The influence of the day of the week of hospital admission on the prognosis of stroke patients

Influencia del día de la semana de admisión hospitalaria en el pronóstico de pacientes con accidente vascular cerebral

O dia da semana de admissão hospitalar influenciando o prognóstico de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral

Abstracts

O estudo avaliou a distribuição de casos incidentes de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) que procuraram hospital de 2ª a 6ª feira ou nos finais de semana no Estudo de Mortalidade e Morbidade do AVC (EMMA). O EMMA é uma coorte de pacientes com AVC em hospital comunitário da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Casos consecutivos de primeiro episódio de AVC internados entre abril de 2006 e dezembro de 2008 foram seguidos prospectivamente por um ano. Não houve diferença na frequência das internações por AVC isquêmico ou hemorrágico pelos dias da semana. Entretanto, a letalidade em dez dias e após um ano estava aumentada no AVC hemorrágico. Na análise da sobrevida de um ano, pacientes admitidos nos finais de semana por hemorragia intraparenquimatosa apresentaram menor sobrevida (50%) quando comparados aos admitidos de 2ª a 6ª (22%) (p log-rank = 0.03). Encontrou-se uma razão de risco multivariada de 2,49 (IC95%: 1,10-5,81, p tendência = 0,03) de morrer nos fins de semana em comparação ao período de 2ª a 6ª feira para hemorragia intracerebral. Não houve diferença na sobrevida para amostra total de AVC nem para AVC isquêmico.

Acidente Vascular Cerebral; Sobrevivência; Admissão do Paciente

ARTIGOS

The influence of the day of the week of hospital admission on the prognosis of stroke patients

O dia da semana de admissão hospitalar influenciando o prognóstico de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral

Influencia del día de la semana de admisión hospitalaria en el pronóstico de pacientes con accidente vascular cerebral

Juliana B. Barros^I; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart^I; Airlane P. Alencar^I; Paulo A. Lotufo^I; Isabela M. Bensenor^I

^IHospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the weekday and weekend distribution of stroke case hospital admissions and their respective prognosis based on a sample from the Estudo de Mortalidade e Morbidade do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (EMMA), a cohort of stroke patients admitted to a community hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We ascertained all consecutive cases of first-time strokes between April 2006 and December 2008 and performed a subsequent one-year follow-up. No association was found between frequency of hospital admissions due to ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes and the specific day of the week on which the admission occurred. However, ten-day and twelve-month case-fatality was higher in hemorrhagic stroke patients admitted at the weekend. We also found that intracerebral hemorrhage patients admitted on weekends had a worse survival rate (50%) compared with those admitted during weekdays (25.6%, P log-rank = 0.03). We found a multivariate hazard ratio of 2.49 (95%CI: 1.10-5.81, P trend = 0.03) for risk of death at the weekend compared to weekdays for intracerebral hemorrhage cases. No difference in survival was observed with respect to the overall sample of stroke or ischemic stroke patients.

Stroke; Survival; Patient Admission

RESUMO

O estudo avaliou a distribuição de casos incidentes de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) que procuraram hospital de 2^a a 6^a feira ou nos finais de semana no Estudo de Mortalidade e Morbidade do AVC (EMMA). O EMMA é uma coorte de pacientes com AVC em hospital comunitário da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Casos consecutivos de primeiro episódio de AVC internados entre abril de 2006 e dezembro de 2008 foram seguidos prospectivamente por um ano. Não houve diferença na frequência das internações por AVC isquêmico ou hemorrágico pelos dias da semana. Entretanto, a letalidade em dez dias e após um ano estava aumentada no AVC hemorrágico. Na análise da sobrevida de um ano, pacientes admitidos nos finais de semana por hemorragia intraparenquimatosa apresentaram menor sobrevida (50%) quando comparados aos admitidos de 2^a a 6^a (22%) (p log-rank = 0.03). Encontrou-se uma razão de risco multivariada de 2,49 (IC95%: 1,10-5,81, p tendência = 0,03) de morrer nos fins de semana em comparação ao período de 2^a a 6^a feira para hemorragia intracerebral. Não houve diferença na sobrevida para amostra total de AVC nem para AVC isquêmico.

