST, H. et al. Pulmonary densities during anaesthesia with muscular relaxation: a proposal of atelectasis. Anesthesiology, v.62, p.422-428, 1985.). Thus, a low FiO2 has been advocated to avoid pulmonary collapse (Magnusson and Spahn, 2003MAGNUSSON, L.; SPAHN, D.R. New concepts of atelectasis during general anaesthesia. Br. J. Anaesth., v.91, p.61-72, 2003.).

The hypothesis was that a FiO2 = 1.0 has a detrimental effect on pulmonary gas exchange and can aggravate intracranial hypertension. Thus, this study was designed to establish the effects of two different levels of FiO2 (1.0 and 0.6) on the cardiopulmonary function in propofol-anesthetized dogs with a high ICP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was approved by the regional Institutional Ethics and Animal Welfare Committee (Ref: 003933-07). After the study the animals were available for adoption.

Eight adult mongrel dogs weighing 10.1±2.0kg, 4 males and 4 females, were enrolled in the study. All animals were determined to be healthy based on clinical and laboratorial evaluation. Blood, urine, electrocardiogram and thoracic radiography exams were all done. They were provided with water and regular dog food and kept in individual cages at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

The dogs were anesthetized in 2 occasions, 21 d apart, and received oxygen at an FiO2 of 1.0 (G100) or 0.6 (G60) in a randomized cross-over study.

Anesthesia was induced with 10mg.kg-1of propofol (Fresofol 1%, Fresenius Kabi Brasil Ltda, Campinas, SP, Brazil) administered intravenously (IV). After endotracheal intubation, the dog received oxygen at the assigned FiO2 and a flow of 30 or 50mL.kg-1.minute-1 through an anesthetic circuit (Ohmeda - Excel 210SE, Madison, EUA - Proc. FAPESP 97/10668-4), that allowed partial rebreathing of gases, equipped with pressure/volumetric ventilator (Ohmeda). The oxygen concentration was checked using gas equipment (DX 2010LCD, Dixtal, Manaus, AM, Brazil - Proc. FAPESP 02/04625-0). Controlled ventilation began immediately, and the respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) between 35-45 mmHg. ETCO2 was monitored using a respiratory monitor (DX 8100, Dixtal, Manaus, AM, Brazil - Proc. FAPESP 03/11125-7). Adjustments were made in ventilation before the first measurement and, consequently, before intracranial hypertension induction and no more adjustments were made thereafter.

Anesthesia was maintained with a continuous rate infusion (CRI) (Infusion Pump 670T, Samtronic Ltda, São Paulo, SP, Brazil - Proc. FAPESP 03/11125-7) of propofol at a rate of 0.6mg.kg-1.minute-1 IV. The propofol dose was obtained from previous studies. Additionally, lidocaine (Xylestesin 2% - Cristália Produtos Químicos Farmacêuticos Ltda - Itapira, SP) infiltration was performed on the right cerebral cortex and the right cervical region.

The dogs were positioned on left lateral recumbency. For assessment of the ICP, a fiber-optic catheter (Monitor de temperatura-pressão intracraniana, 110-4BT - Integra Neur Camino Labs, San Diego, EUA - Proc. FAPESP 00/01084-3) was surgically implanted on the surface of the right cerebral cortex using an access kit (Integra Neur Camino Labs - Proc. FAPESP 00/01084-3), according to the technique described by Bagley et al., (1995)BAGLEY, R.S.; KEEGAN, R.D.; GREENE, S.A. et al. Pathologic effects in brain after intracranial pressure monitoring in clinically normal dogs, using a fiberoptic monitoring system. Am. J. Vet. Res., v.56, p.1475-1478, 1995.. An intra-arterial catheter was then placed on the right dorsal pedal artery to assess the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and to obtain arterial blood, in order to evaluate blood gas variables (Roche Omi C blood gas analyzer, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Before the beginning of each experiment the pressure transducer was checked against a mercury manometer. The zero reference point was at the level of the costochondral junction.

