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Determinantes para repercussões na saúde mental de profissionais de saúde hospitalar na pandemia da Covid-19

Determinants for mental health repercussions of hospital health workers in the pandemic of COVID-19

RESUMO

Este artigo tem por objetivo sistematizar, a partir de evidências científicas, aspectos determinantes para o sofrimento psicológico de profissionais de saúde no âmbito hospitalar ante a reorganização do processo de trabalho durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Trata-se de uma revisão de síntese integrativa de literatura, de natureza qualitativa, mediante a busca de artigos científicos nas bases de dados, Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Scopus e Web of Science. O corpus final para análise foi constituído por 31 estudos. Para os resultados, consideraram-se, as multivariáveis de maior risco, fatores protetivos, condicionantes e determinantes para repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde hospitalar no curso da pandemia da Covid-19. Por outro lado, o nível de exposição, as longas jornadas de trabalho, o medo de se infectar e infectar seus familiares, de trabalhar na linha de frente da Covid-19, a falta de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) e o estigma foram os fatores determinantes e condicionantes para o sofrimento psicológico dos profissionais de saúde, diretamente relacionados com esgotamento ocupacional, burnout, Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático, ansiedade, insônia e depressão. A sistematização pode suscitar reflexões acerca da necessidade de atualização de respostas políticas, por meio de diretrizes e competências, para estabelecer um processo de monitoramento contínuo da saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde.

PALAVRAS-CHAVES
Pessoal de saúde; Saúde mental; Estresse ocupacional; Hospitais; Covid-19

ABSTRACT

This article aims to systematize, from scientific evidence, the conditioning and determining aspects for psychological distress of health professionals in the hospital, in view of the reorganization of the work process during the pandemic of COVID-19. This is an integrative literature synthesis review, of a qualitative nature, by searching scientific articles in the scientific databases Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The final corpus for analysis consisted of 31 studies. For the results, the multiple variables of higher risk, protective factors, conditioning, and determinants for psychological repercussions in hospital health professionals in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic were considered. On the other hand, the level of exposure, long working hours, fear of getting infected and infecting their families, of working in the front line of COVID-19, lack of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and stigma were the determining and conditioning factors for the psychological suffering of health professionals, directly related to, occupational burnout, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. The systematization can cause reflections about the need for updating policy responses, through guidelines and competencies, to establish a process of continuous monitoring of the mental health of health professionals.

KEYWORDS
Health personnel; Mental health; Occupational stress; Hospitals; COVID-19

Introdução

A pandemia do novo coronavírus Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19), além dos impactos sanitários, econômicos e sociais, desencadeou preocupações quanto aos potenciais riscos à saúde física e mental dos profissionais de saúde, devido às mudanças na reorganização do processo de trabalho. Particularmente, aqueles profissionais de saúde que atuavam diretamente no atendimento de casos de Covid-19, denominados profissionais da ‘linha de frente’ para o enfrentamento da Covid-1911 Helioterio MC, Lopes FQ, Sousa CC, et al. Covid-19: por que a proteção de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde é prioritária no combate à pandemia? Trab. Educ. Saúde. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 18(3). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00289.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol002...
, têm sido alvo de maior apreensão quanto às repercussões do período pandêmico.

As mudanças nas atividades laborais associam-se a implicações psicológicas negativas para os profissionais de saúde. Quando aportadas com condições precárias de trabalho, longas jornadas de trabalho, execução de plantões consecutivos ou dupla jornada de trabalho, baixa remuneração22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
, associaram-se a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade nos períodos iniciais da pandemia ante a falta ou a escassez de recursos materiais, a exemplo dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI)33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,55 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
. Posteriormente, a exposição a mortes em larga escala, os erros médicos, mudanças na rotina de trabalho e, no contexto social, a ampliação de ameaças, agressões por parte de indivíduos da comunidade geral, por receio de serem infectados, profissionais com sequelas de longa duração com comprometimento cognitivo ou psicológico66 Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 3(3):e203976. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen....
, entre outros, são fatores que podem ter contribuído para ampliar o sofrimento mental77 Khoo EJ, Lantos JD. Lessons learned from the COVID 19 pandemic. Acta Paediatrica. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 109(7):1323-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15307.
https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15307...
.

Apesar de estudos recentes debaterem formas inovadoras de organização do trabalho e algumas estratégias para o apoio à saúde mental, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores associados a resultados psicológicos negativos dos profissionais de saúde. Assim, este artigo busca sistematizar, a partir de evidências científicas, aspectos determinantes para o sofrimento psicológico de profissionais de saúde no âmbito hospitalar, ante a reorganização do processo de trabalho durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Essas descobertas poderão ser relevantes para sistematizar critérios de monitoramento de indivíduos com maior risco de desenvolver problemas psicológicos durante uma crise sanitária de magnitude semelhante da pandemia da Covid-19.

Material e métodos

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, que utilizou como técnica para a produção de dados a síntese de evidências da literatura científica. Para síntese e revisão dos dados, foram seguidos o manual do Joanna Briggs Institute e os princípios do protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-SCR)88 Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (160). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160...
.

A busca de evidências foi realizada em 17 de maio de 2022 nas bases de dados científicas Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Scopus e Web of Science.

Para elaboração de estratégias de busca e descrição do processo de busca, utilizaram-se descritores do MeSH/DeCS terms combinados com os operadores AND e OR para compor as estratégias para busca nas bases de dados, referentes ao período de janeiro de 2020 a janeiro de 2022: ScienceDirect e PubMed com a estratégia ((“health personnel” OR “healthcare workers”) AND (“sequelae mental covid”)), Epistemonikos, (“health personnel” OR “healthcare workers”) AND (“post-acute sequelae of COVID”), Embase, Health worker AND post-COVID syndrome, Web of Science (“health personnel” OR “healthcare workers”) AND (“post-acute sequelae of COVID”) e Scopus, (((“trabalhadores de saúde”) AND (“(“post-acute sequelae of COVID”))), (((“healthcare workers”) AND (“mental health”) (tabela 1).