Acidente Vascular Cerebral; Sobrevivência; Admissão do Paciente

RESUMEN

El estudio evaluó la distribución de casos incidentes de accidente vascular cerebral (AVC) que fueron al hospital de lunes a viernes o durante los fines de semana en el Estudio de Mortalidad y Morbilidad del AVC (EMMA). El EMMA es una cohorte de pacientes con AVC en un hospital comunitario de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. Casos consecutivos de primer episodio de AVC internados, entre abril de 2006 y diciembre de 2008, fueron seguidos prospectivamente durante un año. No hubo diferencia en la frecuencia de las internaciones por AVC isquémico o hemorrágico durante los días de la semana. Sin embargo, la letalidad en 10 días y tras un año había aumentado en el AVC hemorrágico. En el análisis de supervivencia de un año, pacientes admitidos los fines de semana por hemorragia intraparenquimatosa presentaron menor supervivencia (50%), comparados con los admitidos de Lunes hasta Viernes (22%, p log-rank = 0.03). Se encontró una razón de riesgo multivariada de un 2,49 (IC95%: 1,10-5,81; p tendencia = 0,03) de morir los fines de semana en comparación con los lunes y viernes para la hemorragia intracerebral. No hubo diferencia en la supervivencia para la muestra total de AVC ni para el AVC isquémico.

Accidente Cerebrovascular; Supervivencia; Admisión del Paciente

Introduction

Strokes are one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Despite the fact that 87% of stroke-related deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries ¹, reliable data on cerebrovascular mortality in Latin America is scarce, and most studies have concentrated on cases in small towns ^2,3,4,5. Stroke mortality rates in Brazil are the highest in the Americas ². Despite this fact, few studies have evaluated incidence, case fatality and stroke prevalence rates ^4,5,6,7.

Research in different countries has detected a variation in stroke occurrence according to the day of week on which the patient is admitted to hospital, with most studies showing that the onset of stroke is more common on Mondays ^8,9,10. In contrast to this data, other studies report a peak of stroke onset on Tuesdays ^11,12 and Wednesdays ¹³, or a mixed pattern of occurrence between Saturday and Tuesday ¹⁴ or Sunday and Monday ¹⁵. Other studies report an increase in frequency of stroke onset on weekends among young women ¹⁶ On the other hand, other studies did not observe any weekly pattern with regard to stroke onset ^17,18. Some studies show that different patterns occur between men and women; Wang et al. ¹⁹, for example, found that frequency of stroke and cerebral infarct in men was greater on Mondays, while in women the frequency of cerebral hemorrhage was greater on Mondays and the frequency of cerebral infarction was greater on Thursdays and Fridays. In some cases, weekday variations in frequency of stroke onset according to gender occurred only in specific age groups or were associated with low socioeconomic status ¹⁵. Research carried out by Manfredini et al. ²⁰ using a large sample showed no differences in frequency between men and women.

Previous epidemiological studies show that risk of death is higher in stroke patients admitted to hospital on weekends than in those admitted on weekdays ^21,22,23,24. This phenomenon has also been observed for other diseases and has been defined by some authors as the "weekend effect". However, the evidence supporting the weekend effect related to stroke cases is inconsistent and a number of studies confirm that no such association exists for stroke cases or for other diseases ^25,26.

This study aimed to evaluate the daily distribution (weekdays or weekends) and prognosis of cases of the main stroke subtypes (ischemic and hemorrhagic) using data from the EMMA (Estudo de Mortalidade e Morbidade do Acidente Vascular Cerebral), a cohort of stroke patients admitted to a community hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil that adopts the STEPS Stroke WHO protocol ^6,27.

Methods

The sample consisted of patients participating in the EMMA, a stroke assessment study conducted in the Butantan region that encompasses six districts of the city of São Paulo. This sample is representative of a local community with varying social characteristics and has been described in detail in other studies ^6,27.