From these data, the following parameters were calculated:

PAO2 = [FiO2 x (Pb - 47)] - (PaCO2/RQ); where PAO2 = alveolar partial pressure of oxygen, Pb = barometric pressure, PaCO2 = arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and RQ = respiratory quotient, which was assumed equal to 0.8.

AaDO2 = PAO2 - PaO2; where AaDO2 = Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and PaO2 = arterial partial pressure of oxygen.

RI = AaDO2/ PaO2; where RI = respiratory index.

Calculation of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio and the arterial-to-alveolar oxygen tension ratio (PaO2/PAO2) were also carried out.

Subsequently, a thermodilution catheter (Swan-Ganz mod 132 5 French; Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California, USA) was introduced surgically into the femoral vein and advanced into the lumen of the pulmonary artery in order to evaluate cardiac output (CO), which was measured directly by the thermodilution technique with a microprocessed device (Dixtal mod. DX 2010, CO module, Manaus, AM, Brazil - Proc. FAPESP 96/02877-0). The catheter's position was confirmed by observation of characteristic changes in the pressure tracings as the catheter tip was advanced from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. Central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP) were measured via the thermodilution catheter.

Seldinger's technique to introduce the thermodilution catheter in the jugular vein was not used, because the bilateral obliteration of the jugular vein could increase intracranial pressure excessively and promote irreversible damage.

The oxygen delivery (DO2 = CaO2 x CO x 10, where CaO2 = oxygen content of arterial blood), the cardiac index (CI = CO/body surface area) and systemic vascular resistance index [SVRI = (MAP - CVP) x 80/CI] were calculated.

Heart rate (HR) was calculated from the simultaneous lead II electrocardiogram. The stroke index (SI) was calculated by (CO/HR)/body surface area.

Venous blood was obtained from the thermodilution catheter's main branch to evaluate blood gas variables. From these data, the following parameters were calculated:

Qs/Qt = [(CcO2 - CvO2)/(CcO2 - CaO2)] x 100 where Qs/Qt = venous admixture, CcO2 = oxygen content of end-capillaryblood and CvO2 = oxygen content of mixed venousblood.

VO2 = avDO2 x CO x 10 where VO2 = oxygen consumption and avDO2 = arteriovenous difference of oxygen content,

TeO2 = VO2 /DO2 where TeO2 = oxygen extraction.

Twenty minutes after implanting the fiber-optic catheter, an increase in ICP was induced for obliteration of the jugular vein. The right jugular vein was exposed surgically and subjected to a provisory ligature consisting of 2 cotton threads 3cm apart. The aim of this procedure was to obtain ICP values higher than 15mmHg. Lower values have been considered normal (Johnston et al., 1991JOHNSTON, W.E.; VINTEN-JOHANSEN, J.; DEWITT, D.S. et al. Cerebral perfusion during canine hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass effect of arterial carbon dioxide tension. Ann. Thorac. Surg., v.52, p.479-489, 1991.; Plöchl et al., 1998PLÖCHL, W.; COOK, D.J.; ORSZULAK, T.A.; DALY, R.C. Critical cerebral perfusion pressure during tepid heart surgery in dogs. Ann. Thorac. Surg., v.66, p.118-124, 1998.). The ICP was measured and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated subtracting the ICP value from the MAP.

The first measurement of each variable was taken 20min after (T0) obliteration of the right jugular vein (OJv), and additional recordings were performed at 15-min intervals (T15, T30, T45, and T60).

Numerical data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the difference between the different time points of the same group. Two-way ANOVA was used between groups. Bonferroni test was used for post-hoc multiple comparisons at a α level of 0.05. Analyses were performed using Prism 5 for Windows (GraphPad Software Inc, CA, USA).

In the recovery of anesthesia, the dog's wounds were covered with sterile bandages. Between anesthesia procedures animals were provided with water and regular dog food and kept in individual cages. Dogs were given carprofen (Rimadyl, 25mg; Pfizer, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil), 4.4mg/kg orally once a day (SID) for 3 d, and benzathine penicillin G (Billi Farmacêutica, Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil), 40.000U/kg intramuscularly once a day for 5d. One person was responsible for surgical wound care, medication and taking the dog for a walk twice a day.