Tabela 1
Síntese das estratégias de busca e quantidade de artigos identificados em cada base de dados pesquisada

Adotaram-se como critérios de inclusão estudos que abordavam fatores condicionantes ou determinantes para repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde durante a Covid-19, publicados em inglês e espanhol. Não houve exclusão a priori de nenhuma abordagem metodológica, ou com base na localização geográfica e temporal.

Foram excluídos artigos que (1) não contemplavam a temática central (ou seja, não focados em saúde mental no cenário da Covid-19 e do LONG COVID); (2) não abordavam intervenção (por exemplo, estudos de prevalência, preparação para desastres, perda econômica); (3) que abordavam outros desastres relacionados à saúde e não relacionados a doenças (por exemplo, violência em massa, desastres naturais); (4) que abordavam tendências de saúde descritas como epidemias (por exemplo, obesidade). Assim como estudos não originais, como cartas ao editor, prefácios, comunicações breves, correções/erratas, comentários, editoriais, prelo, literatura cinzenta e artigos com texto completo indisponíveis.

Para a análise, os artigos identificados foram exportados para o Intelligent Systematic Review (RAYYAN)99 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 5(1). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
, um aplicativo desenvolvido para facilitar a triagem inicial de resumos e títulos. Procedeu-se à seleção dos estudos por meio da leitura dos títulos e dos resumos, observando-se os critérios de inclusão. A rotulagem e a filtragem de citações às cegas, foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes, com identificação automática de potencial duplicidade, sendo o conflito sanado por um terceiro avaliador.

O processo de seleção do estudo é descrito em um fluxograma (figura 1). O corpus final para análise foi constituído por 31 estudos. A partir da busca nas bases de dados, foram identificados 1.169 resultados, dos quais, 221 estavam duplicados. Com base na leitura de título e de resumo, 948 estudos foram avaliados, 788 excluídos por leitura de título, 102 excluídos por leitura de resumos e 58 incluídos na etapa final de leitura na íntegra, sendo excluídos 27 deles após leitura na íntegra, por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão.

Figura 1
Fluxograma PRISMA do processo de seleção de estudos

Os 31 artigos identificados no quadro 1 foram sistematizados em uma planilha do Excel (https://products.office.com/), contendo os seguintes termos: autor, país, fatores de risco e proteção para o sofrimento mental dos profissionais de saúde hospitalar no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19.

Quadro 1
Categoria analítica multivariável predisponente de maior risco e fatores protetivos para repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde (HCWs) hospitalar durante a pandemia da Covid-19, conforme autor, ano e país de publicação, 2022

Resultados

Caracterização geral dos artigos incluídos na revisão

Identificou-se que os estudos selecionados foram publicados entre 2020 e 2022, todos sob a forma de artigos. Os países que mais tiveram publicações foram Reino Unido1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1212 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1414 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
; EUA1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,1818 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689...
; China1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
; Índia2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
; Irã2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
; Turquia2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
; e Áustria2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2727 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
.

Quanto ao delineamento metodológico, foram obtidos 21 estudos quantitativos22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1414 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,1818 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2727 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
; sete qualitativos33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
e 3 mistos1212 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
.

Fatores individuais ou laborais associados a maior risco à saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde

INDIVIDUAIS

Características sociodemográficas associaram-se a maior predisposição a repercussões psicológicas, como ter comorbidades pré-existentes2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
, história psiquiátrica prévia1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
, ser mais jovem22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2727 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
, sexo feminino22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2727 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
, ter filhos33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
ser solteiro2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
, estado civil casado e com filhos2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
(quadro 1).

Além disso, o convívio direto com o acentuado sofrimento de pacientes e familiares, o sentimento de impotência diante desse sofrimento, preocupação com a segurança de familiares e colegas33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
, status de Covid-19 entre parentes de profissionais de saúde ou pessoas próximas3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
e ter menor escolaridade (graduação)2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
.

O luto pela morte de entes queridos ou pessoas próximas em decorrência da Covid-193232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
, trabalhadores de saúde juniores com menos de 2 anos de experiência profissional e/ou reduzida experiência clínica constituíram outros aspectos relacionados a maior risco3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
.

LABORAIS

Fatores ocupacionais condicionados a inadequadas jornadas de trabalho e de infraestrutura do ambiente hospitalar somaram-se aos potenciais riscos de contaminação no cuidado com os pacientes infectados pela Covid-19 e caracterizam-se como potenciais fatores determinantes para a amplificação das repercussões para a saúde mental e ocupacional dos profissionais de saúde22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
.

Entre as categorias profissionais, há ampla referência aos médicos e enfermeiros, e a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) foi mencionada em alguns estudos como o ambiente mais propenso a repercussões emocionais e psicológicas22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2727 Crevenna R. The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome. 2021. [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; Disponível em: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04841759.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
.

Cabe destacar que trabalhar em setores críticos da linha de frente, a exemplo dos departamentos de cuidados intensivos, emergência e clínicas de febre, em posições de alto risco22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
, disponibilidade insuficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual ou uso prolongado ou reutilização de EPI, equipe reduzida da linha de base e contato com pessoas infectadas por Covid-1933 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
, são fatores determinantes e condicionantes que são comumente associados ao desenvolvimento da Condição Pós-Covid-19, amplificando ainda mais o risco de distúrbios do sono, estresse, depressão e ansiedade entre os profissionais de saúde.

Experiências buscaram a padronização de técnicas e o gerenciamento da qualidade das ações em saúde e dos processos de trabalho22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
com a inclusão de novos fluxos e rotinas, com intervalos de descanso adequados1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
(redução da carga de trabalho), ambiente, organização do trabalho com arranjos de turnos de trabalho apropriados e flexíveis e divisão de atribuições entre as diferentes categorias, segurança ocupacional1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
(com disponibilidade de equipamentos de proteção individual, em qualidade e quantidade suficientes)1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
e oferecimento de auxílios materiais, como vaga de estacionamento ou transporte para traslado, hospedagem em hotel e refeições gratuitas3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
.

