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Survey of dental diseases in Crioulo breed horses reared in an extensive farming system

Levantamento de afecções dentárias em equinos da raça Crioula mantidos em sistema de criação extensivo

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to identify and quantify dental diseases in Crioulo horses reared exclusively under extensive farming conditions. In total, 254 Crioulo horses were evaluated, that were reared exclusively in native pastures with predominantly Eragrostis plana (Annoni grass). The animals were divided into three groups according to age: three to five years (G1), six to 12 years (G2), and 13 to 26 years (G3). In total, 46.1% of the animals in G1, 63.8% in G2, and 82.3% in G3 had two or more incisor disorders; 37.5% in G1, 52.5% in G2 and 45.5% in G3 had two or more disease findings in the canines; and 28.9% in G1, 35.4% in G2, and 64.7% in G3 had four or more disease findings in the second, third, and fourth premolars and molars. However, dental calculus was observed in 90.5% of G2 animals, whereas in G3, the occurrence rate of excessive enamel points and calculus was 82.4%. Although all of the horses studied were reared in an extensive farming system, dental changes were very common in the Crioulo breed reared under these management conditions.

Keywords:
horses and crioulo breed; dental diseases

RESUMO

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar as afecções odontológicas de equinos da raça Crioula criados exclusivamente em regime extensivo. No total, foram avaliados 254 cavalos Crioulos, criados em pastagens nativas com predominância de Eragrostis plana (capim-annoni). Os animais foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a idade: de três a cinco anos (G1), seis a 12 anos (G2 ) e 13 a 26 anos (G3). No total, 46,1% dos animais do G1, 63,8% do G2 e 82,3% do G3 apresentaram dois ou mais transtornos incisivos; 37,5% do G1, 52,5% do G2 e 45,5% do G3 tiveram duas ou mais alterações nos caninos; 28,9% do G1, 35,4% do G2 e 64,7% do G3 mostraram quatro ou mais distúrbios no segundo, terceiro e quarto pré-molares e molares. Contudo, cálculo dentário foi observado em 90,5% dos animais do G2, enquanto no G3, a taxa de ocorrência de pontas excessivas de esmalte dentário e cálculo foi de 82,4%. Concluiu-se que, apesar de todos os equinos estudados serem mantidos em sistema extensivo, as afecções dentárias mostraram-se muito comuns na raça Crioula sob estas condições de manejo.

Palavras-chave:
equinos e raça Crioula; afecções odontológicas

INTRODUCTION

Horses are herbivores with continuous and selective grazing habits. The type of diet is an extremely important extrinsic factor for the chewing cycle (Baker, 2002BAKER, G.J. Anomalias del desgaste y enfermedad periodontal In.: BACKER, G.J.; EASLEY, K.J. Odontologia equina. 2.ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2002. p.79-98.). Management intensification has been responsible for the appearance of dental disorders, as demonstrated by Muñoz et al. (2010MUÑOZ, L.; VIDAL, F.; SEPÚLVEDA, O. et al. Patologías dentales en incisivos, caninos y primer premolar en caballos chilenos adultos. Arch. Med. Vet., v.42, p.85-90, 2010.), Lima et al. (2011LIMA, J.T.M.; ANDRADE, B.S.C.; SCHWARZBACH, S.V. et al. Ocorrência de doença infundibular, sobremordida e ganchos em equinos de cavalaria militar. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v,63, p.6-11, 2011.), Jackes et al. (2011), and Amaya et al. (2012AMAYA, J.M.C.; SÁNCHEZ, J.A.; HERNÁNDEZ, L.G.V. Caracterización y prevalencia de las enfermidades orales en el caballo criollo, departamento de caldas, Colombia. Rev. Med. Vet., v.23, p.39-50, 2012.), who have studied horses stabled in different regions of the world. In Brazil, studies have been conducted on food supplementation and restricted grazing for horses, and the importance of identifying and quantifying diseases in horses reared in extensive farming conditions and their relationship with the breed and age of the horse is emphasized (Lima et al., 2011).

Crioulo horses, for the most part, consume native grasses as the basis of their diet, with or without the addition of artificial pastures or strategic supplementation. This characteristic is very relevant for this breed, which is known for its hardiness and multifunctionality (Vidart, 2004VIDART, D. Orígenes del caballo Crioulo. In.: PONCE DE LEÓN, L.; SAN MARTÍN, Z.A. Criollos de America - origen y evolución de una raza legendaria. Montevideo, Uruguay: [s.n.], 2004. p.15-23.).