RESULTS

The baseline ICP was 15 (5)mmHg for G100 and 13 (4)mmHg for G60. By 20min after OJv (T0) the ICP had increased 46.67% in G100 and 38.46% in G60 (Figure 1). The ICP and CPP values did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between FiO2 levels or between measurement times after OJv (Table 1).

Figura 1
Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in dogs anesthetized with propofol, mechanically ventilated with FiO2 of 1.0 (G100) or 0.6 (G60) and submitted to a temporary obliteration of the right jugular vein. Black filled line and circles represent the group that received FiO2 = 1.0 (G100) and black spotted lines and open circles represent the group that received FiO2 = 0.6 (G60).

Tabela 1
Cardiopulmonary measurements in dogs with high intracranial pressure anesthetized with propofol and mechanically ventilated with FiO2 of 1.0 (G100) or 0.6 (G60)

Values of PAO2 were significantly different (P<0.001) between groups throughout the entire procedure (Table 1), but they did not differ among measurements (P>0.05). With regard to AaDO2,the values in G100 were higher than the means recorded in G60 at T0 (P<0.01) and at T60 (P<0.05).

PaO2/FiO2, PaO2/PAO2, RI, Qs/Qt, DO2, VO2, TeO2, HR, mPAP, PAOP, CI, SI, SVRI (Table 1) and CVP did not differ significantly among measurements or between groups (P>0.05). In G100, MAP at T0 was higher than at T45 (P<0.05).

DISCUSSION

Propofol was used in this study because it is known to maintain or decrease the ICP while it maintains the CPP in patients with normovolemia and stable hemodynamics (McKeage and Perry, 2003MCKEAGE, K.; PERRY, C.M. Propofol: a review of this use in intensive care sedations of adults. CNS Drugs, v.17, p.235-272, 2003.), hence, it may commonly be selected for patients with suspicious ICP increase (Armitage-Chan et al., 2007ARMITAGE-CHAN, E.A.; WETMORE, L.A.; CHAN, D.L. Anesthetic management of the head trauma patient. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, v.17, p.5-14, 2007.).

In patients with increased ICP, the mechanical positive pressure ventilation should be immediately available and instituted at induction, being recommended to maintain the normocapnia (Armitage-Chan et al., 2007ARMITAGE-CHAN, E.A.; WETMORE, L.A.; CHAN, D.L. Anesthetic management of the head trauma patient. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, v.17, p.5-14, 2007.; Harvey et al., 2007HARVEY, R.C.; GREENE, S.A.; THOMAS W. Neurological disease. In: TRANQUILLI, W.J.; THURMON, J.C.; GRIMM, K.A. (Eds). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4. ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publising, 2007. p.903-913.). Besides, for the initial stage of traumatic brain injury, 100% oxygen has been indicated (Falcão et al., 2006FALCÃO, A.L.E.; FILHO DANTAS, V.P.; TERZI, R.G.G. Ventilação mecânica em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave: controle pela pressão intracraniana e SjO2. In: CARVALHO, C.R.R. (Ed). Ventilação Mecânica Vol. II - Avançado. São Paulo: Atheneu, 2006. p.181-194.). In this study, FiO2 of 1.0 was chosen because the 100% oxygen has been used often during anesthesia procedure (Nunes et al., 2011NUNES, N.; LEITE, A.V.; PAULA, D.P. et al. Intracranial variables in propofol or sevoflurane-anesthestized dogs subjected to subarachnoid administration of iohexol. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.63, p.1315-1322, 2011.; Paula et al., 2010PAULA, D.P.; NUNES, N.; NISHIMORI, C.T.D. et al. Efeitos da infusão contínua de propofol ou etomidato sobre variáveis intracranianas em cães. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.62, p.302-308, 2010.). However,in dogs anesthetized with propofol (0.7mgkg-1minute-1) and maintained in spontaneous breathing with different FiO2 (1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.21), authors concluded that 60% of oxygen should be used (Nunes et al., 2008NUNES, N.; LOPES, P.C.F.; SANTOS, P.S.P. et al. Hemodinâmica de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em cães submetidos à infusão contínua de propofol sob ventilação espontânea. Cien. Rural, v.38, p.729-735, 2008.).

