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The effects of pentoxifylline into the kidneys of rats in a model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury

Efeitos da pentoxifilina no rim de ratos em um modelo de lesão de isquemia e reperfusão do membro posterior

Abstracts

PURPOSE: To study the role of pentoxifylline (PTX) on remote kidney injury caused by muscle ischemia of left hindlimb of rats. METHODS: After xylazine and ketamine anesthesia, the left hindlimb of rats (n=66) were submitted to 6 hours ischemia (clamping the left common iliac artery). Three groups were used: sham group (SG, n=6), early group (EG, n=30) with reperfusion after 4 hours and late group (LG, n=30) with reperfusion after 24 hours. The saline solution (EG1, n=10 and LG1, n=10) or PTX (40mg.Kg-1) was administered in the reperfusion beginning (EG2, n=10/LG2, n=10) or divided in two doses in the ischemia beginning and reperfusion beginning (EG3, n=10/LG3, n=10). The plasmatic creatinokinase, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium values were measure and histological samples from left kidney were prepared and H&E stained for scored cellular necrosis and degeneration of kidney tubules and thickness glomerulus determination. The apoptosis index was determined by immunohistochemical expression of the caspase-3. The tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05) were applied. RESULTS: The urea (90.5 ± 30.96 mg.dL-1), creatinine (2.28 ± 0.54 mg.dL-1), potassium (16 ± 3.66 mmol.dL-1) and mesangium thickness (0.97 ± 0.42 µm) values were significantly higher in group LG3. There was no significantly difference of caspase 3 expression between EG2 (16.35 ± 1.65%) and LG3 (15.57 ± 2.54%), and both were significantly worse than SG (9.8 ± 1.98%). CONCLUSIONS: The PTX has some protecting effect on remote kidney injury due to hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury only in the early phase of reperfusion.

Ischemia; Muscle, Skeletal; Kidney; Pentoxifylline; Caspase 3; Rats


OBJETIVO: Estudar o papel da pentoxifilina (PTX) nas lesões à distância no rim causadas pela isquemia no membro posterior esquerdo de ratos. MÉTODOS: Sob anestesia com xilazina e quetamina, o membro posterior de ratos (n=66) foi submetido a 6 horas de isquemia pelo clampeamento da artéria ilíaca comum esquerda. Foram estudados três grupos: grupo simulado (SG, n=6), grupo precoce (EG, n=30) após quatro horas de reperfusão e grupo tardio (LG, n=30) após 24 de reperfusão. A solução salina (EG1, n=10 e LG1, n=10) ou a PTX (40mg.Kg-1) foram administradas no início da reperfusão(EG2, n=10/LG2, n=10) ou divididas em duas aplicações no início da isquemia e no início da reperfusão (EG3, n=10/LG3, n=10). Foram medidos os valores plasmáticos da creatinofosfoquinase, uréia, creatinina, sódio e potássio. Amostras do rim esquerdo foram preparadas e coradas em HE para realizar o escore de necrose de células tubulares renais ou presença de obstrução tubular renal na área do córtex renal e da presença do espessamento do mesângio glomerular. O índice de apoptose foi determinado pela expressão imunoistoquímica da caspase-3. Foram aplicados os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05). RESULTADOS: a dosagem de uréia (90,5 ± 30,96 mg.dL-1), creatinina (2,28 ± 0,54 mg.dL-1), potássio (16 ± 3,66 mmol.dL-1) e a espessura do mesângio(0,97 ± 0,42 µm) foram significantemente maiores nos animais do grupo LG3. Não houve diferença significante na expressão da caspase-3 entre os grupos EG2 (16,35 ± 1,65%) e LG3 (15,57 ± 2,54%) e ambos foram significantemente piores que o grupo SG (9,8 ± 1,98%). CONCLUSÃO: A PTX oferece algum efeito protetor nas lesões à distância nos rins de animais submetidos à lesão de isquemia e reperfusão de membro posterior, no período de até quatro horas após a reperfusão.

Isquemia; Músculo Esquelético; Rim; Pentoxifilina; Caspase 3; Ratos


ORIGINAL ARTICLE

ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION

The effects of pentoxifylline into the kidneys of rats in a model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury1 1 Research performed at Surgery and Experimentation Post-Graduate Program, Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.