The present study analyzes 430 stroke patients aged 35 years and over admitted to the University of São Paulo Hospital that participated in the EMMA. This study only uses data obtained in STEP 1 of the WHO protocol that consists of a hospital assessment that analyzes the risk factors associated with stroke cases and survival after 10, 28, 180 days and 12 months. First-time stroke cases (ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage) occurring between April 2006 and December 2008 were analyzed and subject to a one year follow-up conducted by the neurological liaison team. Since the number of subarachnoid hemorrhage cases was minimal this subtype was excluded from the analysis. All potential stroke patients were informed about the questionnaire, follow-up and risks of blood sample collection and medical records review to check clinically relevant information. Information, including vital status during follow-up, was updated through telephone contact, medical registers and death certificates with the collaboration of the municipal and state health offices. All participating patients signed and received a copy of a written informed consent form.

This study was approved by the hospital's Ethics Research Committee.

Statistical analysis

Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact test as necessary. Mean values were compared using ANOVA. Stroke case fatality after 10, 28, 180 days and 12 months was calculated separately for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke cases according to the specific day of the week on which the patient was admitted to hospital. Survival was evaluated by stroke subtype (ischemic and hemorrhagic) and the specific day of the week on which the patient was admitted to hospital using a Kaplan-Meyer analysis. Data was compared using the log-rank test. Age-adjusted and multivariate regressions were performed considering all other variables and significant effects on univariate analysis at the p ≤ 0.2 level using the Cox proportional hazards model. All tests were two-sided, and p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS software version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) and the free software R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; http://www.r-project.org).

Results

Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the study sample by the specific day of the week on which the patient was admitted to hospital. A total of 430 first-time stroke patients aged 35 years and over admitted between April 2006 and December 2008 were included in our analysis. No variation in frequency was found between weekday and weekend admissions. Figure 1 shows stroke cases by the specific day of the week of admission. The highest frequency of stroke onset was on Tuesday (18.1%) and Thursday (16.7%) for ischemic stroke, and Monday (20%), Thursday (20%) and Tuesday (18.5%) for intracerebral hemorrhage. No statistically significant differences in frequency of stroke subtypes across specific days of the week of admission (Monday to Sunday) (p = 0.59) were found. Frequency of ischemic strokes was higher on weekends and frequency of hemorrhagic strokes was higher on weekdays (Monday to Friday); however these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.11). No statistically significant differences were found between genders. With regard to case fatality after 10, 28, 180 days and 12 months, no statistically significant difference in the number of deaths across specific days of the week of admission was found with regard to ischemic stroke. However, a statistically significant difference in case fatality after 10 days and 12 months was found with respect to hemorrhagic stroke (Table 2).

With regard to one-year survival, we found that patients admitted on weekends had a lower survival rate than those admitted on weekdays (p = 0.039). The analysis of survival by stroke subtypes showed no statistically significant difference with regard to ischemic stroke patients (Figure 2). However, with respect to intracerebral hemorrhage, a significant difference in survival rates was found between patients admitted on the weekend (50%, 11/22) and those admitted on weekdays (25.6%, 11/43), p log-rank = 0.03); intracerebral hemorrhage patients admitted at the weekend also had a worse prognosis than those admitted on weekdays (Figure 3). The results of the Cox analyses demonstrate a similar pattern (Table 3) with an increased risk of death on weekends among intracerebral hemorrhage patients (multivariate hazard ratio of 2.49; 95%CI: 1.10-5.81, p trend = 0.03).

Discussion

The frequency of ischemic strokes was highest on Tuesdays and Thursdays, while hemorrhagic strokes were more common on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays. No statistically significant difference in the weekday patterns was observed between the ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes. However, risk of death from hemorrhagic stroke after 10 days and 12 months was greater for patients admitted on weekends and chance of survival from intracerebral hemorrhage was lower in patients admitted on weekends. No difference in survival was found among ischemic stroke patients.

