Histological analysis of the intestinal wall of newborn rats submitted to hypoxia and reoxygenation to evaluate the protective effect of N-Acetylcysteine¹

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in newborn rats submitted to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) conditions in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Methods

Eight pregnant rats and their 70 cubs were used (5 groups) and exposed to H/R conditions and received NAC at different times. The animals in the H/R groups were placed in a gas chamber (100% CO²) for 10 minutes and then reoxygenated for 10 minutes (100% O²), twice a day for the first three days of life, with a six-hour span between events. On the third day of life, the animals were anesthetized, laparotomized and the intestines were resected.

Results

The H/R and NAC groups showed changes in the intestinal wall in relation to the number, height and width of the villi when compared to the control group (p<0.0001), but with better preservation of structures in the NAC group. There were no differences between groups regarding the number (%) of mitoses.

Conclusion

The administration of NAC decreased the lesions in the intestinal wall of rats submitted to H/R, therefore suggesting that this drug can be used to prevent the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns.

Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Hypoxia; Acetylcysteine; Rats

Introduction

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal disease in newborns, especially premature infants, with a significant rate of morbidity and mortality¹. It is diagnosed between 2-7% of admissions to the neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU), with a mortality rate at between 10-50%, and the rapid progression form has a mortality of almost 100%². Although NEC occurs more frequently in the first three months of life, 90% are low birth weight neonates with lower gestational ages at 28 weeks and 10% are newborns at term¹.

NEC also represents an annual expenditure of approximately US $ 6.5 million in the United States; therefore, this is an important public health problem³. Advances in obstetric and neonatal care have improved the survival rate in low weight premature infants, consequently increasing the population at risk of developing NEC⁴.

Prematurity exposes the newborn to numerous causes of stress, such as hypotension, hypoxia, hypothermia, artificial feeding, anemia and umbilical catheterization⁵. These factors are causes of ischemic injuries of the neonatal intestine. It is believed that there is a circulatory deviation mechanism of blood perfusion of the noblest organs (brain, heart, and kidneys) at the expense of other admission organs, such as the intestine, leading to ischemic injury and necrosis⁶. It is also described that in addition to prematurity, hyperosmolar feeding, treatment with indomethacin, congenital heart disease, umbilical catheterization, polycythemia and pre-eclampsia are predisposing factors to NEC⁷.

Okur et al.⁸ and Özkan et al.⁹developed experimental models of NEC in which newborn rats submitted to hypoxia and reoxygenation associated with hypothermia presented intestinal lesions of NEC similar to those of human newborns. The models were reproduced and modified in the study by Meyer et al.¹⁰ and Cintra et al.¹¹.

Inflammatory responses play an essential role in the pathogenesis of NEC. It is known that, in inflammatory processes, there is the formation of free oxygen radicals, which have been implied as mediators of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)¹². In this context, N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) becomes interesting due to its antioxidant action, which is reacting to free radicals through sulfhydryl groups (donating electrons) and transforming into cystine, or as a substrate for cystine synthesis (yielding cysteine). This property gave rise to several studies that seek to elucidate its effectiveness in prevention and treatment of injuries associated with the formation of free radicals in various organs, especially in phenomena involving oxidative stress¹³-¹⁶.

The limited therapy of NEC has stimulated researchers to seek adjuvant strategies, with the aim of preventing intestinal injuries. NAC is a low-cost, low-toxicity drug that has been used for over half a century in pulmonology and, since the mid-1970s, for the treatment of paracetamol poisoning¹⁷. There have also been several studies involving this drug, where it is evidenced NAC’s ability to protect organs such as the kidneys, heart and liver, due to its antioxidant capacity¹⁸,¹⁹.

The exogenous administration of free radical scavengers has been researched in order to reduce oxidative stress induced by H/R and antioxidants appear to be particularly useful²⁰. Therefore, we consider studying the hypothesis that NAC would promote a decrease in hypoxia-induced intestinal lesions and neonatal reoxygenation. Based on the above, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of NAC on lesions on the intestinal wall of newborn rats submitted to H/R conditions, within the morphological parameters of the intestinal villi.

Methods

This is an experimental, interventional, controlled and randomized study, assessed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) (nº 0943/11). The study was conducted at the Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratory using pregnant outbred rats, of the Wistar EPM-1 lineage (Rattus norvegicus), provided by the Center for the Development of Experimental Models for Biology and Medicine at UNIFESP.