Efeitos da pentoxifilina no rim de ratos em um modelo de lesão de isquemia e reperfusão do membro posterior

Roberto TeruyaI; Djalma José FagundesII; Celina Tizuko Fujiyama OshimaIII; José Lacerda BrasileiroI; Guido MarksI; Celso Massachi YnouyeIV; Manuel Jesus SimõesV

IMaster, Affiliate Professor, Surgery Clinic Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, (UFMS), Brazil

IIMaster, PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil

IIIBioSci, Master, PhD, Affiliate Professor, Molecular Pathology Division, Department of Pathology, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil

IVMaster, PhD, Associate Professor, Surgery Clinic Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, (UFMS), Brazil

VFull Professor, Head of Histology and Structural Biology Division, Department of Morphology, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil

Correspondence Correspondence: Roberto Teruya Rua Aluízio de Azevedo 1330, 204 Bl F 79004-050 Campo Grande MS Brazil Phone: (55 67)3341-3669 wakateteruya@uol.com.br

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study the role of pentoxifylline (PTX) on remote kidney injury caused by muscle ischemia of left hindlimb of rats.

METHODS: After xylazine and ketamine anesthesia, the left hindlimb of rats (n=66) were submitted to 6 hours ischemia (clamping the left common iliac artery). Three groups were used: sham group (SG, n=6), early group (EG, n=30) with reperfusion after 4 hours and late group (LG, n=30) with reperfusion after 24 hours. The saline solution (EG1, n=10 and LG1, n=10) or PTX (40mg.Kg-1) was administered in the reperfusion beginning (EG2, n=10/LG2, n=10) or divided in two doses in the ischemia beginning and reperfusion beginning (EG3, n=10/LG3, n=10). The plasmatic creatinokinase, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium values were measure and histological samples from left kidney were prepared and H&E stained for scored cellular necrosis and degeneration of kidney tubules and thickness glomerulus determination. The apoptosis index was determined by immunohistochemical expression of the caspase-3. The tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05) were applied.

RESULTS: The urea (90.5 ± 30.96 mg.dL-1), creatinine (2.28 ± 0.54 mg.dL-1), potassium (16 ± 3.66 mmol.dL-1) and mesangium thickness (0.97 ± 0.42 µm) values were significantly higher in group LG3. There was no significantly difference of caspase 3 expression between EG2 (16.35 ± 1.65%) and LG3 (15.57 ± 2.54%), and both were significantly worse than SG (9.8 ± 1.98%).

CONCLUSIONS: The PTX has some protecting effect on remote kidney injury due to hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion injury only in the early phase of reperfusion.

Key words: Ischemia. Muscle, Skeletal. Kidney. Pentoxifylline. Caspase 3. Rats.

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Estudar o papel da pentoxifilina (PTX) nas lesões à distância no rim causadas pela isquemia no membro posterior esquerdo de ratos.

MÉTODOS: Sob anestesia com xilazina e quetamina, o membro posterior de ratos (n=66) foi submetido a 6 horas de isquemia pelo clampeamento da artéria ilíaca comum esquerda. Foram estudados três grupos: grupo simulado (SG, n=6), grupo precoce (EG, n=30) após quatro horas de reperfusão e grupo tardio (LG, n=30) após 24 de reperfusão. A solução salina (EG1, n=10 e LG1, n=10) ou a PTX (40mg.Kg-1) foram administradas no início da reperfusão(EG2, n=10/LG2, n=10) ou divididas em duas aplicações no início da isquemia e no início da reperfusão (EG3, n=10/LG3, n=10). Foram medidos os valores plasmáticos da creatinofosfoquinase, uréia, creatinina, sódio e potássio. Amostras do rim esquerdo foram preparadas e coradas em HE para realizar o escore de necrose de células tubulares renais ou presença de obstrução tubular renal na área do córtex renal e da presença do espessamento do mesângio glomerular. O índice de apoptose foi determinado pela expressão imunoistoquímica da caspase-3. Foram aplicados os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0.05).

