Notes on Junghuhnia (Agaricomycetes) in Brazil

ABSTRACT

Junghuhnia is a cosmopolitan genus of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota), mostly characterized by having a dimitic hyphal system and encrusted cystidia. The genus comprises 37 legitimate species, eight of which have been reported in Brazil. This study provides updated information about the diversity and distribution of Junghuhnia in Brazil by reporting J. semisupiniformis for the first time from South America, J. globospora from Brazil, J. carneola from northeastern Brazil and the state of Pará, J. nitida from the state of Pernambuco, and J. subundata from the state of Amazonas. Descriptions of J. semisupiniformis and J. globosbora, as well a key to the accepted species of Junghuhnia from Brazil, are provided.

Keywords
Amazon Forest; Atlantic Forest; Caatinga; Fungi; Polypores

Introduction

Brazil has a large territory mostly located in the intertropical zone and has a hot climate throughout the year. This allows a great diversity of ecosystems ranging from semi-desert to evergreen tropical rain forests. Brazil may be the richest country on earth in biological diversity (Mittermeier et al. 2005), including wood-inhabiting fungi. Currently, 5712 fungi are reported to Brazil and much of this fungal diversity is still being listed and constantly updated (http://www.floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/).

Junghuhnia is a cosmopolitan genus of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota) which causes a white rot. It is characterized by annual, resupinate, effused, rarely pileate basidiomata, a dimitic hyphal system, encrusted cystidia, and obovoid to cylindrical basidiospores (Spirin et al. 2007; Westphalen et al. 2012). The genus comprises 37 legitimate species (http://www.indexfungorum.org/; Kirk et al. 2008), eight of which were reported in Brazil: Junghuhnia carneola, J. crustacea, J. meridionalis, J. minuta, J. nitida, J. polycystidifera, J. subundata and J. undigera (Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009; Westphalen et al. 2010; Soares et al. 2014a; Gugliotta et al. 2015).

Recently, several studies including new species and new records of polypores in Brazil have been published (Baltazar et al. 2014; Baldoni et al. 2015; Campos-Santana et al. 2014; 2015; Motato-Vásquez et al. 2014; 2015a; b; Soares et al. 2014b; Westphalen et al. 2014; Pires et al. 2015), but few included species of Junghuhnia (Westphalen et al. 2010; 2012). In the current study, we present descriptions of J. semisupiniformis and J. globospora and a key to the accepted species of Junghuhnia reported in Brazil. In addition, an update of distribution of some species is provided.

Materials and methods

Specimens were collected in the Amazonic Forest in April 2013, in the Floresta Nacional de Humaitá (7°30'22"S; 63°1'15"W), in the State of Amazonas; in the Atlantic Rain Forest from March 2012 to September 2013 in five remnants in the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Frei Caneca (8º42'37''S; 35º50'01''W) and one in the Reserva Biológica de Saltinho (8°39'18''S; 38°1'46'' W), both in the State of Pernambuco; in the semi-arid region from April 2012 to March 2014 in Parque Estadual Mata do Pau-Ferro (06°58'12''S; 35°42'15''W), a remnant of montane forest in the State of Paraíba.

Specimens were analyzed macro- (shape, colour, hymenial surface) and micromorphologically (hyphal system, presence/absence and measurements of sterile structures and basidiospores). Slides were prepared with 5% KOH (stained with 1% aqueous phloxine) or Melzer's reagent in order to check for amyloid or dextrinoid reaction (Wu et al. 2004). Technical nomenclature followed Fidalgo & Fidalgo (1967) and colour designation followed Watling (1969). For identification, the works of Ryvarden (1991; 2014), Ryvarden & Gilbertson (1993) and Ryvarden & Melo (2014) were utilized. Specimens were incorporated to Herbaria O and URM.

Additionally, reports of species of Junghuhnia Corda were surveyed in the databases Specieslink (http://www.splink.org.br/) and Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/) and in the literature (Bononi 1992; Almeida-Filho et al. 1993; Sotão et al. 2002; Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009; Gibertoni & Drechsler-Santos 2010; Westphalen et al. 2010; Westphalen et al. 2012; Soares et al. 2014a).

Results and Discussion

Overall diversity

After field trips, research in the databases and literature, 12 species of Junghuhnia, distributed in 12 Brazilian states are recognized (Tab. 1). In this study, we report J. semisupiniformis for the first time from South America (in remnants of Atlantic Forest in the State of Pernambuco); J. globospora from Brazil; J. carneola for the first time from Northeast Brazil (in a montane forest in the State of Paraíba and remnants of Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco) and from the State of Pará (in Amazonic Forest); J. nitida from the State of Pernambuco (in remnant of Atlantic Forest) and J. subundata from the State of Amazonas (in Amazonic Forest).

