Abstract
Introduction:
Previous cardiac surgery (PCS) is a risk factor for operative mortality in pa-tients undergoing reoperative aortic valve replacement (AVR) and may be influenced by the volume of patients in each center. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of AVR in patients with previous cardiac surgery in a low volume cardiac center (400 cases per year).
Methods:
Between January 2006 and December 2016, 854 patients underwent isolated AVR surgery at our institution. Of these, 70 had PCS. Propensity match (PM) was per-formed to balance basal covariates. Operative mortality and survival were the primary outcomes.
Results:
The PCS and first-time surgery (FTS) groups had significant differences in base-line characteristics (PCS group were older, higher incidence of hypertension, endocarditis, NYHA III/IV, lower LVEF, higher creatinine and higher EuroSCORE). In the unmatched population, patients with PCS had higher operative mortality (17.1% vs. 4.6%, P=0.001). In the PM groups, this difference was not significant (12.5% and 3.6%, P=0.08). The only independent predictors for operative mortality found in the PCS group were age and fe-male gender. Age and diabetes were identified as the only independent predictors of sur-vival.
Conclusion:
PCS was not a predictor for operative mortality nor long-term survival in pa-tients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement.
Keywords:
Previous Cardiac Surgery; Aortic Valve Replacement; Mortality; Survival
INTRODUCTION
Previous cardiac surgery (PCS) has been considered a predictor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). This may be due to the higher risk profile of patients that are submitted to a second surgery compared to those with first time surgery (FTS) and that the technique for reoperation is generally more demanding[11 Lee AM, Moon MR. Reoperative Aortic Valve Replacement After Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting or Aortic Valve Replacement. Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;19(4):482-99. doi:10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2015.04.001.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.optechstcvs.20...
,22 Pinto IM, Piegas LS, Mattos LAP, Tanajura LF, Egito ET, Abdulmassih Neto C, et al. Reoperação em pacientes revascularizados. Rev Bras Circ Cardio-vasc. 1987;2(3):171-4.]. Reoperation, either in patients with previous prosthetic valve replacement[33 Potter DD, Sundt TM 3rd, Zehr KJ, Dearani JA, Daly RC, Mullany CJ, et al. Operative risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Jan;129(1):94-103] or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)[44 Sundt III TM, Murphy SF, Barzilai B, Schuessler RB, Mendeloff EN, Huddleston CB, et al. Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Is Not a Risk Factor for Aortic Valve Replace-ment. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:651- 8.]have not proven to be risk factors for operative mortality in re-do AVR[55 Davierwala PM, Borger MA, David TE, Rao V, Maganti M, Yau TM. Reoperation is not an independent predictor of mortality during aortic valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Feb;131(2):329-35.]. Nonetheless, PCS is regarded as a risk factor for operative mortality in mortality scores such as EuroSCORE and STS.
Decisions during first time surgery such as type of prosthesis or treatment of minimally diseased valves at the time of CABG may be influenced by the potential risk of a subsequent cardiac surgery[66 Akins CW, Hilgenberg AD, Vlahakes GJ, Madsen JC, MacGillivray TE. Aortic valve re-placement in patients with previous cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 2004 Jul-Aug;19(4):308-12.]. The potential risk of a reoperation for AVR is one of the main arguments for performing TAVR[77 Onorati F, Biancari F, De Feo M, Mariscalco G, Messina A, Santarpino G, et al. Mid-term results of aortic valve surgery in redo scenarios in the current practice: results from the mul-ticentre European RECORD (REdo Cardiac Operation Research Database) initiative†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Feb;47(2):269-80; discussion 280. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu116.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezu116...
].
Operative mortality has been shown to be very similar in patients undergoing first time and redo AVR[44 Sundt III TM, Murphy SF, Barzilai B, Schuessler RB, Mendeloff EN, Huddleston CB, et al. Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Is Not a Risk Factor for Aortic Valve Replace-ment. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:651- 8.]. Nonetheless, most of these data come from big centers with high volume of cases performed by surgeons with high level of expertise. Little data has been published regarding the risk of previous cardiac surgery in low volume centers which are the most frequent scenarios in South America.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of aortic valve replacement in patients with PCS in a low volume institution which performs 400 cases per year.