Before occlusion of the jugular vein, ICP values were within the range of values considered normal (Johnston et al., 1991JOHNSTON, W.E.; VINTEN-JOHANSEN, J.; DEWITT, D.S. et al. Cerebral perfusion during canine hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass effect of arterial carbon dioxide tension. Ann. Thorac. Surg., v.52, p.479-489, 1991.; Plöchl et al., 1998PLÖCHL, W.; COOK, D.J.; ORSZULAK, T.A.; DALY, R.C. Critical cerebral perfusion pressure during tepid heart surgery in dogs. Ann. Thorac. Surg., v.66, p.118-124, 1998.) (Figure 1), but after temporary obliteration of the right jugular vein, ICP increase was clinically significant. From T0, the administration of several FiO2 did not cause changes in ICP. The application of mechanical ventilation sought to minimize changes in PaCO2, which can have some direct influence on ICP, CPP and cerebral autoregulation (Harvey et al., 2007HARVEY, R.C.; GREENE, S.A.; THOMAS W. Neurological disease. In: TRANQUILLI, W.J.; THURMON, J.C.; GRIMM, K.A. (Eds). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4. ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publising, 2007. p.903-913.; McCulloch et al., 2000McCULLOCH, T.J.; VISCO, E.; LAM, A.M. Graded hypercapnia and cerebral autoregulation during sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Anesthesiology, v.93, p.1205-1209, 2000. ).

The normal interval for CPP is between 50 and 150mmHg (Steiner and Andrews, 2006STEINER, L.A.; ANDREWS, J.D. Monitoring the injured brain: ICP and CBF. Brit. J. Anaesth., v.97, p.26-38, 2006.). Hence, in this study, CPP values were within this interval and held constant throughout the entire procedure (Table 1). This stability was attributed to MAP constancy, which is the most important factor in preserving CPP (Sponheim et al., 2003SPONHEIM, S.; SKRAASTAD, O.; HELSETH, E. et al. Effects of 0.5 and 1.0 MAC isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in children. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., v.47, p.932-938, 2003.).

PAO2is often used as an index of the oxygenating efficiency of the lung (Haskins, 2004HASKINS, S.C. Interpretation of blood gas measurements. In: KING, L.G. (Ed). Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats. 1. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. p.181-192.). In this study, differences between groups (Table 1) can be explained by different FiO2 used, because when an enriched O2 mixture is inspired, the PAO2 rises (Pasetto and Rinaldi, 2004PASETTO, A.; RINALDI, L. Total intravenous anesthesia and respiratory system. In: GULLO, A.; BERLOT, G. (Eds). Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine: Educational Issues 2004. New York: Spring, 2004. p.113-122.).

Two factors may contribute to changes in AaDO2: primary ventilation and perfusion mismatch (V/Q) and the decrease of the functional residual capacity (FRC) (Pasetto and Rinaldi, 2004PASETTO, A.; RINALDI, L. Total intravenous anesthesia and respiratory system. In: GULLO, A.; BERLOT, G. (Eds). Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine: Educational Issues 2004. New York: Spring, 2004. p.113-122.). However, we believe that the difference observed between G100 and G60 (Table 1) was not resultant of FRC decrease, because all dogs were positioned in left lateral recumbency and the propofol rate was the same for the both groups, considering that this drug reduces the contractility of the canine diaphragm (Fujii et al., 2004FUJII, Y.; UEMURA, A.; TOYOOKA, H. The recovery profile of reduced diaphragmatic contractility induced by propofol in dogs. Anesth. Analg., v.99, p.99-113, 2004.). Nevertheless, we suggest that V/Q was impaired in G100 when compared to G60.

