Abstract
PURPOSE:
To analyze the changes in both respiratory function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests results in patients subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
METHODS:
Fifty patients were evaluated (76% women) and the average age was 47.8±14.2 years. All individuals underwent the measurement of spirometry, manovacuometry, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and stair-climbing test (SCT). All tests were performed at the first (PO1), fifth (PO5) and thirtieth (PO30) postoperative days.
RESULTS:
BMI average was 28.8±4.8 kg/m2. Sample comprised 68% non-smokers, 20% current smokers, and 12% former smokers. There was no incidence of postoperative complication whatsoever. There was a significant decrease in spirometric values at PO1, but values were similar to the ones of PRE at PO30. Manovacuometry showed alterations at PO1 displaying values that were similar to the ones of PRE at PO30. 6MWT was significantly shorter at until PO5, but at PO30 values were similar to ones of PRE. As for SCT, values were significantly compromised at PO5 and PO30 since they were similar to the ones of PRE.
CONCLUSION:
Patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy present a decrease in cardiorespiratory function on the first postoperative moments but there is a rapid return to preoperative conditions.
Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; Lung Function Tests; Exercise test
Introduction
At the end of the last century the surgical treatment of gallstones showed a significant advance because of the emergence of new analgesics and anesthetics of quick clearance as well as the development of surgical techniques with minor abdominal wall trauma such as minilaparotomy and laparoscopy11 Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Okeson GC, Symmonds RE, Snyder SK, Hendricks JC, Smith RW. Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg. 1991 Jun;213(6):651-4. PubMed PMID: 1828139..
The laparoscopic surgery technique has rapidly spread because it offers several
advantages over conventional open surgery. The diminishment in postoperative pain
provided a positive human impact, and the reduction in hospital stay as well as the
earlier return to work generated a socioeconomic impact; and the minimal scarring
favored aesthetic aspects22 Normando VMF, Brito MVH, Junior FAA, Albuquerque BCM. Repercussões do
pneumoperitônio na amplitude da excursão diafragmática em suínos. J Bras Pneumol.
2006 Jan-Fev;32(1):16-22. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132006000100006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200600...
. However, despite being minimally invasive this surgical method, postoperative
complications shall not be disregarded. Among all downsides, pulmonary complications
stand out as risk factors of high morbidity in upper abdominal surgery33 Chuter TA, Weissman C, Starker PM, Gump FE. Effects of incentive
spirometry on diaphragmatic function after surgery. Surgery. 1989 Apr;105(4):488-93.
PubMed PMID: 2928951.. Among the findings of revolutionary techniques, pneumoperitoneum, which is
imperative for the laparoscopy, became the object of important studies owing to its high
morbidity rate within the procedures22 Normando VMF, Brito MVH, Junior FAA, Albuquerque BCM. Repercussões do
pneumoperitônio na amplitude da excursão diafragmática em suínos. J Bras Pneumol.
2006 Jan-Fev;32(1):16-22. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132006000100006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200600...
.
It has been evinced that the manipulation of the abdominal cavity in this sort of
surgery leads to a diminishment in both pulmonary volume and capacity that might result
in respiratory complications such as hypoxemia and atelectasis44 Shauer PR, Luna J, Ghiatas AA, Glen ME, Warren JM, Sirinek K.
Pulmonary function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery. 1993
Aug;114(2):389-99. PubMed PMID: 8342140.
,
55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
. Thus, the objective of the present study is to analyse the respiratory function
behavior in the postoperative moment of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, when compared to
the values that were obtained in the preoperative moment (control). It also aimed to
assess if mechanical alterations might directly interfere in the results of
cardiopulmonary exercise tests such as the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and stair-climbing
test (SCT), since there is no report concerning both tests in the literature.
Methods
This study was perforned in the "Dr. Arnaldo Prado Curvêllo" Bauru State Hospital and was approved by the Ethics Committee from the São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu.
One hundred twenty five patients who signed the free consent and awareness term were subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Seventy five subjects were excluded from the experiment because: procedure evolved to open surgery (15 patients), there was consent withdrawal at PO1 (20 patients), patient did no return at PO5 (15 patients) or at PO30 (25 patients). Fifty patients were thoroughly evaluated (76% women) and age range was 19 to 74 years, with the average age of 47.8±14.2.