METHODS
Patients who underwent isolated AVR from January 2006 until December 2016 were selected from our institution database. Urgent and emergency cases were excluded.
Included patients were divided according to PCS or FST. Basal and operative variables were extracted.
Propensity matching (PM) was used to balance the covariates. The following covariates were included in the propensity match: age, logistic EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation), body mass index, gender, pulmonary disease, neurologic disease, renal disease, hypertension, left main stem disease, diabetes, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), New York Heart Association classification, previous myocardial infarction, endocarditis, creatinine. Propensity score for PCS was estimated by logistic regression. Variables included in the PM were chosen by clinical relevance. The treated observations were matched in a 1:1 ratio using the nearest-neighbor method with a caliper width of 0.1 of the standard deviation of the propensity score logit. Despite sequential modeling, EuroSCORE remained unbalanced so this variable was incorporated in the multivariable analysis.
Operative mortality was defined as death within 30 days of surgery or after 30 days during the same hospitalization subsequent to the operation. PCS was defined as any type of surgical procedure that required opening of the pericardium. PCS as a predictor of operative mortality was evaluated using logistic regression analysis in the propensity matched population. Regression analysis was also performed in the PCS group to identify predictors of operative mortality in this group of patients.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for the matched and tested using a log-rank test. To analyze the association between risk factors and survival among the propensity-matched cohorts, each covariate was tested for prediction using a Cox proportional hazards. All covariates with a P ≤ 0.1 as well as those unbalanced were included in the multivariate model. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for each variable.
RESULTS
During the analyzed period, 854 (70 patients with PCS) patients underwent isolated AVR at our institution. Patients with PCS were older, displayed higher incidence of hypertension, endocarditis, NYHA III/IV, lower LVEF, higher creatinine and higher euroSCORE (Table 1). Patients with PCS had higher operative mortality (17.1% vs. 5.2%, P<0.001) and postoperative bleeding (761±851ml vs. 661±766ml, P=0.3) (Table 1).
PM rendered 112 patients with similar baseline characteristics except for higher incidence of endocarditis, atrial fibrillation and EuroSCORE in the PCS group which were adjusted by logistic regression analysis (Table 2). In the matched population, operative mortality was similar in PCS and FST surgery groups (12.5% vs. 3.6%, P=0.08) (Table 2). AXC, CPB time and ICU stay were significantly higher in the PCS group.
After adjusting for baseline differences in the PM population, PCS was not an independent predictor for operative mortality.
Predictors for operative mortality were evaluated in patients with PCS (Table 3). The only independent predictors in this group of patients were age and female gender. Type of previous surgery (CABG or valve replacement) was not a predictor for operative mortality.
Independent predictors for operative mortality in previous cardiac surgery patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (n=70).
Among the PM population, survival was significantly lower in the PCS group (6.52 ± 0.72 years vs. 8.72 ± 0.3 years, P=0.013) (Figure 1). Nonetheless, after multivariate Cox regression analysis, age and diabetes were the only independent predictors of survival (Table 4).
Independent predictors for survival in propensity matched patients with isolated aortic valve replacement (n=140).
DISCUSSION
This study demonstrates that PCS is not a predictor for operative mortality nor long-term survival in propensity matched patients undergoing isolated AVR. The only independent predictors for survival in PM patients undergoing isolated AVR were age and diabetes.
Analysis of the overall population showed that patients with PCS were younger but with more risk factors such as diabetes, worse LVEF, higher incidence of endocarditis, worse NYHA class and higher preoperative creatininemia. The higher risk profile of these patients is reflected by their higher EuroSCORE compared with patients undergoing first time AVR.