Management of animals during pregnancy

Eight pregnant rats and their offspring were used, with four of these pregnant rats having received NAC 10% (Laboratório União Química, lot: 1327819), at a dose of 1.5 ml/kg, for five consecutive days before the expected date of delivery; the rest received nothing. The rats were kept under standard environmental conditions of day and night cycles, hygiene, temperature from 21 to 23°C, water ad libitum and specific ration for the species.

Management of animals after giving birth

After 21 days, the rats gave birth to 70 pups, weighing between 5.5 and 7.5 grams, of both sexes, which were divided into five groups, and were kept in the maternal company throughout the experiment. After birth, the pups were submitted to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R), except for the control group.

Management of animals that received no drugs after giving birth

The 39 newborn pups of both sexes from the 4 pregnant rats that received no drugs were randomly selected and separated into three groups: Group I (Control, n = 8, Average Weight AW= 7.2g), Group II (submitted to H/R and received no drugs before each event: H / R, n = 10, AW = 7.08 g) and Group III (submitted to H / R and NAC 10% intraperitoneally at the dose of 1,5ml/Kg: H/R - RN NAC, n = 21, AW = 7.04 g).

Management of animals that received NAC after giving birth

The 31 newborn pups from the four pregnant rats that had received NAC were randomly selected and separated into two groups: Group IV (submitted to H / R and NAC 10% intraperitoneally at a dose of 1.5 ml / Kg: H / R- M / RN NAC, n = 12, AW = 7.96 g) and Group V (submitted to H / R and received no drugs: H / R-M NAC, n = 19, AW = 6.9 g). Figure 1 shows the scheme of the division of the groups studied. These rats received NAC because it is known that the pharmacokinetics are different in newborns and adults, and this fact can affect the result due to the different bioavailability of the drug.

Figure 1
Diagram of the division of the groups studied.

General management of the pups

The pups’ date of birth was determined by performing a vaginal smear of the rat on the day after copulation to identify the presence of sperm, counting an additional 20 days to the date of delivery.

In a special gas chamber (model CGS CO2 G - brand Beira-Mar - Brazil), the litters of groups II, III, IV and V were submitted to breathing for 10 minutes of 100% CO2 and then 10 minutes of O2 at 100%, with the flow of gases flow meter controlled to remain constant. This model depicts stress in the intestine, similar to that of children who develop NEC. A modified protocol presented in similar experiments was used⁹-¹².

This hypoxia / reoxygenation (H/R) event was performed twice daily, at a six-hour span for three consecutive days (1st, 2nd and 3rd day of life) in all groups, except for the control group. 10% NAC was administered intraperitoneally to newborn rats (Groups III and IV) 15 minutes before being subjected to the conditions of the experiment. After the described procedures, the pups were kept in maternal company and at a temperature of 21 to 23ºC.

All pups were submitted to longitudinal laparotomy after intraperitoneal anesthesia with 0.1 ml of a mixture of anesthetics (0.2 ml of 10% ketamine plus 0.1 ml of 2% xylazine) 24 hours after the last H/R event. In laparotomy, the ileum portion was evaluated macroscopically after undergoing H/R, in order to evaluate edema, distension, perforation, necrosis or hemorrhage in the viscera. A portion of the ileum was removed for further histological analysis (mucosa, submucosa, vessels and muscle fibers) using the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) technique. The pathologist responsible for the histological analysis had no knowledge of which group each analyzed sample belonged to.

From each animal, a 1 cm fragment of the ileum was removed and submitted to standard histological technique (fixed in formal, buffered, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and cut). The sections were mounted on slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for morphological examination of the mucosa, submucosa, vessels and muscle fibers. 06-micrometer sections were analyzed under optical microscopy by the same pathologist who was unaware of which group the fragment belonged to.

In the analysis of slides stained by the hematoxylin-eosin method, the optical binocular microscope was used, with a 400-fold magnification, and the intestinal villi were analyzed in relation to height, width and presence of mitoses.

For the analysis of the results, parametric or non-parametric tests were applied, taking into account the variables studied. Analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was performed to compare the study groups; this was followed by the Tukey post hoc test that was performed to evaluate differences among groups, comparing Groups I and III and Groups V and VI. In all tests, the significance level set at 5% (p <0.05) was used.