The sample size was determined based on previous studies in the literature55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
, in which we observed an expected average difference of around 200 mL between
pre and postoperative values for the variable "forced expiratory volume" within the
first second after surgery (FEV1), with standard deviation of 400 mL, having
test power of 95% and 5% level of significance (n=50).
This experiment only included patients, who were referred for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, aging over 18 years and signed the term of free consent and awareness. Surgery was indicated according to the patient's clinical conditions which were evaluated by the surgeon, but it was not denied by any unsatisfactory test results since it was blind to them. Subjects with prior lung disease, history of unstable angina or myocardial infarction within the previous three months, as well as decompensated heart failure, musculoskeletal, neurological or vascular alterations that impeded ambulation, resting pulse higher than 120 bpm and needed to change surgical technique at the intraoperative moment were excluded from the experiment.
The anamnesis was performed at the preoperative moment (PRE) and it gathered the patient's age, weight and height for the calculation of body mass index (BMI), and collected the history of the current disorders, presence of comorbidity, previous surgeries, the use of medication and smoking habit history. Subjects also answered a questionnaire concerning physical exercise activities66 Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, Buchner D, Ettinger W, Heath GW, King AC, Kriska A, Leon AS, Marcus BH, Morris J, Paffenbarger Jr RS, Patrick K, Pollock ML, Rippe JM, Sallis J, Wilmore JH. Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995 Feb;273(5):402-7. PubMed PMID: 7823386.. Then, they underwent pulmonary function tests (spirometry), respiratory muscle strength test (manovacuometry) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (6MWT) and SCT.
The diaphragmatic index (DI1) was stablished by the formula DI1= ΔAB / ΔAB +
ΔTC, in which Δ corresponds to the difference between the abdominal circumference (AB)
and the thorax circumference (TC), measured during maximum inspiration followed by
regular expiration55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
. The thorax expansion (DI2) was determined by the formula
DI2 = ΔXF / ΔXF + ΔAX by measuring the cirtometry from the axillary fold
(AX) and the xiphoid process (XF), in the same way that was performed for DI1
77 Caldeira VS, Starlling CCD, Britto RR, Martins JA, Sampaio RF,
Parreira VF. Precisão e acurácia da cirtometria em adultos saudáveis. J Bras Pneumol.
2007 Out;33(5):519-26. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000500006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200700...
. Measuring was performed twice and the average from both values were taken
into consideration. Spirometry was performed with a calibrated portable Pony
FX(r) spirometer with the patient seated, using a nose clip according to
American Thoracic Society (ATS). Standards88 American Thoracic Society. Standardization of spirometry: 1994
update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Sept;152(3):1107-36. PubMed PMID:
7663792. in order to obtain the forced vital capacity (FVC), tidal volume (TV),
FEV1, and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). The minute volume (MV) was
obtained with the patient seated and breathing quietly for one minute in a Wright
Respirometer(r) (haloscale standard) using a nose clip. The maximal
inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were respectively
measured starting from the residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) according
to brazilian guidelines99 Pereira CAC, Neder JA. Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e
Tisiologia (SBPT): Diretrizes para Testes de Função Pulmonar. J Pneumol.
2002;28:s1-s238., using a Salcas(r) analog manometer with the range of -200 to + 200
cm/H2O. The predicted values were expressed according to the equations
suggested for the Brazilian population1010 Neder JA, Andreoni C, Perez C, Nery LE. Reference values for lung
function test II. Maximal respiratory pressures and voluntary ventilation. Braz J Med
Res. 1999 Jun;32(6):719-28. PubMed PMID: 10412550..
The 6MWT was performed according to the ATS guidelines1111 American Thoracic Society. ATS statement: guidelines for six-minute
walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jul;166(1):111-7. doi:
10.1164/ajrccm.167.9.950.
https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.167.9.950...
, in a 30-meter-long corridor at the basement of the Bauru State Hospital. This
corridor had well-signalized "start" and "finish" marks at the track and each meter that
was walked had also a sign. Enright and Sherrill12 12 Enrigh PL, Sherril DI. Reference equations for de six minute walk
test in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1993 Nov;158(5 pt 1):1384-7. doi:
10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9710086.
https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.971...
formulas were used to estimate the distance. Still, by the end of the test, it
was applied a classification scale for the subjective perception concerning the level of
effort (Borg's effort perception index1313 Borg GAV, Noble BJ. Perceived exertion. In: Wilmore JH, ed. Exercise
and sport sciences reviews. 2ed. New York: Academic Press; 1974.
p.131-53.). SCT was performed in the shadow according to Cataneo et
al.1414 Cataneo DC, Kobayasi S, Carvalho LR, Paccanaro RC, Cataneo AJM.