Aditivamente, o rastreamento dos profissionais com infecção assintomática (vigilância e monitoramento de sintomáticos ou assintomáticos, vigilância contínua dos distúrbios psicológicos, intervenções psicológicas e psicossociais em longo prazo) interrompe a cadeia de transmissão no ambiente laboral, reduzindo a propagação do vírus e, em prossecução, o absenteísmo, corroborando a proteção da saúde mental dos profissionais1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
.

O gerenciamento das relações interpessoais contemplou o apoio à construção de convívio e condições de trabalho de confiança e iniciativas para fortalecimento do autocuidado, mediante o reforço às habilidades de autogestão da saúde, com inclusão de prática de atividade física (aulas de ginásticas gratuitas, exercício de relaxamento, atividades recreativas organizadas pela instituição)33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1212 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
. Concomitantemente, para garantir o compartilhamento efetivo de informações33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
e o trabalho integrado por meio do apoio organizacional e institucional, treinamento em Covid-19, segurança no trabalho33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
e descanso suficiente1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
.

Fatores determinantes e principais repercussões psicológicas dos profissionais de saúde hospitalar

Os estudos expressaram uma sucessão de fatores determinantes relacionados aos riscos iminentes à saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde (Healthcare Workers – HCWs), laborais, sociais, familiares e individuais.

LABORAIS

A sobrecarga laboral nos serviços de saúde, com a ampliação de casos suspeitos e confirmados da Covid-19, tornou os setores de internamento superlotados, com profissionais de saúde esgotados e mais suscetíveis às variações emocionais, implicações psicológicas e psiquiátricas22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
. Entre as preocupações, citam-se: o risco de exposição ao Sars-CoV-2 para si, familiares e amigos, medo de contaminação1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
, medo de morrer, falta de EPI e insumos, longas jornadas de trabalho22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
, falta de treinamento adequado, incerteza, insegurança laboral33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
, mudança de função e realocação para novos setores e o uso dos EPI por tempo prolongado2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
.

Foram identificadas implicações e demandas gerais em torno das frequentes modificações dos protocolos de atendimento e do uso dos EPI, insegurança no ambiente de trabalho33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
, falta de informação33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
, falta de apoio organizacional, institucional, comunicação deficiente1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
e premências de treinamento33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
. Limitações operacionais referentes à oferta de testes e à falta de testagem regular repercutiram em esgotamento físico e mental, com implicações para a saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
.

Não obstante, para atender ao aumento da demanda de pacientes infectados com Covid-19, o compartilhamento de procedimentos com outros colegas, a indisponibilidade de ampliação de profissionais para atuar nas equipes, principalmente em setores críticos, e a escassez de pessoal foram descritos nos estudos examinados como outros fatores determinantes para o sofrimento mental33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
.

Ambientes com alta hierarquização de poder entre as categorias profissionais, perda de direitos trabalhistas, salários baixos22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
, ampliação de contratos com vínculos de trabalho precarizados e sem garantias trabalhistas, falta de estabilidade no emprego22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
. O fortalecimento da terceirização do trabalho, e do trabalhador just-in-time, presente no processo de uberização11 Helioterio MC, Lopes FQ, Sousa CC, et al. Covid-19: por que a proteção de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde é prioritária no combate à pandemia? Trab. Educ. Saúde. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 18(3). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol00289.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-7746-sol002...
, representou condição potencializadora para repercussões psicológicas.

SOCIAIS

O contexto social e a divulgação de fake news, mídias digitais44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
, falta de informação1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
, estigmatização33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
, dilemas éticos e morais2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
e a ausência de um tratamento adequado colaboraram para amplificar um cenário de medo e insegurança entre os profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
. Ademais, conflitos morais1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
, fadiga física e mental1818 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689...
, isolamento no trabalho e na vida social2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2626 Htay MN, Marzo RR, AlRifai A, et al. Immediate impact of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors among healthcare workers: a global perspective across 31 countries. J. Global Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 10(2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381.
https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020381...
,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
, restrição e falta de tempo para atividade física, lazer33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
, falta de apoio1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
para administrar os compromissos pessoais e domésticos consigo mesmo e com a família22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
, luto devido à morte de entes queridos em decorrência da Covid-19, experiências negativas ou testemunho de mortes2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
ocasionaram repercussões psicológicas diretamente relacionadas com exaustão mental, ansiedade e depressão.

FAMILIARES

O medo e o risco aumentado de ser infectado, adoecer, morrer e de infectar familiares e/ou amigos, perda de familiares e amigos, sofrer abandono nas relações interpessoais, separação dos seus familiares são preponderantes para o gênero feminino, para o qual acrescentam-se os transtornos do sono, ansiedade e depressão, em comparação ao gênero masculino22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
. Apesar das atribuições do trabalho em saúde, as mulheres assumem maiores responsabilidades nos serviços domésticos e no cuidado com os filhos1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1717 Kanellopoulos D, Solomonov N, Ritholtz S, et al. The CopeNYP program: a model for brief treatment of psychological distress among healthcare workers and hospital staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (73):24-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.09.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2...
,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
.

Segundo os estudos22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1313 Ollis L, Shanahan P. Stress, psychological distress and support in a health care organization during Covid 19: a cross sectional study. J. Nursing Manag. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 30(2):359-66. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13526...
,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3939 Kavoor AR, Chakravarthy K, John T. Remote consultations in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary experience in a regional Australian public acute mental health care setting. Asian J. Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (51):102074. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102074.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.10207...
, os profissionais de saúde que estão na linha de frente no combate à Covid-19 tendem a sofrer maior impacto negativo e pressões psicológicas, afetando a sua saúde mental, ficando mais vulneráveis a ansiedade, depressão, medo e insônia que podem acarretar uma possível síndrome de burnout.