It is well known that reoperation is a highly demanding procedure performed in sicker patients which requires high surgical expertise[22 Pinto IM, Piegas LS, Mattos LAP, Tanajura LF, Egito ET, Abdulmassih Neto C, et al. Reoperação em pacientes revascularizados. Rev Bras Circ Cardio-vasc. 1987;2(3):171-4.]. Therefore, we believe that smaller cardiac surgery centers should rely on results provided by similar centers instead of underestimating the operative mortality of these procedures based on published results from high volume centers. Results from big surgical centers such as the Mayo Clinic, report low operative mortality in previous AVR patients and therefore conclude that bioprosthesis should be encouraged in younger patients[33 Potter DD, Sundt TM 3rd, Zehr KJ, Dearani JA, Daly RC, Mullany CJ, et al. Operative risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Jan;129(1):94-103]. In their study, the authors do not specify the surgical risk score (EuroSCORE or STS score) of their population nor the inclusion of patients who had previous CABG in the reoperative AVR group. These data are very important in order to define the real surgical risk of the reoperative group. Even though our center has a limited number of redo cases per year, operative mortality in the entire cohort was similar to larger regional cardiac centers[88 Pomerantzeff PM, Yochitomi Y, Fabri HA, Cardoso LF, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg Max et al . Reoperações valvares: experiência do InCór-FMUSP. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;6:182-189.]. Pomerantzeff et al.[88 Pomerantzeff PM, Yochitomi Y, Fabri HA, Cardoso LF, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg Max et al . Reoperações valvares: experiência do InCór-FMUSP. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;6:182-189.] at InCor HC FMUSP report 18% operative mortality in their entire redo aortic valve replacement group which is quite similar to our data. In the PM cohort, the re-do group had a higher risk mean EuroSCORE with a predicted operative mortality of 12%. The observed operative mortality of our previous surgery and first-time propensity matched groups was similar to the predicted EuroSCORE. Therefore, results from our center reflect appropriate standard of care and have external validity implications.
We analyzed specifically the predictors for operative mortality in patients with PCS. The only independent predictors after multivariate analysis were age and gender. Jamieson et al.[98 Jamieson WR, Burr LH, Miyagishima RT, Janusz MT, Fradet GJ, Ling H, Lichtenstein SV. Re-operation for bioprosthetic aortic structural failure - risk assessment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Dec;24(6):873-8.] published similar findings regarding the risk of female gender in this group of patients. Although we were not able to demonstrate it due to our low number of patients, we believe that the use of smaller prosthesis and hence higher risk of severe patient-prosthesis mismatch in female patients could explain the higher operative mortality. Lytle et al have shown similar operative mortality results as our group and have established as well, age and female gender as independent predictors of mortality[1010 Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Taylor PC, Gill CC, Goormastic M, Golding LR, Stewart RW, Loop FD. Reoperations for valve surgery: perioperative mortality and determinants of risk for 1,000 patients, 1958-1984. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986 Dec;42(6):632-43].
Reoperative aortic valve replacement requires to be performed by trained surgeons. Difficulty in these procedures lie on the risk of damaging anatomical structures during chest re-entering or dissection of pericardial adhesions. Furthermore, these patients have higher risk of permanent pacemaker due to complications associated with prosthesis explantation[33 Potter DD, Sundt TM 3rd, Zehr KJ, Dearani JA, Daly RC, Mullany CJ, et al. Operative risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Jan;129(1):94-103]. Nonetheless, our results show very low incidence of pacemaker requirement, which was similar to the primary AVR group.
Long-term survival is lower in patients with PCS probably due to their higher risk profile and not to the re-operation procedure. After adjusting for these comorbidities, predictors for long-term survival were similar to major cardiovascular risk factors: age and diabetes. Therefore, patients who survive the surgical procedure depend on the adequate control of their risk factors to ensure long-term survival.
This data should encourage careful decision-making as to whether choosing to operate on patients with a PCS, and considering other less invasive therapeutic options if indicated, such as TAVR[1111 Gaia DF, Couto A, Breda JR, Ferreira CB, Macedo MT, Gimenes MV, Buffolo E, Palma JH. Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation: a selection change? Rev Bras Cir Cardio-vasc. 2012 Jul-Sep;27(3):355-61. English, Portuguese.]. The VIVID (Valve in Valve International Data Registry) registry has reported 1-year survival of 83.2% in patients who received a TAVR for aortic bioprosthesis degeneration[1212 Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, Pasic M, Waksman R, Kodali S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):162-70. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.7246.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.7246...