The establishment of functionality trails such as the Golden Bridle and economic return on investments for proven genetic strategies has led investors to intensify the management of these athletic animals. Thus, to meet the current market demands for Crioulo horses, it is extremely important that the dental changes in this breed are surveyed. This study aimed to identify and quantify the dental diseases in Crioulo horses reared exclusively in extensive farming systems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental protocol used in the present study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) of the Federal University of Pampa [Universidade Federal do Pampa] (Protocol No. 019/2013).

The population of Crioulo horses in the municipality has been estimated by the Center for Crioulo Horses of Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) [Núcleo de Cavalos Crioulos de Uruguaiana/RS], to be 30,920 animals. Thus, the minimum number of horses to be included in the experiment was calculated as 163. For this calculation, a prevalence of dental diseases of 88% was assumed with an expected misdiagnosis rate of 5.0%, as recommended by Muñoz et al. (2010MUÑOZ, L.; VIDAL, F.; SEPÚLVEDA, O. et al. Patologías dentales en incisivos, caninos y primer premolar en caballos chilenos adultos. Arch. Med. Vet., v.42, p.85-90, 2010.).

In total, 254 Crioulo breed animals were used that were between 3 and 26 years of age and had not received dental treatments. They were divided into three groups: animals three to five years of age (G1), animals six to 12 years of age (G2), and animals 13 to 26 years of age (G3). All animals were reared in an extensive farming system in the municipality of Uruguaiana, and their diet was based on native grasses, predominantly Eragrostis plana (Annoni grass). For the assessment of the oral cavity, sedation with detomidine hydrochloride (Dormiun V, detomidine hydrochloride, Agener União Saúde Animal, Brazil) at an intravenous dose of 20µg/kg (Valverde, 2005VALVERDE, A. Sedation for standing procedures. In.: NORTH AMERICAN VETERINARY CONFERENCE, 2005, Florida. Proceedings… Florida: North American Veterinary Conference, 2005. (Resumo).) was used for animals that could not be physically restrained. The dental evaluation included an inspection and palpation of the bony structures of the face, lips, gums, incisors, and canines. For the evaluation of the oral cavity, dental halter and mouth speculum were used in all horses for further cleaning and examination of the premolars, molars, oral mucosa, tongue, and palate. The results were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present study, although the number of animals needed was determined to be 163, a total of 254 horses were evaluated, which is significantly more than the requirement.

The mouth speculum was carefully placed in all animals of the experiment, which were docile and allowed the proper evaluation of the intraoral cavity and the correct classification of the lesions. As no painful stimuli were caused to perform the examination, sedation was required in only 46 of the horses examined.

The present study found that incisor changes were frequent, such that 46.1% of the animals in G1, 63.8% in G2, and 82.3% in G3 had at least two diseases in this dental group, contrary Dixon and Dacre (2005DIXON, P.M.; DACRE, I. A review of equine dental disorders. Vet. J., v.196, p.165-187, 2005.), which state that such findings are expected in animals in intensive system. Muñoz et al. (2010MUÑOZ, L.; VIDAL, F.; SEPÚLVEDA, O. et al. Patologías dentales en incisivos, caninos y primer premolar en caballos chilenos adultos. Arch. Med. Vet., v.42, p.85-90, 2010.) studied confined Chilean horses and reported that 84.0% had some type of incisor disorder; of these changes, 26.02% were due to developmental disorders, and 74.0% were acquired.

In an evaluation of the qualitative changes, 47.1% of the animals in G1, 43.1% in G2, and 58.8% in G3 had irregular alignments (Table 1). This finding suggests that the occurrence of occlusal disorders of the incisors in the animals studied resulted primarily from the fibrous characteristics of the forage.