Os profissionais de saúde, em sua maioria mulheres – que estão na linha de frente da assistência, foram submetidos a vários eventos estressores complementares durante o processo de cuidado de usuários suspeitos e/ ou infectados com Covid-1933 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
. Outro importante determinante apontado foi o tipo de cargo exercido. Há um risco consideravelmente maior de ansiedade entre enfermeiras e técnicas de enfermagem, eventualmente, pelo maior tempo despendido no cuidado prestado aos pacientes infectados, além de haver prevalência do gênero feminino nessa categoria profissional. Esses fatores contribuíram para o aumento de casos de doenças psicológicas, como exaustão mental, síndrome de burnout, depressão, ansiedade, transtorno do estresse pós-traumático, ideações suicidas e automutilação22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
,33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
,44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
,55 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
,2323 Raoofi S, Pashazadeh Kan F, Rafiei S, et al. Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis. BMJ Sup & Pal Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (13):127-135. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-0...
,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
,2424 Kheradmand A, Mahjani M, Pirsalehi A, et al. Mental health status among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian J. Psych. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 16(3):250-259. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6250...
,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
,3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
.

Quadro 2 Síntese dos fatores de risco determinantes e condicionantes para repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde hospitalar durante a pandemia da Covid-19, conforme autor, ano e país de publicação
Autor/Ano País Fatores determinantes para sofrimento mental
Rahman, Ashikur, 2022 Bangladesh

Laborais: Risco de infecção e de morte; Contato direto com o paciente/Alto risco de exposição; Número de indivíduos infectados, falecidos ou afetados por esse vírus; Trabalhar em pronto-socorro ou UTI; Medo de se infectar e infectar familiares e outras pessoas; Falta de (EPI) adequado para a segurança ocupacional e de insumos; Falta de tratamento específico para Covid-19; Cargas de trabalho excessivas; Escassez de pessoal; Óbitos excessivos de pacientes; Falta de conhecimento sobre a Covid-19; Menor tempo de descanso.

Sociais: Preconceito e descaso da sociedade e de familiares; Estigma; Atividades ao ar livre restritas.

Familiares: Perda da renda; Perda de familiares e amigos.

Chew, Nicholas WS et al., 2020 Cingapura/ Índia

Laborais: Baixa remuneração; uso e desconforto dos EPIs por períodos prolongados.

Sociais: Medo de infectar familiares, colegas e outras pessoas; Estigma.

Phiri, Peter et al., 2021 Reino Unido

Laborais: Trabalhar em unidades de alto risco e na linha de frente.

Sociais: Mídias sociais.

Gupta B et al., 2020 Índia

Laborais: Falta de EPI adequado, uso prolongado e reutilização; Falta de infraestrutura adequada; Falta de unidades de terapia intensiva essenciais; Trabalhar na linha de frente; Aumento da carga de trabalho; Diretrizes em rápida mudança sobre transmissão e tratamento de doenças; Natureza emergencial do trabalho; Incerteza; Insegurança laboral.

Sociais: Estigmatização; Dilemas éticos; Isolamento; Medo de contrair a infecção ou transmiti-la para suas famílias.

Familiares: Separação da família; Pressão mental para cumprir as responsabilidades domésticas; Preocupação com segurança de suas famílias durante a pandemia de Covid-19.

Awano N et al., 2020 Japão

Laborais: Falta de EPI; Trabalhar em posições de alto risco; Tratar pacientes com Covid-19; Medo de se infectar e infectar seus familiares.

Sociais: Isolamento social; Experiências negativas repetidas ou testemunhar a morte.

Familiar: Angústia pela perda de pacientes e colegas.

Raoofi S et al., 2021 Irã

Laborais: Exposição ao vírus; Risco de exposição a sangue contaminado ou amostras infectadas; Escassez de EPI; Falta de materiais educativos ineficazes para fins de e-learning e de dispositivos médicos; Carga de trabalho pesada; Necessidade de trabalhar com rigorosas medidas de segurança; infraestrutura do local de trabalho; Acesso inadequado às instalações de saúde; prestar cuidados diretamente a pacientes infectados.

Sociais: Preocupação em se infectar e transmitir a infecção a um familiar vulnerável.

Doherty AM et al., 2022 Irlanda

Laborais: longas jornadas de trabalho; Trabalhar na linha de frente; Baixo número de funcionários de linha de base; Rotatividade da equipe;

Preocupações com a mudança de ênfase dos cuidados não Covid.

Chow KM et al., 2020 China Laborais: Trabalhar na linha de frente; Carga de trabalho pesada; Medo em se infectar e infectar familiares; Testemunhar as condições precárias e deterioradas de seus pacientes; Testemunhar perda da vida de seus pacientes; Preocupações com as condições dos pacientes e sentimento de impotência na prestação de cuidados de qualidade; Exigência de usar EPIs por longas horas, com sensação de superaquecimento e desconforto; Oferta inadequada de EPIs.
Pappa S; Sakkas N & Sakka E, 2022 Reino Unido

Laborais: Medo e risco de infecção e danos morais; Trabalhar na linha de frente; Contato direto com pacientes com Covid-19; Preocupações de saúde mental atuais ou passadas; Pressões de trabalho; Má qualidade do sono; Horários de trabalho incomuns; Exposição a turnos noturnos; Falta ou escassez de EPI; Falta de suporte profissional adequado; Falta de protocolo hospitalar; Falta de comunicação clara.

Sociais: Menor status socioeconômico; Falta de informações; Baixo apoio social; Estigmatização; Isolamento social.

Siddiqui I et al., 2021 Reino Unido

Laborais: Falta de EPIs; Preocupações com a exposição do vírus para si, familiares e pacientes; Falta de testagem; Falta de informação; Falta de treinamento do uso de EPI e de educação sobre a eficácia de diferentes níveis de EPI; Mudanças nas diretrizes sobre o uso de EPI; Preocupações sobre o impacto da redução da prestação habitual de serviços de saúde nos pacientes.

Sociais: Mídia social, por seu papel na disseminação de informações imprecisas; Comunicação deficiente; Novas incertezas clínicas específicas da pandemia.