Most studies show that the frequency of stroke onset is higher in the beginning of the week ^{8,9,10,11,12,13}. However, a number of studies show that frequency of stroke onset is higher on the weekend ^18,19 or that a mixed pattern of frequency occurs beginning on the weekend and continuing into the beginning of the week until Monday ¹⁴ or Tuesday ¹⁵. Our analysis showed that the frequency of strokes was lower at weekends followed by higher frequencies on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays; however, these differences are small and statistically insignificant. Several authors have questioned whether frequency is really higher in the beginning of the week or lower on the weekend ^11,15. The only study that observed higher frequency at the end of the week (Thursdays and Fridays) analyzed frequencies by gender and stroke subtype, finding that frequency of ischemic stroke onset on Thursdays and Fridays was highest in women ¹⁹. Our study showed no statistically significant differences in frequency of the different stroke subtypes between men and women. It should be noted however that the present study may lack power of analysis when it comes to gender.

In Brazil, the only retrospective study to evaluate cardiovascular deaths (International Classification of Diseases – ICD 9; codes 390 to 459) by the day of the week of occurrence, carried out in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, showed that incidence peaked on Mondays. However, this study does not provide separate information for stroke cases ²¹. The weekly pattern of occurrence of coronary heart disease has been widely studied and results suggest that onset frequency is highest on Mondays. However, there is no consensus on this possibility, even in the case myocardial infarction. The reasons for a possible pattern of increased stroke onset on Mondays are not clear, but may include stress associated with the beginning of weekly activities, higher blood pressure or an inadequate profile of lifestyle risk factors on Monday after weekends ²⁸. The profile of cardiovascular risk factors between the two groups in this study was very similar and the reasons for this pattern remain unclear.

The majority of studies that evaluated stroke mortality by day of week of occurrence only evaluated in-hospital mortality ^24,26 or case-fatality after seven days ^22,23. One study carried out in a stroke center that evaluated mortality at a three-month follow-up showed no significant differences for cases that occurred during normal office hours and out of office hours ²⁵. Most studies show higher mortality among patients admitted at weekends ^22,23,24,26. One study concluded that weekends represent a period of increased risk of death for ischemic stroke patients, but that this increased risk appears to represent an exacerbation of underlying night-time risk present during weekdays ²⁶. Another study showed no differences in stroke mortality by day of week of occurrence ²⁵. Our results suggest a higher ten-day and 12-month case-fatality among hemorrhagic stroke patients admitted at the weekend.

It is important to note that only one study evaluated late case fatality. A study by Albright et al. ²⁵ that evaluated in-hospital and 90-day case-fatality found no differences in mortality according to day of admission by stroke subtypes (ischemic and hemorrhagic). Furthermore, most studies have only addressed ischemic stroke cases and provide no information regarding hemorrhagic strokes ^22,26. These studies showed that in-hospital mortality was higher in ischemic stroke patients admitted at the weekend. One study found that mortality was higher on the weekend and showed that certain types of hospital care, such as brain scans, were less available on these days and this could explain the higher risk of mortality at weekends ²⁹. In contrast, with regard to ischemic stroke, no difference was found between in-hospital mortality rates and day of admission. However, the rate of ten-day and twelve-month case-fatality was higher among hemorrhagic stroke patients.

We found a high rate of mortality after twelve months among the intracerebral hemorrhage patients in our sample. The only study that evaluated late case-fatality (after 90 days) was that of Albright et al. ²⁵. One important difference is that they evaluated stroke fatality in a stroke unit as opposed to a community hospital and therefore differences in patient profile could explain any differences. It is possible to speculate that certain factors related to the hospital stay could be associated with the survival rates observed at the one-year follow-up. However, the effect of these factors is very small and unclear due to the small number of stroke deaths at one-year follow-up.

The weekend effect is not restricted to stroke patients and several possible explanations for this phenomenon have given for a number of different conditions worldwide. One of the most plausible explanations is the reduced number of hospital staff and lack of availability of certain invasive procedures at weekends. Furthermore, the weekend effect may exist due to differences in the profiles of weekend and weekday stroke patients; however, this was not the case in our study because the cardiovascular risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics of the two groups were very similar. Manfredini et al. ²⁰ also suggests that patients with multiple comorbidities and more severe stroke cases are more likely to arrive at hospital at the weekend as is the case with more severe cases of acute myocardial infarction (with ST segment elevation). In our analysis, a multivariate adjustment for age and certain cardiovascular risk factors did not affect the results. However, the EMMA adopts the original protocol of WHO protocol and information regarding other cardiovascular risk factors, such as diet and physical activity, that may also influence the results and could help to explain the higher mortality from hemorrhagic strokes at the weekend, were not available.