Accuracy of six minute walk test, stair test and spirometry using maximal oxygen
uptake as gold standard. Acta Cir Bras. 2010 Apr;25(2):194-200. doi:
org/10.1590/S0102-86502010000200013.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650201000...
on a 12.24 m ladder. The stair climbing time (SCt) was measured in seconds (s)
and the patient's weight was used for the calculation of power (PTE) in watts (w)
through the classical formula1515 Cataneo DC, Cataneo AJM. Accuracy of the stair-climbing test using
maximal oxygen uptake as the gold standard. J Bras Pneumol. 2007
Mar-Abr;33(2):128-33. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200700...
. At the beginning and end of the tests the respiratory rate (RR), heart rate
(HR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured.
The intra-operative period was monitored by the observation of the anesthetic record and surgery description in order to detect possible intra-operative complications. All patients had their follow-ups performed by the very same observer who did all the tests previously mentioned at the first (PO1), fifth (PO5) and thirtieth (PO30) post-operative days. Only the SCT was not performed at PO1.
The general characteristics of the studied population including pre, intra and post-operative data were presented by descriptive statistics. For all variables, except pain, it was used the analysis of variance for repeated measurements followed by Tukey test to compare the average of moments. Friedmann test was used for the pain scale since this variable did not present a normal distribution. For variables in which the interest laid on the comparison of two different moments, it was used the Student's t-test for dependent populations. For the statistical analysis it was used the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.2.
Results
Sixty-eight percent of those subjects were non-smokers, 12% were former smokers, and 20% were smokers and BMI range from 20.4 to 38.9 with the average of 28.8±4.8 kg/m2. As for comorbidities, 18 patients presented hipertension, and out of these patients five also presented associated diabetes mellitus, four presented kidney failure and two presented epilepisy. When it comes to physical activities, 30 patients were considered moderately active, 11 active and nine inactive.
All individuals underwent general anesthesia with average surgery time of 102.6±31.2 minutes. There was not any expected post-operative complication as a consequence of alterations in ventilation. Ambulation started at PO1 and patient was discharged on the very same day, as for the pain it was registered as being of low intensity only at PO1 and PO5.
DI1 and DI2 did not present statistical differences in any of the studied moments (Table 1). FVC and FEV1 displayed a significant decrease at PO1, being similar to PRE values at PO30. MVV presented a significant decrease at PO1, presenting values similar to the ones of PRE at PO5 (Table 1). TV and MV did not show any statistical difference in any studied moment, it just increased at PO1 (Table 1). MIP and MEP had a decrease of 25% and 26%, respectively in relative values at PO1. MIP showed values that were similar to the ones of PRE at PO5 and MEP showed the same pattern only at PO30 (Table 1).
The distance that was covered in the 6MWT was significantly shorter than the one of PRE for both PO1 and PO5, but at PO30 values were similar to the ones of PRE (Table 2). SCT values were significantly compromised at PO5 and at PO30 since they were already similar to the ones of PRE (Table 2). According to Borg's scale it was observed that the fatigue was significantly higher at PO1 after 6MWT, whereas SCT showed no difference among the three studied moments, despite the fact that SCT fatigue was higher than the one of 6MWT (Table 2).
After 6MWT there was no significant decrease in SpO2, but HR and RR increased at all studied moments (p<0.01). After SCT, there was significant decrease in SpO2 at all studied moments, and both HR and RR had a higher increase in values when compared to those after 6MWT (p<0.001).
Discussion
The frequency of female patients that are subjected to cholecystectomy ranges from 61.9% to 90%1616 Alves AS, Lazaro SA, Oliveira CA, Vieira JRA, Vianna JLCM, Martins CMEVM. Colecistectomias: convencional, por minilaparotomia e videolaparoscópica. Análise comparativa de 300 operações. Rev Col Bras Cir. 1997;24:143-6. , and this epidemiological characteristic was also revealed in the present study, in which 76% of the sample consisted of women.