RESULTADOS: a dosagem de uréia (90,5 ± 30,96 mg.dL-1), creatinina (2,28 ± 0,54 mg.dL-1), potássio (16 ± 3,66 mmol.dL-1) e a espessura do mesângio(0,97 ± 0,42 µm) foram significantemente maiores nos animais do grupo LG3. Não houve diferença significante na expressão da caspase-3 entre os grupos EG2 (16,35 ± 1,65%) e LG3 (15,57 ± 2,54%) e ambos foram significantemente piores que o grupo SG (9,8 ± 1,98%).

CONCLUSÃO: A PTX oferece algum efeito protetor nas lesões à distância nos rins de animais submetidos à lesão de isquemia e reperfusão de membro posterior, no período de até quatro horas após a reperfusão.

Descritores: Isquemia. Músculo Esquelético. Rim. Pentoxifilina. Caspase 3. Ratos.

Introduction

Reperfusion of the acutely ischemic limb may, paradoxically, lead to systemic complications that account for significant morbidity and mortality1. Skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion is associated with a systemic inflammatory response and determines the effect on remote organs (lung, liver, and kidney) structure and function1,2. It is well known that interactions between the blood elements and the vascular endothelium are responsible for the reperfusion injury: endothelial injury with swelling and lysis due to loss of ionic and osmotic gradients, loss of vasoregulatory control, diminished of the endothelium-derived vasodilator nitric oxide, polymorph nuclear leukocytes (PMN) activation and subsequent release of lytic enzymes leading to tissue damage1,2.

The development of remote organ dysfunction was observed only following reperfusion, which implies that humoral and/or cellular mediators produced locally in the limb were responsible for mediating remote organ injury3,4. The failure to identify histological evidence of injury in the kidney may indicate that injury in this organ was not severe enough to cause structural damage. Since functional derangement normally precedes evidence of structural organ injury, the experimental ischemia period must be long enough to allow for the structural changes to develop. Although histological evidence of injury was demonstrated only in the lung, the biochemical evidence of simultaneous hepatic and renal dysfunction indicates that multiple organ dysfunctions following hindlimb ischemia reperfusion occur as a central systemic event rather than sequential failure of individual organs4,5,6.

Multiple pharmacological agents could potentially limit reperfusion injury, including substances that target free radicals, limit initiation of the inflammatory response, or serve as substrate for compounds that preserve endothelial function7. Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative with multiple hemorheologic properties. PTX through effects of increasing intracellular cyclic AMP on red blood cells improve the oxygen delivery to ischemic tissues and also increases the AMP cyclic on PMN and decreased oxygen free radical production7-11. In addition, PTX limited the inflammatory response with reduction in cellular activation, phagocytosis and endothelium adhesion. There are evidences that PTX also reduces the nitric oxide destruction10.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion is associated with the effect on remote organ structure and function, like the kidney, in a rat model and, secondly, to determine the role of PTX modulation on this remote kidney damage.

Methods

The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP – EPM), São Paulo, Brazil, ratified and developed at Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. All the procedures followed, rigorously, the existent regulations about animal experimentation.

Sixty-six male Wistar rats, four months aged, weighing between 300-350g were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 7 days and fed a standard rat chow and water ad libitum. All the surgical procedures and ischemia periods were done under general anesthesia, using intraperitonial ketamine (50mg.Kg-1), xylazine (20mg.Kg-1) and spontaneous respiration. All procedures were done in a heating environment. The analgesic nalbuphine hydrochloride (NubainTM) was used in a subcutaneous via (2mg.Kg-1) during four or twenty-four observation time.

At first, all animals were submitted to laparotomy with exposure of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and the bilateral iliac arteries. The complete ischemia was induced by a vascular clamping of the left common iliac artery. The ischemia was verified by the absence of distal arteries pulses and by absence of Doppler signals (Medison- Sonoace 9900™ – Linear transductor 5-12MHz). After six hours of ischemia the clamp was removed, and reperfusion was documented by return of Doppler signals in the distal arteries. The abdominal wound was closed by total continuous nylon 4.0 suture and the animals return to the heating cages for four or twenty-four hours of reperfusion time observation. The 3mL of PTX (TrentalTM - Sanofi Aventis) dose (40mg.Kg-1) was administered by intraperitoneal via.