PaO2/PAO2 ratio offers a sensible approach to presume the pulmonary shunt (José et al., 2001JOSÉ, A.; DIAS, E.C.; SANTOS, V.L.A. et al. Predictive value of blood gas analysis and oxygenation score in weaning of mechanical ventilation. Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva, v.13, p.50-57, 2001.). The normal value for PaO2/PAO2is between 0.74 and 0.90 and, when this parameter is lower than 0.60, it means that the gas exchange is inefficacious (Kupe and Grant, 1998KUPE, T.J.; GRANT, B.J.B. Arterial blood gas monitoring: respiratory assessment. In: TOBIN, M.J. (Ed). Principles and practice of intensive care monitoring. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1998. p.197-215.). Means of PaO2/FiO2 below 200mm Hg indicated severe Qs/Qt (Goldfarb et al., 1975GOLDFARB, M.A.; CIUREY, T.F.; MCASLAN, T.C. et al. Tracking respiratory therapy in the trauma patient. Am. J. Surg., v.129, p.255-258, 1975.) and hypoxemia (Kupe and Grant, 1998KUPE, T.J.; GRANT, B.J.B. Arterial blood gas monitoring: respiratory assessment. In: TOBIN, M.J. (Ed). Principles and practice of intensive care monitoring. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1998. p.197-215.). However, in this study, the values registered were greater than 500mm Hg, which is observed for a normal lung (Haskins, 2004HASKINS, S.C. Interpretation of blood gas measurements. In: KING, L.G. (Ed). Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats. 1. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. p.181-192.).Thus, in this study, the PaO2/FiO2 and PaO2/PAO2 means were within the interval considered normal (Table 1) indicating lung oxygenating efficiency was similar in both groups.

RI is an index of oxygenation function of the lung and its increase reflects the presence of pulmonary shunt in a variety of conditions including atelectasis, pulmonary contusion and pulmonary troboembolism (Goldfarb et al., 1975GOLDFARB, M.A.; CIUREY, T.F.; MCASLAN, T.C. et al. Tracking respiratory therapy in the trauma patient. Am. J. Surg., v.129, p.255-258, 1975.). During the whole procedure in this study, RI was stable (Table 1) and within the interval considered normal, from 0.1 to 0.37 (Goldfarb et al., 1975GOLDFARB, M.A.; CIUREY, T.F.; MCASLAN, T.C. et al. Tracking respiratory therapy in the trauma patient. Am. J. Surg., v.129, p.255-258, 1975.) in all groups.

For Qs/Qt no significant difference between G100 and G60 was observed. In normal awake or anesthetized dogs, Qs/Qt may be up to 10% of the CO (Haskins, 2004HASKINS, S.C. Interpretation of blood gas measurements. In: KING, L.G. (Ed). Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats. 1. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. p.181-192.). In both groups Qs/Qt means were higher than 10%, which are considered to be increased (Haskins, 2004HASKINS, S.C. Interpretation of blood gas measurements. In: KING, L.G. (Ed). Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats. 1. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. p.181-192.).

Factors that can change DO2 are: cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, body temperature, PaO2, pH, CO and the quantity of haemoglobin (Mazzaferro, 2009MAZZAFERRO, E.M. Postoperative evaluation of the critically ill patient. In: SILVERSTEIN, D.C.; HOPPER, K. (Eds). Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier, 2009. p.626-629.), but, in this study, these parameters were stable, justifying the stability observed to DO2. The use of different FiO2 did not impair DO2, VO2 and TeO2 (Table 1). Oxygen extraction normally ranges between 20% and 30% (Haskins, 2004HASKINS, S.C. Interpretation of blood gas measurements. In: KING, L.G. (Ed). Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats. 1. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. p.181-192.). Thus, in this study, TeO2 means were inside this interval. Besides, the stability of TeO2 can be attributed to DO2 constancy, because when DO2 is decreased, the tissues continue to catch their normal amount of oxygen and, therefore, TeO2 increases (Haskins, 2004HASKINS, S.C. Interpretation of blood gas measurements. In: KING, L.G. (Ed). Textbook of respiratory disease in dogs and cats. 1. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. p.181-192.).