Results

In the control group (GI), we noticed in the small intestine numerous intestinal glands (Lieberkhun) and high villi lined by simple cylindrical epithelium where goblet and absorption cells (enterocytes) are noted. It was also observed, inside the villi, the presence of an axis of connective tissue rich in blood vessels (Fig. 2). In group II, we observed few villi as well as intestinal glands, the villi being covered by a simple cylindrical epithelium, consisting of goblet and absorption cells. It was also noted the presence of an axis of connective tissue rich in blood vessels, which were congested, in addition to numerous figures of mitoses in the luminal epithelium (Fig. 2). The results of Groups III and IV (H / R - RN NAC and H / R - RN / M NAC) showed a small intestine made up of countless intestinal glands and higher and thicker villi than in the ischemic group (GII). In these groups, the villi were lined with a simple cylindrical epithelium made up of goblet and absorption cells, in addition to the presence of a connective tissue axis rich in blood vessels (Fig. 2). In the ileum of newborn rats belonging to the group whose mothers and ischemic fetuses who had received NAC, a large concentration of villi was observed, being larger and wider (Fig. 2). In all groups, we noticed the presence of an axis of connective tissue rich in blood vessels. Table 1 shows the data regarding the number of villi in each group.

Figure 2
Photomicrographs of ileum sections of newborns belonging to the various study groups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV). Note in the ischemic groups whose mothers and / or fetuses received higher villi NAC (GIII, GIV and GV) and in the group that did not receive N-acetylcysteine sparse villi (GII). H.E. 50µm bar.

Table 1
Number of intestinal villi in each group.

	Group I Control	Group II H/R	Group III H/R – RN NAC	Group IV H/R- RN/ M NAC	Group V H/R- M NAC
	16.2	11.2	10.1	15.0	14.5
	15.1	10.3	12.3	12.1	12.7
	13.8	11.1	14.1	10.0	15.8
	14.1	12.1	10.3	11.1	14.2
	16.3	11.2	13.3	10.1	11.3
	15.7		11.1	12.2	16.5
	16.1		14.2	13.1	14.8
	15.5		13.1	12.2	16.7
			12.2	11.1	15.4
			10.1	13.1	16.7
			11.1	12.1	17.8
			13.1	10.2	18.9
			13.4		16.5
			10.1		15.4
			12.2		16.3
			12.0
			12.1
			11.1
			10.1
Median Average	15.6 15.4	11.2 11.2	12.1 11.9	12.1 11.9	15.8 15.6

• Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance: Calculated H = 34.84 (p<0.0001)
• Post hoc test: Group I > Group II and Group III. Group IV = Group V

In Group V (H / R - M NAC), that received NAC during pregnancy before the hypoxia / reoxygenation (H/R) procedure, the variable referring to the number of villi, after the statistical tests that were performed, presented p-value with differences when compared with Group II (H/R) and Group III (H/R - RN NAC) and there were no differences when compared to the control group. Table 2 shows the data regarding the villus height of each group.

Table 2
Height (µm) of the intestinal villi of newborns in each group.

	Group I Control	Group II H/R	Group III H/R – RN NAC	Group IV H/R- M e RN NAC	Group V H/R- M NAC
	333.55	190.1	233.12	224.40	315.70
	309.12	180.3	324.50	232.00	316.20
	320.39	195.4	312.60	111.00	317.80
	322.41	220.1	223.11	202.30	318.70
	321.11	190.1	243.21	201.00	314.20
	319.12		222.31	221.70	300.50
	311.18		221.34	202.40	320.40
	328.20		245.30	203.40	317.50
			223.40	201.3	318.40
			222.10	202.3	300.50
			321.12	203.4	301.20
			300.12	199.1	320.40
			199.76		330.50
			189.12		340.20
			190.87		320.1
			301.43
			321.23
			212.21
			221.12
Median Average	320.75 320.71	190.1 195.2	223.40 248.84	202.90 208.69	317.80 316.82

• Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance: Calculated H = 37.55 (p<0.0001)
• Post hoc test: Group I > Group III > Group II. Group V > Group IV.