Our study has the following advantages: it was performed at a community hospital that accounts for approximately 80% of all hospitalizations in the study region; the diagnosis of the stroke subtype was performed by a neurological liaison team using CT-scan; the present study evaluated survival after a one-year follow-up as opposed to most studies that evaluated only in-hospital mortality or seven-day case-fatality. Limitations of this study include: the exclusion of outpatients, which might be considered as a bias due to the exclusion of mild cases that do not seek medical care or more severe cases that died before being admitted to hospital; the sample size may not provide for certain stratified analyses; since this was an observational study losses (66 individuals or 15.3%) occurred during the twelve-month follow-up. Despite the latter limitation, additional missing data analysis found no significant changes to the findings described here.

Our findings show a poor twelve-month survival rate among intracerebral hemorrhage patients admitted at the weekend. This difference cannot be explained by the risk factor profile of patients that was similar in both groups.

Contributors

J. B. Barros performed statistical analysis, wrote the first draft of this manuscript and reformulated subsequent versions. A. C. Goulart participated in study design, performed statistical analysis and revised the final version of this manuscript. A. P. Alencar performed statistical analysis and revised the final version of this manuscript. P. A. Lotufo participated in study design, performed statistical analysis and revised the final version of this manuscript. I. M. Bensenor participated in study design, performed statistical analysis and revised the final version of this manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all interviewers, to the research staff of the EMMA, to the University of São Paulo Hospital and FAPESP.