]which is similar to our 1 year survival in the PCS group (80.3%). Predictors for higher 1-year mortality in the VIVID registry were small aortic bioprosthesis (≤ 21mm) and aortic stenosis.
This study suffers from a number of limitations, including the heterogeneity of the study group, the relatively small sample size (total sample size 854 patients, with 70 patients in the reoperation group) and the limitations inherent to the retrospective nature of the analysis. Although PM was performed to correct for these differences, selection bias is inherently introduced due to the sample characteristics. The volume of cardiac surgeries performed in our institution, which is around 400 per year, may also influence the results.
CONCLUSION
Higher comorbidities in patients with PCS explain the higher risk for operative mortality and long-term survival in reoperation for AVR. Nonetheless, in PM patients, PCS is not predictor for operative mortality nor long-term survival. Our results show that re-do AVR may be safely performed in a low volume cardiac surgery center.
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This study was carried out at the Instituto Nacional de Cirugía Cardíaca. Montevideo, Uruguay.
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No financial support.
REFERENCES
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1Lee AM, Moon MR. Reoperative Aortic Valve Replacement After Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting or Aortic Valve Replacement. Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;19(4):482-99. doi:10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2015.04.001.
» https://doi.org/10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2015.04.001 -
2Pinto IM, Piegas LS, Mattos LAP, Tanajura LF, Egito ET, Abdulmassih Neto C, et al. Reoperação em pacientes revascularizados. Rev Bras Circ Cardio-vasc. 1987;2(3):171-4.
-
3Potter DD, Sundt TM 3rd, Zehr KJ, Dearani JA, Daly RC, Mullany CJ, et al. Operative risk of reoperative aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Jan;129(1):94-103
-
4Sundt III TM, Murphy SF, Barzilai B, Schuessler RB, Mendeloff EN, Huddleston CB, et al. Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Is Not a Risk Factor for Aortic Valve Replace-ment. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:651- 8.
-
5Davierwala PM, Borger MA, David TE, Rao V, Maganti M, Yau TM. Reoperation is not an independent predictor of mortality during aortic valve surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Feb;131(2):329-35.
-
6Akins CW, Hilgenberg AD, Vlahakes GJ, Madsen JC, MacGillivray TE. Aortic valve re-placement in patients with previous cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 2004 Jul-Aug;19(4):308-12.
-
7Onorati F, Biancari F, De Feo M, Mariscalco G, Messina A, Santarpino G, et al. Mid-term results of aortic valve surgery in redo scenarios in the current practice: results from the mul-ticentre European RECORD (REdo Cardiac Operation Research Database) initiative†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Feb;47(2):269-80; discussion 280. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu116.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezu116 -
8Pomerantzeff PM, Yochitomi Y, Fabri HA, Cardoso LF, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg Max et al . Reoperações valvares: experiência do InCór-FMUSP. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;6:182-189.
-
8Jamieson WR, Burr LH, Miyagishima RT, Janusz MT, Fradet GJ, Ling H, Lichtenstein SV. Re-operation for bioprosthetic aortic structural failure - risk assessment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Dec;24(6):873-8.
-
10Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Taylor PC, Gill CC, Goormastic M, Golding LR, Stewart RW, Loop FD. Reoperations for valve surgery: perioperative mortality and determinants of risk for 1,000 patients, 1958-1984. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986 Dec;42(6):632-43
-
11Gaia DF, Couto A, Breda JR, Ferreira CB, Macedo MT, Gimenes MV, Buffolo E, Palma JH. Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation: a selection change? Rev Bras Cir Cardio-vasc. 2012 Jul-Sep;27(3):355-61. English, Portuguese.
-
12Dvir D, Webb JG, Bleiziffer S, Pasic M, Waksman R, Kodali S, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in failed bioprosthetic surgical valves. JAMA. 2014 Jul;312(2):162-70. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.7246.
» https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.7246
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Mar-Apr 2019
History
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Received
19 June 2018 -
Accepted
19 Sept 2018