We also observed that in Group V (H/R - M NAC) the variable referring to the height of the villi showed a p-value with difference when compared to Group IV (H/R - RN / M NAC) and Group II (H/R). The villus height, in the control group, showed a p-value with a difference when compared to the other groups studied. It is possible to conclude that, in relation to the number and height of the villi, the administration of NAC during pregnancy has a more expressive protective factor when compared to the administration in newborn rats or when no drugs are administered. Table 3 shows the data regarding the villus width of each group.

Table 3
Width (µm) of the intestinal villi of each group.

	Group I Control	Group II H/R	Group III H/R –RN NAC	Group IV H/R- RN/ M NAC	Group V H/R- M NAC
	12.55	6.2	68.34	48.10	12.50
	19.60	5.3	52.31	50.20	11.40
	21.50	4.2	60.34	49.00	10.50
	22.30	4.5	62.34	47.10	11.20
	28.60	6.2	54.12	47.20	12.40
	23.20		87.12	48.10	13.50
	19.10		57.14	51.00	12.40
	16.20		62.34	52.00	11.50
			61.12	53.10	10.50
			60.35	55.10	12.40
			54.34	52.00	11.50
			84.56	44.50	12.60
			67.89		11.70
			45.67		10.70
			56.71		11.70
			57.12
			67.12
			67.12
			66.34
Median Average	20.30 19.79	5.30 5.21	61.12 62.04	49.60 49.62	11.70 11.74

• Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance: Calculated H = 52.85 (p<0.0001)
• Post hoc test: Group III > Group I > Group II. Group IV > Group V

Regarding the variable width of the intestinal villi, Group III (H/R - RN NAC) showed a p value with difference when compared to Group II (H/R) and Group V (H/R - M NAC). Group IV (H/R - RN / M NAC) presented p-value with differences when compared to Group II (H/R) and Group V (H/R - M NAC). Table 4 shows the data regarding the number of mitoses in the villi of each group.

Table 4
Number (%) of mitoses in the intestinal villi of each group.

	Group I Control	Group II H/R	Group III H/R –RN NAC	Group IV H/R- RN/ M NAC	Group V H/R- M NAC
	2.1	3.7	3.1	1.0	1.3
	3.1	1.4	3.2	1.0	1.4
	1	1.9	2.1	1.1	1.5
	2.9	2.6	1.1	2.0	1.2
	2.1	2.7	1.0	2.1	1.1
	3.2		1.1	1.0	1.4
	1.1		2.1	2.5	1.5
	2.2		2.1	3.3	1.6
			2.2	2.5	1.7
			1.2	1.2	1.8
			1.1	1.0	1.9
			4.2	2.1	1.9
			1.1		1.3
			1.2		1.4
			1.3		1.5
			1.5
			1.3
			1.1
			1.1
Median Average	2.15 2.21	2.60 2.46	1.30 1.74	1.60 1.73	1.50 1.50

• Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance
• Calculated H = 4.66 (P = 0.1979)
• Not significant

When comparing the number of mitoses present in each group, there were no differences between them, indicating that although we were able to observe differences between the groups’ intestinal villus morphometries, there were no degrees of injuries that would generate an increase in tissue mitosis. Table 5 shows the mortality rate in the groups studied.

Table 5
Mortality rate in the study groups.

	Group I Control	Group II H/R	Group III H/R –RN NAC	Group IV H/R- RN/ M NAC	Group V H/R- M NAC
Total	8	10	21	12	19
Deaths	0	5	2	0	4
Survivors	8	5	19	12	15
%	0	50	9.52	0	21.5

Discussion

We now know that antioxidants play an important role in pathophysiological processes, due to the large number of reactive oxygen species generated during the processes of aging, cancer, inflammation, among other situations. Researchers have demonstrated positive results in the use of NAC, specifically in the situation of ischemia and reperfusion, namely: hemorrhagic shock²¹, hepatic ischemia¹⁶_, muscular compartment syndrome²², acute renal failure¹⁸, among others. This same protective role was found when analyzing ischemia and reperfusion in the intestine¹⁹,²⁰,²³.