Oktay Arslan B et al., 2021 Turquia

Laborais: Profissionais na linha de frente; Trabalhar em UTI; Medo de transmissão para familiares; Contato direto com os pacientes com Covid-19; Longas jornadas de trabalho; Pressão psicológica; Risco aumentado de contágio; Medo excessivo de ficar sem suprimentos; Escassez de conhecimento disponível.

Sociais: Isolamento; Incerteza sobre o curso da pandemia.

Familiares: Ter que se separar dos familiares durante a pandemia.

Weibelzahl S; Reiter J & Duden G, 2021 Alemanha

Laborais: Funcionários da linha de frente; Preocupação em infectar familiares; Medos e incertezas quanto à mortalidade e morbidade da doença;

Enfrentar a morte de colega; Intolerância à incerteza; Esgotamento de EPIs; Falta de outros recursos médicos, como medicamentos específicos, ventiladores e leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva; Mudanças nas práticas de trabalho, como ter que se ajustar ao uso de EPIs e redistribuição; Insegurança no trabalho; Condições médicas pré-existentes.

Sociais: Problemas de comunicação decorrentes de informações que mudam rapidamente ou falta de informações atualizadas.

Murray E et al., 2022 Reino Unido Laborais: Fadiga; Pressão severa nos sistemas de saúde; Covid longa (que prejudica significativamente a capacidade de trabalhar, cuidar de seus filhos ou se envolver em outras atividades).
De Brier N et al., 2020 Bélgica

Laborais: Contato direto com pacientes; Profissionais de saúde expostos ao coronavírus; Insatisfação com os procedimentos; Mudanças nas demandas de trabalho; Trabalho em unidades de alto risco; Alto risco de exposição e trabalho na linha de frente; Medo ou percebem mais risco de se infectar ou infectar outras pessoas, familiares; Horas de trabalho por semana; Recrutamento involuntário para uma unidade de alto risco Medidas de precaução ou procedimentos hospitalares.

Sociais: Quarentena; Isolamento social; Estigma; Incerteza sobre o controle eficaz da doença da atual pandemia Covid-19.

Htay MNN et al., 2020 Turquia

Laborais: Sobrecarga nos setores; Alto risco de infecção; Preocupação de transmitir infecções aos familiares; Trabalhar na unidade de terapia Intensiva (UTI).

Sociais: Ficar sozinho, isolado.

Grabbe L et al. 2021 EUA Laborais: Trabalhadores da linha de frente; Pressão severa; Recursos inadequados; Medo de infecção; Nível de exposição; Conflitos morais.
Benzakour L et al., 2022 Suíça

Laborais: Sobrecarga de trabalho; Incerteza sobre a duração da pandemia; Necessidade de adaptação à nova gestão do cuidado devido ao surto;

Falta de conhecimento sobre a Covid-19; Processos de trabalho ineficientes; Nível de exposição ao vírus; Condições de trabalho muito instáveis e intensas (suspensão de férias por tempo indeterminado); Encargos administrativos; Restrição de contatos sociais e lazer fora do hospital; Rejeição de familiares por medo de contaminação; Comorbidades pré-existentes.

Sociais: Quarentena; Risco de transmissão do vírus para entes queridos.

Dal’Bosco EB et. al., 2020 Brasil

Laborais: Sobrecarga de trabalho; Capacitação para os protocolos determinados; Trabalhadores que estão na linha de frente; Atuar em setores críticos; Exposição a risco de infecção pelo vírus; Mudanças repentinas de função; Baixos salários; Falta de estabilidade no emprego. Instabilidade ou agravamento do estado de saúde dos pacientes; Fadiga física e mental; Necessidade do uso contínuo de EPIs.

Sociais: Administrar os compromissos pessoais e domésticos consigo mesmo e com a família.

Familiares: Afastamento da família.

Robles R et al., 2021 México

Laborais: Profissionais de saúde da linha de frente.

Familiares: Violência social e doméstica; luto por causa da Covid-19, devido à morte de entes queridos.

Kheradmand A et al., 2021 Irã

Laborais: Trabalhar em ambientes estressantes, como enfermarias indicadas para Covid-19; Profissionais de saúde da linha de frente; Número insuficiente de respiradores nas unidades médicas; Crescente taxa de mortalidade relacionada à Covid-19; Sobrecarga de trabalho; Falta de EPI; Iminente escassez de medidas preventivas de controle; Trabalhar com acomodações insuficientes; Exposição ao vírus; Estar em contato com pacientes com Covid-19 nos departamentos de saúde.

Sociais: Estigmatização; Percepções de vulnerabilidade pessoal.

Juan, Yang et al., 2020 China

Laborais: Indivíduos que trabalham em enfermarias de isolamento; Medo de ir para casa por medo de infectar a família; Incerteza sobre modificação frequente de procedimentos de infecção e controle; Treinamento menos intensivo em EPI; Relutância em trabalhar ou resignação considerada.

Sociais: Indivíduos do grupo de baixa renda; Estigmatização e rejeição na vizinhança por causa do trabalho no hospital; Quarentena.

Prasad K et al., 2021 EUA

Laborais: Alto risco de exposição/Trabalhar na linha de frente; Sobrecarga de trabalho associada ao atendimento de pacientes com Covid-19; Medo da exposição.

Familiares: Donas de casa; Alta de atenção ao trabalho de ‘turno duplo’ com altas cargas de trabalho em casa.

Carmassi CL et al., 2020 Itália

Laborais: Nível de exposição (como trabalhar em enfermarias de alto risco ou em ambientes de linha de frente durante os surtos de Coronavírus); Tratamento e atendimento de pacientes com Covid-19; Função ocupacional (enfermeiros).

Sociais: Quarentena, isolamento; História psiquiátrica prévia; Estigma.

O’Sullivan, O et al., 2021 EUA

Laborais: Falta de confiabilidade dos testes.

Sociais: Fadiga intrusiva; Falta de apoio de pares; Não receber confirmação laboratorial de seu diagnóstico; Dificuldade em acessar suporte médico sem diagnóstico confirmado; Falta de confiabilidade dos testes.