Age is an important predictive factor for complications after cholecystectomy due to the
increased incidence of complicated gallbladder disorder and higher morbididy of surgery
in elder patients owing to correlated disorders. Despite the fact that our sample
included several individuals aging over 60 years with several comorbidities, there were
no complications in the post-operative moment. Smokers' red blood cells present a
diminishment in the oxigen transportation capacity and thus increase the risk of
atelectasis and pulmonary infections in the post-operative period1717 Bluman LG, Mosca L, Newman N, Simon DG. Preoperative smoking habits
and postoperative pulmonary complications. Chest. 1998 Apr;113(4):883-9. doi:
10.1378/chest.113.4.883.
https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.113.4.883...
. However, in the present study there was no complication even though 20% of the
studied population was consisted of smokers.
The average BMI was 28.8Kg/m2, which could have led to a diminishment in
alveolar ventilation especially in dorsal decubitus1818 Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, Tredici S, Pedoto A, Lissoni A,
Gattinoni L. The effects of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas
exchange during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1998 Sep;87(3):654-60. doi:
10.1213/00000539-199809000-00031.
https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-1998090...
. Even though patients were overweight, this did not compromise the
post-operative period.
Some authors found a direct correlation between a surgical time that exceeded 210 minutes and a higher incidence of pulmoray complications in the post-operative moment of abdominal surgeries1919 Pereira EDB, Faresin SM, Juliano Y, Fernandes ALG. Fatores de risco para complicações pulmonares no pós-operatório de cirurgia abdominal alta. J Pneumol. 1996 Jan-Fev;22(1):19-26. . In our study the average surgical time was about half of the one mentioned by those authors, and thus this might have corroborated with the absence of pulmonary complications.
According to the literature, pulmonary complications in the post-operative period of
conventional abdominal surgery usually range from 30% to 80%2020 Dureuil B, Cantineau JP, Desmonts JM. Effects of upper or lower
abdominal surgery on diafragmatic function. Br J Anaesth. 1987 Oct;59(10):1230-5.
doi: 10.1093/bja/59.10.1230.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/59.10.1230...
,
2121 Arruda KA, Cataneo DC, Cataneo AJ. Surgical risk tests related to
cardiopulmonary postoperative complications: comparison between upper abdominal and
thoracic surgery. Acta Cir Bras. 2013 June;28(6):458-66. doi:
org/10.1590/S0102-86502013000600010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650201300...
. In laparoscopic cholecystectomy the most expected pulmonary complication on the
days immediately after surgery is atelectasis, which varies in 10% to 35% of
incidence44 Shauer PR, Luna J, Ghiatas AA, Glen ME, Warren JM, Sirinek K.
Pulmonary function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery. 1993
Aug;114(2):389-99. PubMed PMID: 8342140.. In the preesent study it was observed mild restrictive ventilatory disorders,
which were more severe on PO1, with the dimishment of FVC, FEV1 and MVV. FVC
and FEV1 kept low values at PO5 ensuring the restrictive characteristic of
the post-operative ventilatory disorder, which might have occurred owing to either
microatelectasis or repiratory muscle deficit.
Despite the tendency to increase MV at PO1 due to the increase in RR, such difference
was non-significant, and all post-operative MV values were similar to the ones of PRE.
On the other hand, Chiavegato et al.55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
showed in their study concerning pulmonary function in the post-operative moment
of laparoscopic cholecystectomy that there was a 26% decrease of MV and 36% of TV, thus
suggesting that these variables present a decrease due to the diminishment of pulmonary
compliance and the formation of microatelectasis. Maybe this discrepancy of results
might have occurred because in the present study the intensive care provided to the
patients were focused on avoiding microatelectasis.
It is known that pulmonary function impairment in the post-operative moment of
laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not as severe as in conventional open surgery, which
leads to a lower tendency of developing complications. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated
that even though laparoscopy produces minor alterations, they have certain impact on the
pulmonary function, especially in those patients with previous pulmonary impairment44 Shauer PR, Luna J, Ghiatas AA, Glen ME, Warren JM, Sirinek K.
Pulmonary function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery. 1993
Aug;114(2):389-99. PubMed PMID: 8342140.
,
55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
,
2121 Arruda KA, Cataneo DC, Cataneo AJ. Surgical risk tests related to
cardiopulmonary postoperative complications: comparison between upper abdominal and
thoracic surgery. Acta Cir Bras. 2013 June;28(6):458-66. doi:
org/10.1590/S0102-86502013000600010.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650201300...
