A solution of nonlinear equation for the gravity wave spectra from Adomian decomposition method: a first approach

Uma solução da equação não linear para as ondas de gravidade a partir do método da decomposição de Adomian: uma primeira aproximação

ARTIGOS

A solution of nonlinear equation for the gravity wave spectra from Adomian decomposition method: a first approach

Uma solução da equação não linear para as ondas de gravidade a partir do método da decomposição de Adomian: uma primeira aproximação

Antonio Gledson Goulart^I; Davidson Martins Moreira^II; Luiz Cláudio Pimentel^III; Jesus Salvador Pérez Guerrero^IV

^IFederal University of Pampa, Alegrete, RS, Brazil, [e-mail]

^IIFederal University of Southern Border, Chapecó, SC, Brazil, [e-mail]

^IIIFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, [e-mail]

^IVBrazian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the equation for the gravity wave spectra in mean atmosphere is analytically solved without linearization by the Adomian decomposition method. As a consequence, the nonlinear nature of problem is preserved and the errors found in the results are only due to the parameterization. The results, with the parameterization applied in the simulations, indicate that the linear solution of the equation is a good approximation only for heights shorter than ten kilometers, because the linearization the equation leads to a solution that does not correctly describe the kinetic energy spectra.

Keywords: gravity wave spectra, mean atmosphere, decomposition method.

RESUMO

Neste artigo, a equação para o espectro de ondas de gravidade na média atmosfera é resolvida analiticamente sem linearização pelo método da decomposição de Adomian. Como consequência, a natureza não-linear do problema é preservada e os erros encontrados nos resultados são devidos somente a parametrização utilizada. Os resultados, com a parametrização usada nas simulações, indicam que a solução linear da equação é uma boa aproximação somente para alturas menores que dez quilômetros, porque a linearização da equação conduz a uma solução que não descreve corretamente o espectro da energia cinética.

Palavras-chave: espectro de ondas de gravidade, média atmosfera, método da decomposição.

1. INTRODUCTION

Atmospheric gravity waves are important in the study of atmospheric circulation, structure and variability. Although there are effects in the lower atmosphere, the major wave influences occur in the middle atmosphere, between 10 and 110 km altitudes because of the decreasing in air density and the increasing wave amplitudes with altitude (Fritts and Alexander., 2003). Atmospheric gravity waves contribute to the energy and momentum transport and turbulence production (Hodges, 1967; Finnigan and Einaudi, 1981; Finnigan et al., 1984; Fritts and Dunkerton, 1985; Hines, 1988; Finnigan, 1988, 1999; Einaudi and Finnigan, 1993; Nappo, 2002; Zilitinkevich et al., 2009). A more recent work (Tjernstrom et al., 2009, Meillier et al., 2008) suggested that gravity waves are one source of turbulence in Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) and Residual Boundary Layer (RBL). In literature, the general structure for the study of gravity waves is the linear wave theory and, the Taylor-Goldstein equation, is the main governing expression (Gossard and Hooke, 1975; Lindzen and Tung, 1976). The Taylor-Goldstein equation is obtained from the linearization of the primitive set of equations for an inviscid, non-rotating fluid. Chimonas (2002) and Meillier et al. (2008) analyze some properties of gravity waves in the SBL from the Taylor-Goldstein equation. Another method of studying the properties of gravity waves is through power spectra. Models of gravity wave spectrum have evolved with time. Various theories constrain gravity wave spectrum to behave in a particular manner over some range of wave numbers or frequencies. These observational and theoretical constraints have led to a canonical gravity wave spectrum that offers insights into mean properties of the gravity wave field and its variations with altitude (Van-Zandt, 1982; Balsley and Carter, 1982; Nakamura et al., 1993; Collins et al., 1994; Smith et al., 1987; Tsuda et al., 1989, 1990; Wilson et al., 1991a, 1991b). It is also important to mention that most pollutants are emitted or chemically produced within the SBL and RBL and its evolution plays an important role in determining pollutant dispersion pathways and the chemical properties of atmospheric pollutants (Salmond and McKendry, 2005).

Gravity waves parameterizations are critical components of virtually all large-scale atmospheric models. Aside from the theoretical deficiencies, even the most powerful available computing architectures still cannot run typical NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) or climate models fast enough to resolve all relevant scales of atmospheric motion. At present, global models must, in practice, be run with horizontal resolutions that cannot typically resolve atmospheric phenomena shorter than ~10-100 km or greater for weather prediction and ~100-1000 km or greater for climate prediction. Many atmospheric processes have shorter horizontal scales than these and some of these "subgrid-scale" processes interact with and affect the larger-scale atmosphere in important ways. Since they cannot be resolved, large-scale models must resort to "parameterizations" that capture the salient effects on the resolved atmosphere. Atmospheric gravity waves are one such unresolved.