Submitted on 25/May/2012

Final version resubmitted on 05/Oct/2012

Approved on 27/Nov/2012

• 1.   Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:355-69.
• 2.   Lotufo PA. Stroke in Brazil: a neglected disease. São Paulo Med J 2005; 123:3-4.
• 3.   Lavados PM, Sacks C, Prina L, Escobar A, Tossi C, Araya F, et al. Incidence, case-fatality rate, and prognosis of ischaemic stroke subtypes in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in Iquique, Chile (PISCIS Project): a community-based incidence study. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:140-8.
• 4.   Minelli C, Fen LF, Minelli DP. Stroke incidence, prognosis, 30-day, and 1-year case fatality rates in Matão, Brazil: a population-based prospective study. Stroke 2007; 38:2906-11.
• 5.   Cabral NL, Gonçalves AR, Longo AL, Moro CH, Costa G, Amaral CH, et al. Incidence of stroke subtypes, prognosis and prevalence of risk factors in Joinville, Brazil: a 2 year community based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80:755-61.
• 6.   Goulart AC, Bensenor IM, Fernandes TG, Alencar AP, Fedeli LM, Lotufo PA. Early and one-year stroke case fatality in Sao Paulo, Brazil: applying the World Health Organization's stroke STEPS. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 21:832-8.
• 7.   Carvalho JJ, Alves MB, Viana GA, Machado CB, Santos BF, Kanamura AH, et al. Stroke epidemiology, patterns of management, and outcomes in Fortaleza, Brazil: a hospital-based multicenter prospective study. Stroke 2011; 42:3341-6.
• 8.   Kelly-Hayes M, Wolf PA, Kase CS, Brand FN, McGuirk JM, D'Agostino RB. Temporal patterns of stroke onset. The Framingham Study. Stroke 1995; 26:1343-7.
• 9.   Manfredini R, Casetta I, Paolino E, La Cecilia O, Boari B, Fallica E, et al. Monday preference in onset of ischemic stroke. Am J Med 2001; 111:401-3.
• 10. Manfredini R, Manfredini F, Boari B. The Monday peak in the onset of ischemic stroke is independent of major risks factors. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28:715-9.
• 11. Milosevic V, Zivkovic M, Djuric S, Vasic V, Pekmezovic T. Weekly variation of hospital admissions for stroke in Nis (Serbia). Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:485-9.
• 12. Johansson BB, Norrving B, Winder H, Wu JY, Halberg F. Stroke incidence: circadian and circaseptan (about weekly) variations in onset. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990; 341A:427-36.
• 13. Brackenridge CJ. Daily variation and other factors affecting the occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents. J Gerontol 1981; 36:176-9.
• 14. Pasqualetti P, Natali G, Casale R, Colantonio D. Epidemiological chronorisk of stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 81:71-4.
• 15. Jakovljevic D; on behalf of the FINSTROKE Register Group. Day of the week and ischemic stroke. Is it Monday high or Sunday low? Stroke 2004; 35:2089-93.
• 16. Haapaniemi H, Hillbom M, Juvela S. Weekend and Holiday increase in the onset of ischemic stroke in young women. Stroke 1996; 27:1023-7.
• 17. Anderson N, Feigin V, Bennett D, Borad J, Pledger M, Anderson C, et al. Diurnal, weekly, and seasonal variations in stroke occurrence in a population-based study in Auckland, New Zealand. N Z Med J 2004; 117:U1078.
• 18. Khan FA, Engstrom G, Jerntorp I, Pessah-Hasmussen H, Janzon L. Seasonal pattern of incidence and case fatality of stroke in Malmö. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 24:26-31.
• 19. Wang H, Sekine M, Chen X, Kagamimori S. A study of weekly and seasonal variation of stroke onset. Int J Biometeorol 2002;47:13-20.
• 20. Manfredini R, Fabbian F, Pala M, Tiseo R, De Giorgi A, Manfredini F, et al. Seasonal and weekly patterns of occurrence of acute cardiovascular diseases: does a gender difference exist? J Women's Health 2011; 20:1663-8.
• 21. Yazzle Rocha JS, Silva GC. Myocardial infarction hospitalization by the day of the week: retrospective study. Rev Saúde Pública 2000; 34:157-62.
• 22. Saposnik G, Baibergenova A, Bayer N, Hachinski V. Weekends: a dangerous time for having a stroke? Stroke 2007; 38:1211-5.
• 23. Janszky I, Ahnve S, Ljung R. Weekend versus weekday admission and stroke outcome in Sweden from 1968 to 2005. Stroke 2007; 38:e94.
• 24. Reeves MJ, Smith E, Fonarow G, Hernandez A, Pan W, Schwamm LH, et al. Off-hour admission and in-hospital stroke case fatality in the get with the guidelines-stroke program. Stroke 2009; 40:569-76.
• 25. Albright KC, Raman R, Ernstrom K, Hallevi H, Martin-Schild S, Meyer BC, et al. Can comprehensive stroke centers erase the 'weekend effect'? Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 27:107-13.
• 26. Luyt CE, Combes A, Aegerter P, Guidet B, Trouillet JL, Gibert C, et al. Mortality among patients admitted to intensive care units during weekday day shifts compared with "off" hours. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:3-11.
• 27. Goulart AC, Bustos IR, Abe IM, Pereira AC, Fedeli LM, Benseñor IM, et al. A stepwise approach to stroke surveillance in Brazil: the EMMA (Estudo de Mortalidade e Morbidade do Acidente Vascular Cerebral) study. Int J Stroke 2010; 5:284-9.
• 28. Murakami S, Otsuka K, Kubo Y, Shinagawa M, Yamanaka T, Ohkawa S, et al. Repeated ambulatory monitoring reveals a Monday morning surge in blood pressure in a community-dwelling population. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17(12 Pt 1):1179-83.
• 29. Palmer WL, Bottle A, Davie C, Vincent CA, Aylin P. Dying for the weekend: a retrospective cohort study on the association between day of hospital presentation and the quality and safety of stroke care. Arch Neurol 2012; 9:1-7.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Apr 2013
• Date of issue
  Apr 2013

History

• Received
  25 May 2012
• Accepted
  27 Nov 2012
• Reviewed
  05 Oct 2012