Ollis L; Shanahan P, 2022 Reino Unido

Laborais: Profissionais de saúde que trabalham na linha de frente; Volume de trabalho com a pressão adicional de ter que lidar com desafios sem treinamento ou orientação adequados; Protocolos em constante mudança; Novos ambientes de trabalho e exposição ao trauma; Contato físico com pacientes; Problemas com o fornecimento e a escassez de EPI e falta de treinamento; Alta carga de trabalho;

Sociais: Falta de apoio.

Azoulay E et al., 2021 França

Laborais: Trabalhar na UTI; Medo de se infectar ou de infectar familiares e amigos; Medo de morrer; Sentir-se pressionado por motivos relacionados ao surto; Pressão e tensão persistentes. Intenção de sair da UTI; Lassidão (Fadiga resultante de longo esforço físico, esgotamento, exaustão física e mental; Condições de trabalho; Falta de equipamentos; Falta de leitos resultando na necessidade de triagem; Aumento do número de funcionários em licença médica ou deixando a profissão resulta em escassez de pessoal; Trabalhar em condições difíceis; Carga de trabalho; Tristeza por não poder deixar as famílias de pacientes infectados entrarem para se despedir; Dor de perder colegas para a doença; Falta de descanso suficiente; Aumento do número de pacientes.

Sociais: Tristeza pelo número incomumente alto de mortes; Medo de transmitir o vírus para a família; Mídias sociais; Desafios de comunicação e isolamento.

Familiares: Incapacidade em cuidar da família.

Kanellopoulos, Dora et al., 2021 EUA

Laborais: Responsabilidades de trabalho em rápida mudança; Medo de contrair o vírus e/ou infectar paciente e ou pessoas importantes; Sentimento de impotência; Funcionários que foram transferidos para (UTIs) recém-criadas devido ao rápido fluxo de pacientes.

Sociais: Incerteza de um novo vírus.

Familiares: Morte de familiares, entes queridos e colegas; Interrupção na disponibilidade de cuidados infantis; Sistemas escolares e outros serviços de cuidadores familiares; Responsabilidade de cuidar dos filhos.

Crevenna R et al., 2021 Áustria Laborais: Síndrome de fadiga pós-Covid (LONG COVID); Maior risco de contrair Sars-CoV-2.
Crowe S. et al., 2021 Canadá

Laborais: Comunicação esmagadora e pouco clara; Enfermeiros em cuidados intensivos; Alocação de recursos; Sobrecarga de trabalho; Planejamento de tratamento e dilemas éticos; Incerteza no gerenciamento de um vírus novo; Atender às necessidades de atendimento ao paciente de novas maneiras, mantendo-se seguro (mudanças sem precedentes em suas rotinas de trabalho do dia a dia); Proibição de visitas de familiares aos pacientes (permissão de visitas somente no fim de vida dos pacientes); Falta de apoio dos colegas; Escassez de EPIs e a necessidade de usar EPIs diferentes, gerando desconforto; Ter que chegar cedo e sair tarde do trabalho para trocar de roupa e minimizar o risco de transmissão da Covid-19 para pacientes, funcionários e suas próprias famílias.

Sociais: Protocolos de distanciamento social; Estigmatização por amigos e familiares por trabalharem na unidade Covid.

Familiares: Administrar os compromissos pessoais e domésticos consigo mesmos e com a família; A mudança para crianças em casa; Conectar-se com familiares.

Cabarkapa S; King JA & Ng CH, 2020 Áustria

Laborais: Alto risco de infecção; Trabalhar na linha de frente; Funcionários com contato direto com pacientes infectados; Cargas de trabalho excessivas; Medo de ser infectado; Medo de espalhar o vírus para suas famílias; Medo da incerteza; Trabalho em turnos e ambientes de trabalho de alta pressão; Dificuldades de acesso a suprimentos adequados de (EPI); Proteção insuficiente; ônus de aderir a medidas de proteção rígidas.

Sociais: Restrições sociais; Isolamento social e quarentena; Estigma; Mídia social; Dilemas morais; Impactos financeiros adversos.

Cabarkapa, Sonja, 2020 Austrália

Laborais: Funcionários da linha de frente; O alto grau de incerteza associado a novos patógenos; Alto risco de infecção; Medo de se espalhar para suas famílias; Aumento do estresse no trabalho; Contato direto com pacientes infectados; Medo do desconhecido, de se infectar e de ameaças à própria mortalidade; Longas horas de trabalho; Equipamento de proteção pesado.

Sociais: Discriminação da sociedade; Estigma; Isolamento social (isolar de suas famílias); Dilemas morais.

Familiares: Falta de apoio familiar.

  • Fonte: elaboração própria.
  • A equipe médica da linha de frente (que trabalha em isolamento respiratório, emergência, UTI Covid e infectologia) apresentou mais implicações para a sua saúde mental (medo, estresse, Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático – TEPT, somatização, ansiedade e depressão)22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
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    , nesses profissionais.

    As principais repercussões psicológicas para os profissionais expostos à Covid-19 abrangeram: ansiedade22 Dal’Bosco EB, Floriano LS, Skupien SV, et al. Mental health of nursing in coping with COVID-19 at a regional university hospital. Rev Bras Enfermagem. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 73(supl2). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0434.
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    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
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    ,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
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    ,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
    ,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
    https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
    ,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
    https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
    ,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
    ,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
    ,3333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
    .