From the definition of wave momentum flux deposition produced by a harmonic, Medvedev and Klaassen (1995, 2000) obtained an equation for the gravity wave and present a spectral parameterization scheme for calculating gravity wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere. The equation obtained is a differential nonlinear equation and it is not solved directly. The height of layer is discretized in sub-intervals in such a manner that inside each interval a linear equation is resolved considering average values of the quantities. This procedure reproduces the solution of the problem. However, it is a very laborious method and is necessary to solve many equations in according with the number of sub-intervals.

Analytical solutions of equations are of fundamental importance in describing and understanding a phenomenon, since all the parameters are expressed in a mathematically closed form and the influence of individual parameters can be easily examined (Moreira et al., 2006, 2009, 2010; Goulart et al., 2008). By analytical we mean that no approximation is done along the solution derivation, except for the series truncation. They are useful for a variety of applications, such as: providing initial or approximate analyses of alternative pollution scenarios, conducting sensitivity analyses to investigate the effects of various parameters or processes involved in contaminant transport, extrapolation over large times and distances where numerical solutions may be impractical, serving as screening models or benchmark solutions for more complex transport processes that cannot be solved exactly, and for validating more comprehensive numerical solutions of the governing transport equations (Pérez Guerrero et al., 2012).

In this work, we propose an analytical solution for the gravity wave equation. This equation is solved directly without linearization by the Adomian decomposition method (Adomian, 1990, 1994a, 1994b). So, the nonlinear nature of the problem is preserved. Therefore, the errors found are only due to the parameterization used. We consider a first approach in solving the equation taking into account only the variation of the wave spectrum of gravity with time, because the variation of the wave amplitude due to air density with height was discarded. The results are compared with the continuous linear solution. In fact, by solving this equation by the decomposition method, we came out with an analytical formulation for the wave equation. Taking into account the analytical feature and fast numerical convergence of the solution, besides the fact that this sort of solution is not found in the literature for this problem, we are confident to affirm that the proposed solution is a promising technique to handle realistic physical problems. To reach the objective, the paper is organized as follows: we start in section 2 by explaining the decomposition method. Section 3 we introduce the nonlinear solution of the problem. Section 4 we shows the results and discussions. Then, in Section 5, we draw conclusions.

2. THE ADOMIAN'S DECOMPOSITION METHOD

The Adomian's decomposition method (Adomian, 1990, 1994a, 1994b) is a new and powerful method for solving nonlinear equations of various kinds. In recent years, the Adomian's decomposition method has been successfully applied to solve many nonlinear equations in applied sciences. (For example, see Babolian and Biazar, 2002; Goulart, et al, 2008; Basak et al., 2009; Azreg-Ainou, 2010). The decomposition method calculates the solutions of nonlinear equations as infinite series in which each term can be easily determined. Each term of these series is a generalized polynomial called Adomian's polynomial.

Considering the following nonlinear differential equation,

where L is the highest-ordered derivative, R is the remainder of the linear operator, Nu is the nonlinear term and the term is known.

Isolating the highest-ordered operator L and applying the inverse operator L^-1 in Equation 1 we get,

For initial-value problems, we conveniently define L^-1 for L = dⁿ/dtⁿ as the n-fold definite integration operator from 0 to t. For the operator L = d/dt, for example, we have L^-1Lu = u -u(0) and therefore Equation 2 becomes,

The Adomian's method decomposes the linear term into an infinite sum of components,

and the nonlinear term may be identified by the decomposition series,

where the Adomian polynomials A_n are obtained from an expansion in Taylor series of the term nonlinear around the first term of series u₀.

In this paper we use the first three Adomian polynomials described bellow, where f (u₀) = N (u₀):

We remark that the A_n are formally obtained from the relation (Adomian, 1994b),

3. THE NONLINEAR EQUATION FOR THE GRAVITY WAVE SPECTRA

An equation for the evolution of gravity wave spectra with height z was deduced by Medvedev and Klaassen (1995, 2000) from of the momentum flux divergence,

where S is the power-spectral density of horizontal wind associated with gravity waves at height Z, ρ₀ is the mean density of air in reference height, ρ_0z is the density of air in height Z, m_R is the real part of vertical wavenumber (m = m_R + im_I ), m_RZ is the wavenumber associated with the maximum of gravity wave spectra and β is the coefficient of nonlinear damping due to interactions of the component m_R with other waves in the spectrum.

To solve the Equation 11 is necessary parameterize the coefficient β , because it is function of power-spectral density S. A parameterization for the coefficient β was suggested by Medvedev and Klaassen (1995, 2000),

where is N the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and

is the horizontal wind variance created by all waves in the spectrum with vertical wavenumbers larger than the given m_R .

Substituting Equations 12 and 13 in Equation 11 is obtained,

The evolution of gravity wave spectra with height is given by Equation 14. It is a nonlinear integro-differential equation that has not a simple analytical solution.

4. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION VIA ADOMIAN'S DECOMPOSITION METHOD

To solve the Equation 14 is considered the Adomian's decomposition method (Adomian, 1990, 1994a, 1994b) described in section 2. Comparing Equation 11 with Equation 14 identified,

The Equation 4 can be written as follows,

The solution of Equation 14 is given by Equation 3 (in this case L^-1→ ∫ dt),

Now, we apply the decomposition method in Equation 21. Substituting Equations 4 and 5 in Expression 21 we can identify,

where A_n are the Adomian's polynomials calculated from Equation 10. Then, the solution of Equation 14 is,

where u_n calculated from Equation 25. For the summation in Equation 26, three terms were necessary for a good convergence (considering an error in the second decimal place).

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As discussed in the introduction, in this work, we propose an analytical solution for the gravity wave equation. Now, we compare the solution obtained in this work (Equation 26), which considers the nonlinearity of the equation, with the linear solution obtained when it considers the average values of horizontal wind variance

S(m_R, z) = dm_R appearing in Equation 14. The terms u_nare calculated from Equation 25.

The solution of Equation 14 requires the value of gravity wave spectra in a reference height. We assume that the gravity wave spectra consists of a general Desaubies spectrum form (Desaubies, 1976) in Z = 0 (S(m_R, 0) = S₀),

where a₀ is a constant, m_* is the wavenumber associated with the maximum of gravity wave spectra, N is Brunt-Väisälä frequency. For comparison of gravity wave spectra calculated from expression 26 with the linear solution of Equation 14 we consider the values used by Medvedev and Klaassen (2000) for a₀, m_* and N, namely a₀ = 1/6 , m_* = 0.006m^-1 and N = 0.02s^-1. In Equation 17 is considered m_RZ / m_R = m_R / , where R_i is Richardson flux number. In this case R_i= 1. Considering the initial spectra given by Equation 19 it is possible to calculate analytically the integrals of Equation 26,

Substituting Equation 28 in Equation 26, we obtain a simple algebraic expression that, although long, requires a time machine extremely small. Figure 1 shows the good agreement between the solution of Equation 14 by the Adomian method (Equation 26) and the numerical Implicit Runge-Kutta method (step size 0.005).

Figures 2 to 4 show the gravity wave spectra calculated from Equation 26 (solid line) and calculated from linear solution of Equation 14 (dotted line). The Figures. 2 and 3 indicate that the linear solution of Equation 14 is a good approximation for small height (< 10 km). However, the Figure 4 show that the linear solution is not a good approximation of solution of Equation 14 for height > 10 km.

The Equation 14 is nonlinear due to the parameterization of coefficient β expressed in Equation 8. It is the coefficient of nonlinear damping due to interactions of the component m_R with other waves in the spectrum. This term is essentially nonlinear. Its linearization leads to a completely incorrect solution in height above of the 10 km. Therefore, the linear solution cannot be used to correctly describe the spectrum of kinetic energy when considering height above 10 km (Figure 3).

6. CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the nonlinear equation of the evolution of gravity wave spectra with height z was analytically solved without linearization by the decomposition method, so the nonlinear nature of problem was preserved. Therefore, mathematically, the errors found are only due to the parameterization used. As a test, we used a spectral parameterization scheme for calculating gravity wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere from Equation 14 solved by the method of decomposition and compared with a linear solution. The linear solution is obtained when considering the constant value for the beta coefficient in Equation 14. This proposed parameterization involves nonlinear wave interactions. Our results indicate that the linear solution of the resultant equation is a good approximation of the solution only for small height (< 10 km). However, the linear solution is not a good approximation of the solution of the resultant equation for height > 10 km, because the linearization of the beta coefficient leads to a solution that does not correctly describe the kinetic energy spectra. The discrepancies depend not on the solution of the nonlinear equation, but on the equation itself, which it is only a reality model. In the model proposed by Medvedev and Klaassen (1995, 2000) the layer height was discretized in sub-intervals of 500 m, in such a manner that inside each interval a linear equation is resolved considering average value of the quantities. This procedure accurately reproduces the problem solution, because the distance of 500 m is much smaller than the maximum distance at which the linear solution can be employed. However it is a very laborious method, it is necessary to solve many equations as are the number of sub-intervals. This is an approximation used when you cannot solve the resulting equations from the parameterization employed. In this work, the equation for the gravity wave spectra in mean atmosphere was analytically solved without linearization by the decomposition method.

Taking into account the analytical feature and fast numerical convergence of the solution, besides the fact that this sort of solution is not found in the literature for this problem, we are confident to affirm that the proposed solution is a promising technique to handle realistic physical problems. In view of the potential usefulness of the decomposition method it would be desirable to extend the applicability of the method to test other parameterizations. Work in this direction is in progress.

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank to CNPq for the financial support of this work.

8. REFERENCES

Received December 2012

Accepted April 2013

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Jan 2014
• Date of issue
  Dec 2013

History

• Received
  Dec 2012
• Accepted
  Apr 2013