The artery clamping was avoid in the animals of sham group (SG - n=6) and three were sacrificed at four and another three at twenty-four hours of reperfusion. The animals of reperfusion of four hours (early phase) (EG - n=30) and twenty four hours (late phase) (LG- n=30) were divided in group with no PTX (EG1-n=10 and LG1-n=10), group with PTX immediately before the reperfusion time (EG2–n=10 and LG2-n=10) and group with PTX immediately after the ischemia and immediately before the reperfusion time (EG3-n=10) and LG3-n=10).

At end of reperfusion time the surgical wound was reopened and the left nefrectomy was performed and a venous blood was colleted from left cardiac camera. The animals were euthanized by high-dose of anesthetics until cardiac arrest.

The blood samples were analyzed by Automatic DADE AnalyzerTM (Behring Dimension AR) to determine the biochemical plasmatic measures of creatinokinase (CK), urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium.

Samples of the left kidney was immersed in a volume of 10% formalin solution ten times over the kidney volume, embedded in paraffin wax and 4µm sections were cut and stained with hematoxilin and eosin. Histological evaluation was undertaken by an independent pathologist who had no knowledge of the experimental groups from which the specimens were derived. The macroscopic assessment was performed using the follow grading scoring: 0 (no changes), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate) and 3 (severe). The abnormalities detected in 20 random sites in every animal plate were subjectively scored and compared with the controls. The evaluated parameters were mesangio thickness, renal tubules degeneration and necrosis. The tissue injury was evaluated by the sum of parameters (minimum = 0 to maximum = 21). The sections were carefully examined microscopically and the best observed areas were selected for morphometric studies. The images were captured in a high-resolution Samsung® camera coupled to a light Nikon E200® microscope by the AxioVision-Rel® software (Zeiss). In 20 selected sites the mesangio thickness was measured (µm) from the ratio of glomerulus and the Bowman capsule.

Immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 (rabbit polyclonal antibody - Sigma Chemical Corporation, P- 7886, Saint Louis MO. USA - Cuello, A.C., Immunohistochemistry II, Wiley Press, NY - 1993) was performed using a combination avitin-biotin-peroxidase method and microwave antigen retrieval on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. After deparaffinization, sections were treated with 10% hydrogen peroxidase in filtered water to block endogenous peroxidase activity. To retrieve the antigen, slides were boiled with10 mmol/l citrate buffer (pH 6.8) for 10min. After pre incubation with for 20 min, sections were incubated with the primary antibody for 1h at room temperature, followed sequentially by biotinylated goat 1:300 (Vector Corporation, Burlingame, California, USA). We used Harris' hematoxylin, as the chromagen, and hematoxylin for nuclear counterstain. The slides were evaluated in a blinded fashion by the same investigator. The images were captured through a high resolution camera by the Imagelab software® and the analysis was conducted in a Nikon E200® optic microscope. The software used was the Imagelab® that calculated the ratio of brown color tissue/no brown color tissue. Apoptotic cells in the renal cortex were counted in ten slices of ten separate regions.

Statistics were performed on SPSS software (SPSS™ Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). The significance of the differences in histological scores and in thiness measurements were made by Mann Whitney and the Kruskall Wallis. A P value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

The comparison of CK (values in U.L-1) from the sham group (751.00±130.79) with the group EG1 (3332.30±1384.39) and LG1 (2215.00±1823.14) shown that the ischemia led to damage of skeletal muscle, but the PTX do not protected the muscle after the reperfusion (Figure 1). In fact, it was evident on early phase with PTX only in the ischemia EG2 (3143.60±1604.57) or both ischemia and reperfusion time


EG3 (2010.70±705.43) and in the late phase LG2 (2074.10±1004.32) or LG3 (2451.20±1831.87).

There was no significant increase of plasmatic urea values in the comparison of sham group (53.23± 4.68) with EG1 (65.30±22.25) and LG1 (58.56±13.23). In the early phase the PTX do not diminished the plasmatic urea level in EG2 (68.40±20.19) and EG3 (57.10±9.34) groups. In the late phase LG2 (62.30±19.72) and LG3 (90.50±30.96) the urea plasmatic level was significantly greater than the sham and the LG1. The fact can mean that PTX do not protected the renal function and instead probably impaired them.