    Outras com menores citações nos estudos incluíram o transtorno de ansiedade generalizada1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
    ,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
    https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
    , distúrbios do sono33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    ,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
    ,1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
    ,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
    ,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
    https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
    , exaustão mental3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
    ,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
    ,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
    ,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
    , transtorno de somatização1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
    ,2020 Juan Y, Yuanyuan C, Qiuxiang Y, et al. Psychological distress surveillance and related impact analysis of hospital staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing, China. Comprehensive Psych. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (103):152198. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020...
    ,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
    https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
    ,3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
    , disfunções cognitivas1818 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689...
    , medo33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    ,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
    ,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
    https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
    ,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
    , angústia1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
    ,1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
    ,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
    https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
    ,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
    ,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
    , nervosismo e/ou irritabilidade33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    ,3030 Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epid and Infect. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (149):E46. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268821000303.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026882100030...
    , abuso de álcool de drogas44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
    https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
    ,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
    , pensamentos suicidas33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    ,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
    , suicídio33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    ,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
    , letargia2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
    , pânico33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    , trauma vicário3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
    , raiva44 Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, et al. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clinic. Med. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 21(1):66-72. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0502.
    https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-050...
    ,1010 Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S, et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (34):100806. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100806.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
    ,3131 De Brier N, Stroobants S, Vandekerckhove P, et al. Factors affecting mental health of health care workers during coronavirus disease outbreaks (SARS, MERS & COVID-19): A rapid systematic review. PLOS ONE. 2020 [acesso em 11 nov 2022]; 15(12):e0244052. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244052.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024...
    , transtorno obsessivo compulsivo1919 Chow KM, Law BM, Ng MS, et al. A review of psychological issues among patients and healthcare staff during two major coronavirus disease outbreaks in china: contributory factors and management strategies. Inter J. Envi Rese Pub. Health. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 17(18):6673. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186673...
    ,2828 Cabarkapa S, King JA, Ng CH. The psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. Austr. J. Gen Pract. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 49(12):791-5. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531.
    https://doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-07-20-5531...
    , burnout1111 Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]. 91:237-245. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945721003919?via%3Dihub.
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
    ,1515 Grabbe L, Higgins MK, Baird M, et al. Impact of a resiliency training to support the mental well-being of front-line workers. Medical Care. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(7):616-21. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000001535.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.000000000000...
    ,1616 Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among U.S. healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMed. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (35):100879. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.10...
    ,2121 Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, Behav. Immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (88):559-65. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.04...
    ,3737 Doherty AM, Colleran GC, Durcan L, et al. A pilot study of burnout and long covid in senior specialist doctors. Ir. j. med. Sci. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (191):133-137. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594-3.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02594...
    ,3838 Benzakour L, Langlois G, Marini V, et al. Implementation of a psychiatric consultation for healthcare workers during first wave of COVID-19 outbreak. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(8):4780. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084780...
    , fadiga33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    ,1212 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
    https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057...
    ,1818 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689...
    ,2222 Gupta B, Sharma V, Kumar N, et al. Anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in India: cross-sectional online survey. JMIR. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 6(4):e24206. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2196/24206.
    https://doi.org/10.2196/24206...
    ,2929 Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, et al. Anxiety, depression, and resilience of healthcare workers in japan during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Inter. Med. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 59(21):2693-9. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5694-20.
    https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine...
    , distúrbio do humor1818 O’Sullivan O, Barker-Davies RM, Thompson K, et al. Reabilitação pós-COVID-19: observações transversais usando a ferramenta de avaliação remota do Stanford Hall. BMJ Mil Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 169(3):243-248. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689/.
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34039689...
    , névoa cerebral1212 Murray E, Goodfellow H, Bindman J, et al. Development, deployment and evaluation of digitally enabled, remote, supported rehabilitation for people with long COVID-19 (Living With COVID-19 Recovery): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 12(2):e057408. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057408.
    https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057...
    , inquietação33 Rahman A. A scoping review of COVID-19-related stress coping resources among nurses. Inter J. Nursing Scienc. 2022 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 9(2):259-67. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02.008.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.02....
    e fobia2525 Oktay Arslan B, Batum Ö, Varol Y, et al. COVID-19 phobia in healthcare workers; a cross-sectional study from a pandemic hospital. Tuberk Toraks. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 69(2):207-16. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810.
    https://doi.org/10.5578/tt.20219810...
    .

    Figura 2
    Principais repercussões psicológicas em profissionais de saúde hospitalar durante a pandemia da Covid-19

    Discussão

    Os resultados desta revisão demonstram que os profissionais de saúde (HCWs) são o grupo mais vulnerável para contaminação por Covid-19 e o maior grupo ocupacional de pessoas com riscos de repercussões psicológicas prolongadas, decorrentes de efeitos negativos relacionados aos fatores determinantes associados às mudanças no trabalho. As novas condições para execução do trabalho desencadearam uma extensa lista de possíveis transtornos, sofrimento psíquico, estresse, angústia, insônia e medo, marcados por um prognóstico ainda incerto3232 Robles R, Morales-Chainé S, Bosch A, et al. Mental health problems among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers and the other country-level epidemics: the case of Mexico. Inter J. Env Res and Public Health. 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 19(1):421. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421.
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010421...
    , associados a condições sociais, organizacionais e laborais.

    Cabe reiterar a ênfase para a análise de fatores organizacionais e institucionais relacionados ao processo de trabalho que podem modular o adoecimento dos profissionais de saúde que estão na linha de frente, tendo em vista que regras, rotinas e valores conferem legitimidade, estabilidade e significado à forma como os indivíduos agem e se comunicam dentro das organizações.

    Cabe situar que, com as mudanças na lógica organizacional durante a resposta à crise, o foco interpretativo perpassa o ambiente de trabalho e o repertório de risco, assim como fatores relacionados a elementos regulatórios, normativos e cognitivos que afetaram as decisões (majoritariamente rotuladas como uma organização de cima para baixo), os comportamentos e as posições profissionais nas instituições hospitalares. À medida que ‘novos’ departamentos eram construídos ou novas formas de organizar o fluxo de pacientes eram criadas, funcionários de todas as categorias e especialidades eram deslocados de suas unidades de trabalho regulares4040 Jacobsson M, Härgestam M, Bååthe F, et al. Organizational logics in time of crises: How physicians narrate the healthcare response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Swedish hospitals. BMC. 2022 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 22(1). Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08094-z.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08094...
    .