Likewise, the administration of NAC in pregnant animals showed protective effects on fetuses²⁴. The anti-inflammatory activity of NAC in the amniotic fluid, which crosses the placental barrier, promotes an increase in fetal hepatic glutathione. Thus, there is great potential for the use of NAC in the treatment of pregnant women with infectious and inflammatory processes, which can induce the fetal growth restriction and premature birth and be a risk factor for NEC. The results obtained in the experiment also demonstrated the protective action of NAC in the groups that received the treatment. We used the height and width of the villi as a reference to verify this protection, in addition to the number of mitoses figures found. However, in the latter, we found no significant difference between the groups, most likely related to the low degree of tissue damage obtained.

In some experimental studies of ischemia and reperfusion¹¹,¹²,¹⁵, the histopathological references used to measure protection were the classification of intestinal injury according to Chiu et al.²⁵ and Ozdemir et al.²³, who used their own classification as parameters for histological evaluation. Montero et al.¹⁵ used the score proposed by Park et al.²⁶ In the present study, we defined using the width and height of the intestinal villi obtained as parameters for the histological evaluation of the different groups.

Other investigative researches used biochemical markers (products of the lipid peroxidation that identifies cell destruction, such as tissue malonaldehyde, D-lactate, nitric oxide and others) as references to assess the degree of injury¹⁰,¹¹,¹⁵,²³,²⁷.

We observed, in the different experiments, that the degree of injury found depends on the conditions of the experiment, such as time of hypoxia and reoxygenation, exposure of animals to hypothermia, feeding with mother or artificial milk and maintenance of the calf with the parent. In the present study, the maintenance of the young rats with their mothers and feeding with breast milk showed a degree of protection for the litter.

The first description of the NEC model in newborn rats was reported by Barlow et al.²⁸, who induced the disease with the combination of artificial feeding, followed by intermittent episodes of stress due to hypoxia and a day of hypothermia, which went from three to four days and standardized the use of ischemia using nitrogen. Dvorak et al.²⁹ used the same model, but for four days and Meyer et al.¹⁰, as well as Cintra et al.¹¹, reproduced the model by Okur et al.⁸ who for three consecutive days submitted the newborn rats to periods of hypoxia and reoxygenation, but without artificial feeding and hypothermia. The highest degrees of injury obtained take place when there is more time for hypoxia and reoxygenation, more time for exposure to hypothermia and the presence of artificial feeding.

In the present study, the same conditions of the study by Ozdemir et al.²³ were used, but we kept the litters with the parents receiving breast milk. This factor was considered preponderant for not obtaining such significant injuries, given that the artificial diet is considered one of the risk factors in the pathogenesis of NEC. Due to this fact, we used the morphological characteristics of the intestinal villi as parameters for comparison.

The animals were sacrificed on the third day or 72 hours after the beginning of the experiment, since Caplan et al.³⁰ demonstrated a high mortality rate in newborn rats after the fourth day.

This study allows us to conclude that we can use NAC in a preventive manner, before delivery, to protect the newborn from NEC, in those patients who are at greater risk of preterm birth. The literature shows that NAC decreases the production of cytokines in the placenta, and may also inhibit premature delivery²⁴. The result also suggests greater protection when NAC is administered during pregnancy. This fact probably occurs because it is a prodrug, and NAC must be metabolized to become active. In newborns, the metabolization process is still under development, limiting the production of active metabolites. This explains the lesser protection when NAC is administered only to newborns, using the same reference dose of the mothers.

In addition, this study demonstrated that NAC has a protective effect against the development of NEC in the fetus during pregnancy. At the same time, this preventive administration can contribute to inhibit premature birth, which is one of the factors related to the development of this disease, in addition to other complications that may arise for the newborn and the genitor.

The number of animals in each group was limited and different because the number of animals that were born in the previous two groups was different (rats that received drugs and rats that did not receive drugs), therefore, there is the possibility of type 1 error.

Conclusions

N-Acetylcysteine, when administered, protected the newborn rats’ intestinal walls submitted to H/R. In addition, newborn rats whose parents had received NAC prior to delivery had greater protection than those who received NAC only after birth but due to the great variety of elements that can impact the results obtained, it is interesting that there are more studies on the topic.

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• 1
  Research performed at Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. Part of Master degree thesis, Postgraduate Program in Obstetrics, UNIFESP. Tutor: Prof. José Luiz Martins.

• Financial source: none

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 June 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  12 Dec 2019
• Reviewed
  09 Feb 2020
• Accepted
  11 Mar 2020