Table 1
Brazilian records of species of Junghuhnia based on field trips, databases and literature records with locale of occurrence and voucher (not studied)/reference. AC = Acre; AL = Alagoas; AM = Amazonas; AP = Amapá; BA = Bahia; CE = Ceará; PA = Pará; PB = Paraíba; PE = Pernambuco; PR = Paraná; RS = Rio Grande do Sul; SC = Santa Catarina; SP = São Paulo.

Species	State	Reference or voucher	Biome
Junghuhnia carneola (Bres.) Rajchenb.	PB	Present study	Caatinga
	AM	INPA 129588	Amazonic Forest
	PA	In the present study
	PR, RS, SC	Westphalen et al. (2012)	Atlantic Forest
	SP	SP-Fungi 446259
Junghuhnia crustacea (Jungh.) Ryvarden	AC	Bononi (1992)	Amazonic Forest
	AM	INPA 185882
	PA	Sotão et al. (2002)	Amazonic Forest (mangrove)
Junghuhnia globospora Iturr. & Ryvarden	PB	Present study	Caatinga
Junghuhnia lacera (P. Karst.) Niemelä & Kinnunen	SP	INPA 186302 (as J. separabilina)	Atlantic Forest - Cerrado (transition zone)
Junghuhnia luteoalba (P. Karst.) Ryvarden	SP	Gugliota et al. (2015)	Cerrado
Junghuhnia meridionalis (Rajchenb.) Rajchenb.	PR, RS, SC	Westphalen et al. (2010)	Atlantic Forest
	SP	SP-Fungi 446273
Junghuhnia minuta I. Lindblad & Ryvarden	PR, RS, SC	Westphalen et al. (2012)	Atlantic Forest
Junghuhnia nitida (Pers.) Ryvarden	SP	SP-Fungi 446222	Atlantic Forest
	AL, PR, RS, SP	Baltazar & Gibertoni (2009)
	PE	Present study
Junghuhnia polycystidifera (Rick) Rajchenb.	PR, RS, SC	Westphalen et al. (2012)	Atlantic Forest
	SP	Almeida-Filho et al. (1993)	Atlantic Forest (mangrove)
Junghuhnia semisupiniformis (Murrill) Ryvarden	PE	Present study	Atlantic Forest
Junghuhnia subundata (Murrill) Ryvarden	AM	Present study	Amazonic Forest
	AP	Soares et al. (2014b)
Junghuhnia undigera (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Ryvarden	CE	URM 80473	Caatinga
	PE	URM 80666
	PA, PR, RS, SC, SP	Westphalen et al. (2012)	Amazonic Rain Forest, Atlantic Forest
	SP	Gibertoni & Drechsler-Santos (2010)	Cerrado

Taxonomy

Junghuhnia semisupiniformis (Murrill) Ryvarden, Mycotaxon 23: 195 (1985) (Fig. 1A-C)

≡ Tyromyces semisupiniformis Murrill, Bull. New York Bot. Gard.8: 148 (1912).

Description: Basidiomata: annual, pileate to effused-reflexed, fan-shaped, pileus thin, flexible, papery, 3 × 4 × 0.2 cm. Abhimenial surface: glabrous, azonate, cream to pale brownish yellow (3c to 5e). Hymenial surface pale ochraceus (9h). Pores: angular, thin walled, 5-6 per mm. Context homogeneous, tube layer concolorous with pore surface, 1 mm thick. Hyphal system: dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps, hyaline, 2.5 μm in diam., skeletal hyphae abundant, thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow, non septate, 2-5 μm in diam. Cystidia: abundant in the trama, thin to slightly thick-walled, cylindrical to clavate, apically encrusted, projecting into the hymenium, 70 × 8 μm. Basidia: clavate, 4 sterigmata, 20 × 5 μm. Basidiospores: smooth, negative in Melzer reagent, obovoid to subglobose, 4-4.5 × 3-3.5 μm.

Distribution: This species is widely distributed in the Caribbean area and it is cited from Mexico, Italy, France and Germany (Bernicchia 2005). This is the first report from South America.