The same profile occurred with the plasmatic values of creatinina. There was no significant increase of urea values in the comparison of sham group (0.73± 0.14) with EG1 (0.96±0.42) and LG1 (1.22±0.25). In the early phase the PTX do not diminished the plasmatic creatinine level in EG2 (1.06±.0.19) and EG3 (0.79±0.09) groups. In the late phase LG2 (0.97±0.43) and LG3 (2.28±0.54) the creatinine plasmatic level was significantly greater than the sham and the LG1 (Figure2)


The plasmatic concentration of sodium on the EG1 (151.60±7.00) was significantly greater than the sham group (141.17± 2.23). The PTX administration does not had any influence and the level of plasmatic sodium concentration kept high on EG2 (147.60±5.90) and EG3 (150.00±4.20). In the late phase the sodium concentration of LG2 (155.20±6.60) and LG3 (160.00±3.23) was significantly greater than those of sham group early phase groups.

The similar profile occurred with the plasmatic values of potassium. The plasmatic concentration of potassium on the EG1 (10.1±2.05) was significantly greater than the sham group (5.08± 0.66). The PTX administration does not had any influence and the level of plasmatic potassium concentration kept high on EG2 (12.2±3.38) and EG3 (6.0±0.77). In the late phase the potassium concentration of

LG2 (10.3±5.12) and LG3 (16.0±3.66) was significantly higher than those of sham group early phase groups (Figure 3).


The enlargement of glomerulus area occurred meanly by liquid sequestration (edema) and there was no significantly differences with the EG1 (0.74±0.07) and EG2 (0.64± 0.21), but occurred a significantly difference with the EG3 (0.88±0.07). The edema become more evident in the late phase in the groups LG1 (0.59±0.07), LG2 (0.85±0.33) and LG3 (0.97±0.42).

The deposit of amorphous substances or necrotic cells on the kidney tubules and morphological evidences of cell necrosis was significantly higher in EG2 (1.15± 0.07) and EG3 (1.20±0.21) in comparison with EG1 (0.84± 0.14). In the late phase there was no significant differences among LG1 (1.03±0.49), LG2 (0.70±0.14) and LG3 (0.87±0.07) (Figure 4).


A significantly differences occurred in the apoptosis expressed by caspase-3 in the groups EG1 (11.86± 2.40), EG2 (14.16± 4.55) and EG3 (10.38± 1.54) in comparison with SG (9.8± 1.98). The PTX increased the caspase-3 expression in the late phase too, as shown by the results in LG1 (14.19± 3.72), LG2 (16.35±1.65), and LG3 (15.57±2.54) (Figure 5).


Discussion

Morbidity and mortality following reperfusion of the acutely ischemic limb may be a manifestation of multiple organ dysfunction caused by a systemic inflammatory response triggered by reperfusion of the ischemic extremities.

The findings in this study indicate that reperfusion of the ischemic limb leads, within four or twenty-four hours of reperfusion, to a systemic response as demonstrated by the functional and morphological impairment of the kidney.

Magdi et al2 related that the restoration of blood flow to an acutely ischemic lower limb in rats may, paradoxically, result in systemic complications and unexpected mortality. There was a significant increase in plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase in reperfused animals compared with controls. Plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 increased progressively and significantly in animals subjected to bilateral hind limb ischemia followed by 1 hour of reperfusion.

In our experimental model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia was associated to significant increase of plasmatic sodium and potassium (Figure 3) at four (p<.0159) or twenty-four hours (p<0.42) and the mild increase (Figure 2) of urea (p<0.0399) and creatinine (p<0.0382) shown the function renal impairment caused by the skeletal muscle I/R injury. The mesangial enlargement and the tubular cells necrosis (Graphic 4) were evidences of the remote I/R renal injury.

Gradl et al4 reported that remote organ failure is attributed to the systemic action of locally released mediators; it is so far unclear to what extent a direct cell injury and the consequences of ischemia or a secondary injury due to locally released mediators contribute to the manifestation of tissue damage at the primary site of trauma. Rats that underwent traumatized muscle presented with apoptotic cell death, as given by in vivo fluorescence microscopy, caspase-3 protein cleavage. They suggested that may prompt future efforts in the therapy of ischemia/reperfusion injury to focus not only on antimediator strategies, but to add regimens targeting perfusion failure and tissue apoptosis.