Table 1
Frequency of dental changes in Crioulo horses reared in an extensive farming system, according to dental group (incisors [I]; canines [C]; premolars [PM]; molars [M]) and by age category G1; G2; G3)

In addition, the incisor changes in the animals in G1 included dental calculus, which was observed in 42.7% of the animals (Table 1), 37.8% of which also had gingivitis. These observations seem to contradict Klugh (2005KLUGH, D. A review of equine periodontal disease. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract., v.4, p.135-147, 2005.), as they are not expected in animals reared in an extensive farming system but in animals with restricted access to pasture and a diet based on hay and grain. Thus, the occurrence of calculus may be related to breed predisposition which would require additional studies to confirm. This finding is important because calculus can be a precursor to gingivitis, which is observed in many horses with calculus, and periodontal disease (Johnson and Porter, 2006JOHNSON, T.; PORTER, C. Dental overgrowths and acquired displacement of cheek teeth. In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).). Dovetail was observed in 3.7% of the animals in G1, 31.6% in G2, and 21.8% in G3 (P =0.000), whereas 3.7% of the animals in G1, 11.2% in G2, and 43.8% in G3 had diastema (P =0.000), and another 3.7% in G1, 2.0% in G2, and 3.1% in G3 had retained deciduous incisors (Table 1). Diastema may be associated with the retention of deciduous incisors (Dixon and Dacre, 2005DIXON, P.M.; DACRE, I. A review of equine dental disorders. Vet. J., v.196, p.165-187, 2005.).

In G2, the most commonly encountered condition in incisors teeth was calculus (42.7%), followed by dovetail (31.6%) and idiopathic enamel fractures without pulp exposure (30.6%). The most frequent dental fractures were relatively small, estimated at ≤5mm (Table 1). According to Muñoz et al. (2010MUÑOZ, L.; VIDAL, F.; SEPÚLVEDA, O. et al. Patologías dentales en incisivos, caninos y primer premolar en caballos chilenos adultos. Arch. Med. Vet., v.42, p.85-90, 2010.), the most commonly encountered condition associated with the incisors of stabled Chilean horses was fractures, which was observed in 46.0% of the study population, followed by calculus in 33.0%. In the present study, the low prevalence of fractures may be the result of the extensive management provided for the animals. Gingivitis was observed in 37.8% of the animals in G1, 26.5% in G2, and 28.1% in G3, which was possibly caused by eruption in G1 and G2 and by dental calculus in G3. The primary reason for the occurrence of excessive wear of incisors in 12.5% of G3 animals is thought to be related to diet (Table 1).

As for congenital abnormalities, parrot mouth occurred in 0.9% of the animals in G2. This result is consistent with Jacques et al. (2011JACQUES, R.E.; GARCIA, C.A.; DE SOUZA, J.R.M. et al. Alterações odontológicas presentes em equinos da raça Crioula e o efeito da idade na presença destas irregularidades dentárias. In.: ENCONTRO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DA UFPEL. 15., 2011. Pelotas. Anais… Pelotas: [UFP], 2011. p.1-4. (Resumo).), who found no brachygnathia in 142 Crioulo horses. However, Amaya et al. (2012AMAYA, J.M.C.; SÁNCHEZ, J.A.; HERNÁNDEZ, L.G.V. Caracterización y prevalencia de las enfermidades orales en el caballo criollo, departamento de caldas, Colombia. Rev. Med. Vet., v.23, p.39-50, 2012.) reported higher values, which approached 7.0% in Colombian Crioulo horses. The occurrence of prognathism was not observed in this study.

In the study population, 37.5% of the animals in G1, 52,5% in G2 and 45,5% in G3 had at least two findings in their canines. Elongated canines were observed in 6.3% of the horses in G1, in 45.8% in G2 and in 36.4% in G3. Excessive growth of the canines occurs due to the absence of occlusion of these teeth (Linkous, 2006LINKOUS, M. Dental conditions affecting the juvenile performance horse (2-5 years). In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).).

In G1, 78.1% of the animals had canine subgingival plaque (P =0.000) and 3.1% of this same group had gingivitis. However, 40.7% of animals in G2 and 36.4% in G3 exhibited canine subgingival plaque and showed no signs of gingivitis. In G1, 9.4% of animals had calculus, whereas this value was 35.6% in G2 and 36.4% in G3 (Table 1). This condition is commonly found in this dental group and may be associated with gingivitis but rarely causes tooth loss (Klugh, 2005KLUGH, D. A review of equine periodontal disease. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract., v.4, p.135-147, 2005.; Linkous, 2006LINKOUS, M. Dental conditions affecting the juvenile performance horse (2-5 years). In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).). For the animals in G2, 1.7% had fractures, an incidence higher than that reported by Caldwell (2006CALDWELL, L.A. A review of diagnosis, treatment and sequelae of incisor luxation fractures in horses (from a dentist’s standpoint). In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. p.559-564. (Resumo).).