Material examined: BRAZIL, Pernambuco, Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata Barragem das Moças, in decaying hard wood, 3 Jun 2012, leg. G. S. Nogueira-Melo NM158, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 82257); BRAZIL, Pernambuco, Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata Serra do Quengo, in decaying hard wood, 17 May 2013, leg. G. S. Nogueira-Melo NM630, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 86554); BRAZIL, Pernambuco, Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata Serra do Quengo, in decaying hard wood, 20 Jul 2013, leg. G. S. Nogueira-Melo NM704, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 87684).

Remarks: Junghuhnia semisupiniformis is characterized by a pileate basidiomata and the abundant cystidia in the trama. The specimens analyzed had thin- to slightly thick-walled walled cystidia, while Ryvarden & Gilbertson (1993) described the cystidia as thick-walled. Of the pileate species reported in Brazil, J. minuta has the smallest basidiospores among the American pileate species of the genus (2.5-3 × 2-2.5 μm), while J. undigera, with similar pore size (5-7 p/mm) and basidiospores shape (broadly ellipsoid to obovoid), has slightly larger basidiospores (4-5 × 3.5-4 µm) and few cystidia in the trama.

Figure 1
A. Basidiomata of Junghuhnia semisupiniformis. B. Encrusted tips of cystidia. C. Basidiospores

Junghuhnia globospora Iturr. & Ryvarden, Synop. Fungorum. 27: 83 (2010)

Description: Basidiomata: annual, resupinate to effused-reflexed, adnate, flexible, 5 × 7 × 0.3 cm. Hymenial surface: cream to pale yellowish (6f to 52buff). Pores: angular, thin walled, 4-5 per mm. Context: concolorous with the pore surface, soft and up to 300 µm thick, almost invisible to the naked eyes. Margin: very narrow, smooth, reflexed when dry, concolorous with the pore surface. Hyphal system: dimitic, generative hyphae with clamps, 2.5-3 µm in diam., thin-walled, skeletal hyphae thick-walled, hyaline, non septate, 2-3 µm in diam. Cystidia: abundant in the trama, thick-walled, cylindrical to club-like, smooth or with few crystals at the top, 40-60 × 6-8 μm. Basidia: clavate, 4 sterigmata, basal clamp, 12-15 × 3-4 µm. Basidiospores: smooth, negative in Melzer reagent, globose, hyaline, thin-walled, 4-5 µm diam.

Distribution: This species was known only from the type locality in Venezuela (Ryvarden & Iturriaga 2010). The current report is the first from Brazil.

Material examined: BRAZIL, Paraíba, Areia, Reserva Estadual Mata do Pau-Ferro, in decaying hard wood, 16 Apr 2012, leg. C.R.S. Lira CL627, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 87963).

Remarks: Junghuhnia globospora is characterised by the papery, thin and flexible basidiomata and globose basidiospores. Junghuhnia subundata is quite similar, but has smaller, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (2.3-3 × 2-2.5 μm) and the pore surface is ochre to pale brownish when dry (Ryvarden & Iturriaga 2010).

Junghuhnia carneola (Bres.) Rajchenb., Revta Investnes agrop. Sér. 5 19(1): 45 (1984)

≡ Poria carneola Bres., Hedwigia 35(5): 282 (1896).

Description: Westphalen et al. (2012)

Distribution: Tropical and subtropical species. In Brazil, reports are known for the States of Amazonas, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Baltazar & Gibertoni 2009; Gugliotta et al. 2015). It is the first record for the State of Pará, Brazilian Northeast and Caatinga Biome.

Material examined: BRAZIL, Pará: Melgaço, Estação Científica Ferreira Penna August 2008, leg. T.B. Gibertoni s.n., det., L. Ryvarden (URM 79633); Paraíba: Areia, Parque Estadual Mata do Pau Ferro, in decaying hardwood, 29 April 2013, leg. C. R. S. Lira CL574, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 87642); Pernambuco, Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata Guaribas, in litter, 9 Mar 2013, leg. G. S. Nogueira-Melo NM506, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 86408); Pernambuco, Jaqueira, RPPN Frei Caneca, Mata Barragem das Moças, in decaying hard wood, 20 Apr 2013, leg. G. S. Nogueira-Melo NM630, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 86409); Pernambuco, Recife: Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, in decaying hardwood, 18 May 2013, leg. R. Chikowski RC001, det. T. B. Gibertoni (URM 87694).

Remarks: This species is easily recognized because of the citric yellow basidiomata becoming reddish when bruised in fresh conditions (Westphalen et al. 2012).