The caspase-3 cleavage expression of our sham group was significantly lesser than that of group after four hours of reperfusion [EG1 (0.0378)] or twenty-four hours [LG1 (0.0398)]. The hindlimb I/R injury led to a remote increase of apoptosis in renal parenchyma.

Although a diversity of mechanisms exist by which the kidney can be damaged during muscle ischemia, inflammatory response and the apoptosis are believed to be primary contributors to renal insult. In addition, the high metabolic demands of active tubular reabsorption and the oxygen diffusion shunt characteristic of renal circulation make the kidney particularly vulnerable to ischemic injury. Although numerous pharmacologic interventions to prevent or treat acute renal injury have shown promise in animal models no one is safe and effective enough to be used in large scale12-14.

The beneficial effects of post-insult administration of PTX were related as an agent experimentally studied in various ischemic diseases, including in models of renal impairment due to remote muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury 14-17.

The current range dose of PTX related is from 20mg.Kg-1 to 45mg.Kg-1i.p. using rats or rabbits models. On the other hand, there were various designs of administration time. The PTX may be used in chronic or acute essays. In models of acute I/R injury the administration were often done in the reperfusion time. Since these events occur in flowing blood, PTX needs to be present in this milieu to exert its effects1.

In our model, after four hours of reperfusion (early group), the PTX (40mg. Kg-1 i.p.) administrated in the beginning of ischemia do not reduced significantly the plasmatic level of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, neither the caspase-3 expression. On the other hand, when PTX was administrated in the beginning of ischemia (half dose) and beginning of reperfusion (second half dose) occurred a significantly reduction in the plasmatic levels of creatinine (p<0.0374) and potassium (p<0.0405) and a mild tendency of reduction in the sodium (p<0.0523) and urea (p< 0.0589). Furthermore, the caspase expression showed significantly decrease when administrated in the beginning of ischemia and beginning of reperfusion. Our results reinforced that is thought about the presence of PTX on blood circulation to lead the better effects.

Nevertheless, after twenty-four hours of reperfusion the plasmatic levels of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium showed no significantly difference with the group without PTX and PTX administrated in the beginning of ischemia. The same profile occurred with the caspase-3 expression. The PTX in the beginning of ischemia and beginning of reperfusion was associated to a significantly increase in the plasmatic of creatinine (p<0.0359), while the urea (p<0.0589), sodium (p<0.0532) and potassium (p<0.567) showed a discreet increase. The caspase-3 expression showed no differences with others groups. Our results implied that PTX was associated to worse results when used in the late time. There were no others similar reports in the biomedical literature and further investigation should be done to clarify this point.

The edema and tubular necrosis (Figure 4) had the same profile in the early and late phases with no significantly differences with the period of PTX administration. The PTX do not protected the kidney from necrosis and edema due to the remote muscle I/R injury.

These unexpected results in the late period probably should be associated to some bias occurred in the hydro-electrolytic balance, in the divided PTX doses or on the dose concentration. Another design will be performed focused in the effects of PTX in the late time reperfusion.

Our data support the favorable role of PTX to protect the kidney from remote skeletal muscle l/R injury, when applied in the reperfusion time and until four hours after reperfusion. The protection after twenty-four hours should be object of further studies because conflicting results with the rational use of PTX and the others result reported in the biomedical revue.

Received: August 21, 2007

Review: October 25, 2007

Accepted: November 20, 2007

Conflict of interest: none

Financial source: none

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  • Correspondence:
    Roberto Teruya
    Rua Aluízio de Azevedo 1330, 204 Bl F
    79004-050 Campo Grande MS Brazil
    Phone: (55 67)3341-3669
  • 1
    Research performed at Surgery and Experimentation Post-Graduate Program, Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      27 Mar 2008
    • Date of issue
      Feb 2008

    History

    • Accepted
      20 Nov 2007
    • Received
      21 Aug 2007
    • Reviewed
      25 Oct 2007
    Sociedade Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Cirurgia https://actacirbras.com.br/ - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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