22 Simmoneau G, Vivien A, Sartene R, Kustlinger F, Samii K, Noviant Y,
Duroux P. Diaphragm dysfunction induced by upper abdominal surgery. Role of
postoperative pain. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Nov;128(5):899-905. PubMed PMID:
6638679.
23 Rovina N, Bouros D, Tzanakis N, Velegrakis M, Kandilakis S,
Vlasserou F, Siafakas NM. Effects of laparoscopy cholecystectomy on global
respiratory muscle strength. Am J Resp Care Med. 1996 Jan;153(1):458-61. PubMed PMID:
8542159.
24 Bablekos GD, Michaelides SA, Roussou T, Charalabopoulos KA. Changes
in breathing control and mechanics after laparoscopic vs open cholecystectomy. Arch
Surg. 2006 Oct;141(1):16-22. PubMed PMID: 16415406.
-
2525 Ravimohan SM, Kaman L, Jindal R, Singh R, Jindal SK. Postoperative
pulmonary function in laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy: prospective,
comparative study. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan-Feb;24(1):6-8. PubMed PMID:
15778517.. Other studies also suggest that the muscle weakness is similar after both
conventional open surgery and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but the conventional one
causes a lengthier reduction of muscle function, contributing to a higher incidence of
respiratory complications55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
,
2222 Simmoneau G, Vivien A, Sartene R, Kustlinger F, Samii K, Noviant Y,
Duroux P. Diaphragm dysfunction induced by upper abdominal surgery. Role of
postoperative pain. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Nov;128(5):899-905. PubMed PMID:
6638679.
23 Rovina N, Bouros D, Tzanakis N, Velegrakis M, Kandilakis S,
Vlasserou F, Siafakas NM. Effects of laparoscopy cholecystectomy on global
respiratory muscle strength. Am J Resp Care Med. 1996 Jan;153(1):458-61. PubMed PMID:
8542159.
24 Bablekos GD, Michaelides SA, Roussou T, Charalabopoulos KA. Changes
in breathing control and mechanics after laparoscopic vs open cholecystectomy. Arch
Surg. 2006 Oct;141(1):16-22. PubMed PMID: 16415406.
-
2525 Ravimohan SM, Kaman L, Jindal R, Singh R, Jindal SK. Postoperative
pulmonary function in laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy: prospective,
comparative study. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan-Feb;24(1):6-8. PubMed PMID:
15778517.. In the present study, it was observed that MIP, in absolute numbers, was
already lower if compared to the ones of the general population, taking into account
that mean values did not reach 80%. The surgery itself led to a greater diminishment of
MIP at PO1, but at PO5 values were already similar to the ones of PRE, proving that at
that moment the subject has already returned to the normal condition of good alveolar
ventilation. As for MEP, it presented regular values at the pre-operative moment,
displayed a sharp decline at PO1, which continued but in a moderate fashion at PO5,
showing that at that moment patients had bigger difficulty in eliminating secretions,
which leads us to a bigger support concerning physiotherapy of patients of previous lung
disorders during the pre-operative and first post-operative days2626 Galvan CCR, Cataneo AJM. Effect of respiratory muscle training on
pulmonary function in preoperative preparation of tobacco smokers. Acta Cir Bras.
2007 Apr;22(2):98-104. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-86502007000200004.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650200700...
.
Some authors analyzed the DI of individuals that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy
and found a decrease of 36 to 47% at PO155 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
,
2727 Paisani DM, Chiavegato LD, Faresin SM. Lung volumes, lung capacities
and respiratory muscle strength following gastroplasty. J Bras Pneumol. 2005
Abr;31(2):125-32. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132005000200007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200500...
, unlike the present study which showed that there was not any significant
statistical difference in any studied moment. It is believed that there is a correlation
between ambulation and DI, and ambulating patients would not have changes in DI,
agreeing with the mean values of this study. This shows the importance of the early
ambulation that was suggested in this study to patients at PO1 and also the early
discharge. Notwithstanding, it is important to mention that data gathered at PO1 were
obtained after ambulation, which might justify the discrepancy with data from other
authors55 Chiavegato LD, Jardim JR, Faresim SM, Juliano Y. Alterações
funcionais respiratórias na colecistectomia por via laparoscópica. J Pneumol. 2000
Mar-Abr;26(2):69-73. doi: org/10.1590/S0102-35862000000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-3586200000...