Junghuhnia nitida (Pers.) Ryvarden, Persoonia 7(1): 18 (1972)

≡ Poria nitida Pers., Observ. mycol. (Lipsiae) 2: 15 (1800) [1799]

Description: Ryvarden (2014)

Distribution: Cosmopolitan species (Ryvarden & Melo 2014). In Brazil, reports are known for the states of Alagoas, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (Gugliotta et al. 2015). This is the first time the species has been found in the state of Pernambuco.

Material examined: BRAZIL. PERNAMBUCO: Jaqueira, Reserva de Patrimônio Natural Frei Caneca, Mata Barragem das Moças, 26.VII.2012, leg. G.S. Nogueira-Melo et al. NM271, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 86410); Ibid, IX.2013, leg. G.S. Nogueira-Melo et al. NM333, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 86524); Recife, Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Açude do Prata, s.d., leg. T.B.S. Gibertoni, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 76811); Ibid, s.d. leg. T.B.S. Gibertoni, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 76812).

Remarks: The diagnostic characters of J. nitida are the pinkish cinnamon pore surface, the abundant encrusted, thick-walled cystidia, and the ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (4-4.5 × 2-2.5µm) (Ryvarden & Melo, 2014; Westphalen et al. 2012).

Junghuhnia subundata (Murrill) Ryvarden, Synop. Fungorum 32: 61 (2014)

≡ Poria subundata Murrill, Mycologia 13(2): 86 (1921).

Description: Ryvarden (2014)

Distribution: Pantropical. Neotropical specimens have been seen from Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and Panama (Ryvarden 2014) and, in Brazil, reported in the State of Amapá (Soares et al. 2014a) and now from Amazonas. Other reports of J. subundata in Brazil were considered as dubious by Westphalen et al. (2012).

Material examined: BRAZIL, Amazonas, Humaitá, Floresta Nacional de Humaitá, in decaying hardwood, 23 Apr 2013, leg. A. Gomes-Silva AC167, det. L. Ryvarden (URM 87641).

Remarks: Junghuhnia subundata is mainly characterized by the tiny pores (7-9 per mm) and minute, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (2.5-3 × 2.5-4 µm). The size of the basidiospores separates it from the other resupinate species described in the genus. The occurrence of cystidia is apparently variable: sometimes, they are easily observed, while in other specimens they are difficult to find (Ryvarden 2014).

Key to the species of Junghuhnia recorded in Brazil

1. Basidiomata pileate sessile to effused-reflexed 2

1'. Basidiomata ressupinate to effused-reflexed 4

2. Pileus dimidiate to almost laterally stipitate J. undigera

2'. Pileus spatulate to fan shaped 3

3. Basidiospores ellipsoid to subglobose, 2.5-3 × 2-2.5 μm J. minuta

3'. Basidiospores ellipsoid to obovoid, 3.5-4.5 × 3-3.5 μmJ. semisupiniformis

4. Basidiomata pinkish, yellow or red 5

4'. Basidiomata white to cream or pale brown 8

5. Pores roundJ. meridionalis

5'. Pores angular 6

6. Hymenial surface chrome yellow when fresh, becoming reddish when bruised

J. carneola

6'. Hymenial surface ochraceous buff or pale buff to pinkish buff or pinkish cinnamon 7

7. Pores 2-5/mm J. lacera

7'. Pores 5-7/mm J. nitida

8. Hymenophore dentate to hydnoidJ. crustacea

8'. Hymenophore poroid 9

9. Pores minute, invisible to naked eye, 7-9/mm J. subundata

9'. Pores larger, 4-7/mm 10

10. Basidiospores globose J. globospora

10'. Basidiospores cylindrical to ellipsoid 11

11. Basidiospores cylindrical, 4-5 × 1.5-2 µm J. luteoalba

11'. Basidiospores ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 2.5-3.5 × 1.0-1.5 μmJ. polycystidifera

Acknowledgments

We thank the managers and staff of RPPN Frei Caneca for support during the field trips; Michael Finnie and Miles Hudson for English improvements; Dr. Roger Melo, for help with figures; the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos (UFPE, Brazil) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq) [SISBIOTA (563342/2010-2), PPBio Semi-Árido (457476/2012-5), PROTAX (562106/2010-3), Universal (472792/2011-3)] for financial support, and to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pesquisa e Ensino Superior (CAPES) for the scholarship of GSNM and CRSL.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Apr 2016
• Date of issue
  Apr-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  16 Sept 2015
• Accepted
  23 Mar 2016