Wolf teeth were present in 46.2% of the animals in G1 and 29.3% in G2, whereas in G3, the rate was only 2.9% (P =0.000), which was expected based on the percentage reported by Scrutchfield (2002SCRUTCHFIELD, W.L. Pophylaxis dental. In.: BACKER, G.J.; EASLEY, K.J. Odontologia equina. 2.ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2002. p.205-228.). The main reason that may explain the low incidence of wolf tooth in G2 and G3 animals is the spontaneous loss of these teeth during the eruption of the second premolar (Engelke and Gasse, 2003ENGELKE, E.; GASSE, F. Um estudo anatômico da parte rostral da cavidade oral dos equídeos, com relação à posição e tamanho de um bridão bit. Vet. Equine Educ., v.15, p.158-163, 2003.).

In total, 28.9% of the animals in G1, 35.4% in G2, and 64.7% in G3 had four or more conditions in their pre-molars and molars, which is consistent with the results reported by Rucker (2006RUCKER, B. Dental conditions affecting the geriatric horse. In.: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).) and Easley (2011EASLEY, J. Oral and dental examination. In.: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTIONERS - FOCUS MEETING, 1., 2011, Albuquerque. Proceedings… Albuquerque: [AAEP], 2011. p.1-8, (Resumo).), who noted that disorders are closely related and occur concurrently.

The condition that occurred most frequently in the second, third, and fourth premolars and molars was excessive enamel points (Table 1), which was present in 95.2% of the animals in G1. In contrast, Amaya et al. (2012AMAYA, J.M.C.; SÁNCHEZ, J.A.; HERNÁNDEZ, L.G.V. Caracterización y prevalencia de las enfermidades orales en el caballo criollo, departamento de caldas, Colombia. Rev. Med. Vet., v.23, p.39-50, 2012.) reported excessive enamel points in 58.0% of Colombian Crioulo horses, a much smaller percentage than observed in this study. Baker (2002BAKER, G.J. Anomalias del desgaste y enfermedad periodontal In.: BACKER, G.J.; EASLEY, K.J. Odontologia equina. 2.ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2002. p.79-98.) and Brigham and Ducanson (2000BRIGHAM, E.J.; DUCANSON, G.R. An equine postmortem dental study: 50 cases. Equine Vet. Educ., v.12, p.59-62, 2000.) reported that this change in horses under nine years of age has an incidence between 44.0% and 72.0% and is related to the rhizogenesis of the permanent teeth, which may also be a related factor in this study.

The growth of enamel points can cause unilateral chewing due to pain and abnormal wear patterns of the incisors (Dixon and Dacre, 2005DIXON, P.M.; DACRE, I. A review of equine dental disorders. Vet. J., v.196, p.165-187, 2005.), which was observed and previously noted in this study.

Lima et al. (2011LIMA, J.T.M.; ANDRADE, B.S.C.; SCHWARZBACH, S.V. et al. Ocorrência de doença infundibular, sobremordida e ganchos em equinos de cavalaria militar. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v,63, p.6-11, 2011.) stated that providing grain at the expense of long fibers, in addition to supplying food at above-ground levels, leads to the formation of rostral and caudal hooks. However, in this study, rostral hooks were observed in 33.7% of the animals in G1, 43.1% in G2, and 55.9% in G3, which are considerable percentages in animals fed a grass-based diet and were significantly different among the groups (P =0.059). The reason for the high incidence of this finding may be the prevalence of steps and waves observed in this study. Linkous (2006LINKOUS, M. Dental conditions affecting the juvenile performance horse (2-5 years). In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).) noted that rostral and caudal hooks can occur in young animals between two and five years of age due to the timing of tooth eruption of the premolars and molars.

We observed that 30.8% of the animals in G1, 39.7% in G2, and 73.5% in G3 (Table 1) had waves (P= 0.000). The formation of waves in young animals is thought to be the result of dental changes and the eruption of premolars and molars, in addition to the highly fibrous characteristics of Annoni grass, which can cause excessive abrasions and uneven wear. Consistent with Scrutchfield and Johnson (2006SCRUTCHFIELD, W.L.; JOHNSON, T.J. Corrective procedures for cheek teeth. In.: PROCEEDINGS OF NORTH AMERICAN VETERINARY CONFERENCE, 20., 2006, Orlando. Proceedings… Orlando: North American Veterinary Conference, 2006. (Resumo).), the prevalence was highest in G3 animals compared to the other groups.