,
2727 Paisani DM, Chiavegato LD, Faresin SM. Lung volumes, lung capacities
and respiratory muscle strength following gastroplasty. J Bras Pneumol. 2005
Abr;31(2):125-32. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132005000200007.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200500...
.
The application of pre-operative exercise tests could detect alterations in the oxigen
transportation that would only be discovered when the patient might have displayed a
higher metabolic need in the intra or post-operative moment2828 Ambrozin ARP, Cataneo DC, Arruda KA, Cataneo AJM. Time in the
stair-climbing test as a predictor of thoracotomy postoperative complications. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Apr;145(4):1093-7. doi:
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.09.001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.09....
. Prior studies1414 Cataneo DC, Kobayasi S, Carvalho LR, Paccanaro RC, Cataneo AJM.
Accuracy of six minute walk test, stair test and spirometry using maximal oxygen
uptake as gold standard. Acta Cir Bras. 2010 Apr;25(2):194-200. doi:
org/10.1590/S0102-86502010000200013.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650201000...
,
15 15 Cataneo DC, Cataneo AJM. Accuracy of the stair-climbing test using
maximal oxygen uptake as the gold standard. J Bras Pneumol. 2007
Mar-Abr;33(2):128-33. doi: org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000200005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-3713200700...
showed that if the patient is able to walk 500 meters or more in the 6MWT or
takes 40 seconds or less to climb up a 12m ladder, it is most likely that his VO2
is above 25mL/Kg/min, which makes him a patient of low risk for complications
after toracic and upper abdomen surgeries. The subjects included in the present study
showed a mean value for 6MWT at PRE that was about 500 meters and the SCt of 48 seconds,
which proves their good performance at PRE. 6MWT and SCt decreases were significant from
PO1 up to PO5, but their differeces from PRE values were very little, thus proving that
the aggression caused by the surgery did not lead to great perfomance loss for the
patients.
Borg's scale is easy to be used, provides good repeatability, and has been used as a method to self-adjust to physical activities aimining to reach a desirable effort level, which includes the submaximal activity. It showed that fatigue in SCT is bigger when compared to 6MWT, which was proved by the bigger increase of HR and RR on SCT rather than on 6MWT.
The most important test for the PRE evaluation was the SCT because it revealed a
significant decrease in SpO2 at PRE with a more significant increase of both
RR and HR than in the 6MWT. Adding to these objective data, the subjective evaluation of
Borg's scale also showed that fatigue was significantly higher after SCT. This
evaluation allowed us to say that the stress of exercise showed that these patients had
low surgical risk, because despite the fact that SpO2 had decreased in all
studied moments, this decrease was little and it did not reach 4% which would be
considered critical by Brunelli et al.2929 Brunelli A, Refai M, Xiume' F, Salati M, Rita Marasco, Sciarra V,
Socci L, Sabbatini A. Oxygen desaturation during maximal stair-climbing test and
postoperative complications after major lung resections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.
2008 Jan;33(1):77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.09.028.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.09....
. Even after the surgery it could be noticed that the patients' performance was
kept the same since the decrease in SpO2 as well as the increase of both HR
and RR after exercise had no significant difference when compared to PRE values. Maybe
if SCT was applied at PO1 there might have been a decrease in SpO2, and that
was the reason for not applying SCT on that moment, thus avoiding such risk to the
patient.
Conclusion
Patients subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy present a more significant decrease in cardiorespiratory function on the first postoperative moments but there is a rapid return to PRE conditions, and at PO5 there are many parameters that display no difference between PRE values.
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29Brunelli A, Refai M, Xiume' F, Salati M, Rita Marasco, Sciarra V, Socci L, Sabbatini A. Oxygen desaturation during maximal stair-climbing test and postoperative complications after major lung resections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008 Jan;33(1):77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.09.028.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.09.028
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1
Research performed at Bauru State Hospital. Part of Master degree thesis, Postgraduate Program in General Basis of Surgery, Botucatu School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru-SP, Brazil. Tutor: Daniele Cristina Cataneo.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
June 2014
History
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Received
22 Jan 2014 -
Reviewed
20 Mar 2014 -
Accepted
23 Apr 2014