Regarding HR, the values remained stable in all groups (Table 1), corroborating Nunes et al. (2008)NUNES, N.; LOPES, P.C.F.; SANTOS, P.S.P. et al. Hemodinâmica de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em cães submetidos à infusão contínua de propofol sob ventilação espontânea. Cien. Rural, v.38, p.729-735, 2008., who did not observe significant changes in HR and MAP in propofol-anesthetized dogs during spontaneous ventilation with FiO2= 1.0 or FiO2= 0.6. Besides, MAP was higher than 80mm Hg (Table 1), suggesting that perfusion was not impaired, because MAP > 65mm Hg is considered sufficient for perfusion maintenance of all vital organs and tissues (Miller, 1986MILLER, E.D. Deliberate hypotension. In: MILLER, E.D. (Ed). Anesthesia. 2. Ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986. p.1949-1970.).

The mPAP and PAOP are parameters used routinely in clinical emergency to estimate the left ventricle filling pressure (Mark, 1998MARK, J.B. (Ed). Atlas of cardiovascular monitoring.New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1998. 362p.) and left atrial pressure, respectively (Greene et al., 1990GREENE, S.A.; HARTSFIELD, S.M.; TYNER, C.L. Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., v.51, p.1276- 1279, 1990.; Mark, 1998MARK, J.B. (Ed). Atlas of cardiovascular monitoring.New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1998. 362p.). In normal awake dogs, the mPAP is 15±4mmHg and PAOP is 5 ±2mmHg. They are usually decreased by general anesthetics (Haskins, 2007HASKINS, S.C. Monitoring anesthetized patients. In: TRANQUILLI, W.J.; THURMON, J.C.; GRIMM, K.A. (Eds). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4. ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publising, 2007. p.533-558.) as it was observed in this study (Table 1). However, no differences between groups or among times were registered. Thus, as described by Nunes et al. (2008)NUNES, N.; LOPES, P.C.F.; SANTOS, P.S.P. et al. Hemodinâmica de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em cães submetidos à infusão contínua de propofol sob ventilação espontânea. Cien. Rural, v.38, p.729-735, 2008., the administration of different FiO2 was not able to impair these parameters and consequently ventricular function and preload.

In normal awake dogs, the CI is 4.42±1.24 L minute-1m-2 and it is generally decreased by general anesthetics (Haskins, 2007HASKINS, S.C. Monitoring anesthetized patients. In: TRANQUILLI, W.J.; THURMON, J.C.; GRIMM, K.A. (Eds). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4. ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publising, 2007. p.533-558.). The values recorded in all groups (Table 1) were lower than the interval proposed by Haskins (2007)HASKINS, S.C. Monitoring anesthetized patients. In: TRANQUILLI, W.J.; THURMON, J.C.; GRIMM, K.A. (Eds). Lumb & Jones' Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4. ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publising, 2007. p.533-558., which can be justified by propofol-anesthesia and controlled ventilation. The stability of CI and HR can justify the SI constancy, which is the result of the relation between theses parameters (Shoemaker, 1995SHOEMAKER, W.C. Diagnosis and treatment of the shock syndromes. In: AYRES, S.M.; GRENVIK, A.; HOLBROOK, P.R.; SHOEMAKER, W.C. (Eds). Textbook of Critical Care. 3. ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1995. p.85-102.). Thus, the various FiO2 used were not able to impair theses parameters.

The SVRI did not differ significantly between groups (Table 1). Considering that SVRI is obtained through mathematical calculation, the registered stability occurred due to the components of equation (MAP, CVP and CI) being stable and did not change with the use of different FiO2. Thus, the influence of these parameters on the systemic vascular resistance index is clear.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in the dogs with high ICP and submitted to continuous infusion of propofol, the cardiopulmonary function was not influenced by the different FiO2 used. Additionally, FiO2=1.0 was not able to aggravate intracranial hypertension.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP, for the financial support and scholarships.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Sep-Oct 2014

History

  • Received
    14 Feb 2013
  • Accepted
    16 Dec 2013
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