According to Townsend et al. (2008TOWNSEND N., DIXON P.M., BARAKZAI S. Evaluation of the long term consequences of equine exodontia in 50 horses. Vet. J., v.176, p.419-424, 2008.), steps can be caused by tooth loss, fractures, or defective eruptions. Steps were diagnosed in 16.3% of the horses in G1, 3.4% in G2, and 23.5% in G3 (P= 0.000) (Table 1); however, 1.9% of the animals in G1, 0.0% in G2, and 14.7% in G3 had dental failure, which might be responsible for the emergence of steps in some of the horses. Fractures and tooth loss are due to accidents or diseases, and their occurrence can vary. The faulty eruption of teeth is relatively rare (Velázquez, 2009VELÁZQUEZ, J.L. Equine dentistry. In.: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF WORLD EQUINE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, 11., 2009, Guarujá. Proceedings… Guarujá: [WEVA], 2009. (Resumo).).

Kreling (2003KRELING, K. Horses’teeth and their problems: prevention, recognition and treatment. 2.ed. Luneburg, Germany: Cadmos, 2003.) observed ramps in 1.0% of animals ≤5 years of age and a significant increase to 10.0% in horses >5 years (P =0.002). Ramps are triggered by excessive tooth wear, forming terminal projections that can cause soft tissue damage during chewing. It is believed that the type of forage may have caused the ramps in the animals studied.

It was noted in this study that 5.8% of the animals in G1, 14.7% in G2, and 47.1% in G3 had excessive wear of the premolars and molars (P =0.000) (Table 1), which contradicts Easley (2005EASLEY, K.J. Dental and oral examination. In.: BACKER, G.J.; EASLEY, K.J. Equine dentistry. 2.ed. London: Saunders, 2005. p.151-169.), who observed abnormal wear of the teeth only in animals with limited access to long fibers. Rucker (2006RUCKER, B. Dental conditions affecting the geriatric horse. In.: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).) noted that the formation of wear disorders affects mature animals, consistent with the findings of the present study.

In G1, 5.8% of the animals had dental fractures in incisors, whereas in premolars and molars the percentages of animals in G2 and G3 were 4.3% and 2.9%, respectively (Table 1). In G1, as also described by Velázquez (2009VELÁZQUEZ, J.L. Equine dentistry. In.: INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF WORLD EQUINE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION, 11., 2009, Guarujá. Proceedings… Guarujá: [WEVA], 2009. (Resumo).), this change may be due to competition for food in the paddock, or curiosity, which is a common characteristic among foals. In G2 and G3 fractures are deemed idiopathic (Dacre, 2006DACRE, I. Examination for pulp exposure at the occlusal surface and classification of dental fractures. In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).). The most common fractures in these cases occur along a vertical plane, often reaching the pulp chamber (Dixon et al., 2006DIXON, P.M. et al. Idiopathic cheek teeth fractures, including practice-based and hospital-based surveys. In: ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF EQUINE PRACTITIONERS, 52., 2006, Indianapolis. Proceedings… Indianapolis: [AAEP], 2006. (Resumo).).

In total, 20.2% of the animals in G1 had excessive transverse ridges, whereas the incidence was 24.1% in G2 and 11.8% in G3 (Table 1). This may be due to the fibrous characteristics of Annoni grass.

Authors such as Arenas (2003ARENAS, B. Estudio de prevalência da las principales alteraciones dentales de equinos em piezas de matadero. 2003. Memoria de titulo. Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Thomás, Santiago, CL.), Dixon and Dacre (2005DIXON, P.M.; DACRE, I. A review of equine dental disorders. Vet. J., v.196, p.165-187, 2005.), and Dacre (2006) have noted that diet supplementation based on grain and pellets is responsible for the high incidence of dental diseases in horses. However, the present study found that changes, especially excessive enamel points, dental calculus, and rostral hooks and waves, were very common in Crioulo horses that feed exclusively on forage.

CONCLUSION

Less than half of the animals studied had two or more dental disorders in their incisor teeth. For the canine teeth, one or more findings were observed in a large proportion of the horses studied. More than one third of the horses evaluated had four or more findings in their premolars and molars. The conditions with higher incidence included irregular alignment, excessive enamel points, dental calculus, and rostral hooks and waves. Although all of the Crioulo horses studied were reared in an extensive farming system, the dental changes observed are very common in this breed under these management conditions.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jan-Feb 2019

History

  • Received
    03 Oct 2017
  • Accepted
    17 May 2018
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com