    Nesse sentido, nas análises dos estudos, identificaram-se em categorias como enfermeiros e médicos ampliações das repercussões psicológicas na pandemia da Covid-19 e na condição pós-Covid-193333 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Reignier J, et al. Symptoms of mental health disorders in critical care physicians facing the second COVID-19 wave. Chest 2021 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; 160(3):944-55. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.023.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.05....
    ,3434 Carmassi C, Foghi C, Dell’Oste V, et al. PTSD symptoms in healthcare workers facing the three coronavirus outbreaks: What can we expect after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (292):113312. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113312.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020....
    ,3535 Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Inten. Crit. Care Nursing. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]: (63):102999. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102999.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.1029...
    . Sem desconsiderar que as decisões laborais e as repercussões psicológicas são influenciadas pelas relações sociais e interpessoais dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho.

    Estudos com resultados semelhantes4141 Buselli R, Corsi M, Veltri A, et al. Mental health of Health Care Workers (HCWs): a review of organizational interventions put in place by local institutions to cope with new psychosocial challenges resulting from COVID-19. Psych. Research. 2021 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 299:113847. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113847.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021....
    ,4242 Walton M, Murray E, Christian MD. Mental health care for medical staff and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care. 2020 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 9(3):241-7. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620922795.
    https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620922795...
    apontam como preocupações de saúde pública os sinais de estresse ocupacional e alertam para a necessidade de esforços para melhorar a qualidade do equilíbrio entre vida profissional e pessoal, mesmo diante de um longo cenário de pandemia e suas consequências ao longo dos anos. Em outro estudo, os autores sistematizaram a eficácia do treinamento e das intervenções organizacionais para aliviar o impacto negativo da Covid-19 no trabalho. As intervenções diminuíram significativamente a força percebida da crise da Covid-19 e aumentaram a relevância do trabalho para a equipe médica em uma UTI, encarregada de cuidar de pacientes com Covid-19 em estado crítico4343 Liu D, Chen Y, Li N. Tackling the negative impact of COVID-19 on work engagement and taking charge: A multi-study investigation of frontline health workers. J. appl. psychol. 2021 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 106(2):185-98. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000866.
    https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000866...
    .

    Nota-se que a atenção psicológica aos profissionais precisa ser contínua, e, no contexto da pandemia, torna-se imprescindível para que se garanta que o indivíduo tenha condições, de fato, para desenvolver cuidados aos usuários no contexto hospitalar3636 Cabarkapa S, Nadjidai SE, Murgier J, et al. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain behav. immun. 2020 [acesso em 2022 ago 11]; (8):100144. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100144.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.1001...
    . Por outro lado, persiste uma preocupação com relação à adequação da oferta sistemática de acompanhamento psicológico aos profissionais de saúde que atuam nos setores críticos, haja vista que muitas organizações de saúde já comprometeram recursos para o bem-estar dos profissionais de saúde, mas poucas publicaram seus protocolos de intervenção. A maioria optou por serviços de linha de apoio, geralmente aplicáveis e eficazes para problemas sociais e psicológicos urgentes.

    O monitoramento regular, mediante a testagem laboratorial dos profissionais de saúde, torna-se imprescindível, permitindo maior agilidade na reorganização da força de trabalho, uma vez que aqueles com resultado do teste negativo para Covid-19 retornam mais rapidamente às suas atividades laborais. Aditivamente, o rastreamento dos profissionais com infecção assintomática (vigilância e monitoramento de sintomáticos ou assintomáticos, vigilância contínua dos distúrbios psicológicos, intervenções psicológicas e psicossociais em longo prazo) interrompe a cadeia de transmissão no ambiente laboral, reduzindo a propagação do vírus e, em prossecução, o absenteísmo, colaborando para a proteção da saúde mental dos profissionais37.

    O aumento da jornada de trabalho, a redistribuição e o estigma ocupacional foram associados à saúde mental adversa. Nesse contexto, estudos4444 Blanchard J, Li Y, Bentley SK, et al. The perceived work environment and well-being – a survey of emergency healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acad Emer Med. 2022 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; (29):851-861. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14519.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14519...
    ,4545 Labrague LJ, Santos JA. Fear of COVID 19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. J. of Nurs. Manag. 2020 [acesso em 2022 nov 12]; 29(3):395-403. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168...
    recomendam estratégias de organização orientadas para o relacionamento (por exemplo, apoio aos trabalhadores e suas famílias, comunicação transparente e compensação aos trabalhadores) durante uma pandemia, para preservação da saúde mental.

    Considerações finais

    O estudo retratou e sintetizou as multivariáveis de maior risco e os fatores de proteção à saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar em tempos de Covid-19 associados a fatores determinantes e condicionantes de risco identificados nos âmbitos organizacional, social e pessoal.

    Reconhecem-se as limitações deste estudo devido à falta de pesquisas anteriores sobre o tema abordado, considerando as novas lacunas provenientes do contexto inusitado de uma pandemia dessa magnitude. Desse modo, ressalta-se a importância de estudos observacionais longitudinais de longo alcance e ensaios clínicos para ampliar as evidências empíricas para que os formuladores de políticas respondam oportunamente a outras pandemias.

    Ao considerar os fatores determinantes para o adoecimento psíquico nos profissionais de saúde no contexto hospitalar, os achados desta revisão podem constituir uma das iniciativas para subsidiar reflexões acerca da necessidade de construção de parâmetros para o monitoramento contínuo da saúde mental ancorados em políticas hospitalares. Estas, inclusive, podem ser adaptáveis para uso presencial ou em plataformas digitais, conforme as necessidades dos profissionais de saúde e a capacidade técnica dos hospitais, pois as repercussões psicológicas e psicossociais da pandemia de Covid-19 podem ter efeitos mais duradouros do que o esperado.

    Assim, o desafio consiste, fundamentalmente, na atualização de respostas institucionais, por meio de diretrizes e fortalecimento de competências, para estabelecer um processo de monitoramento contínuo dos fatores de risco para repercussões mentais, em curto e longo prazos, que impactarão (ou já estão impactando) a força de trabalho, neste momento, ou ante outras situações que exijam a transformação rápida de processos de cuidado e de trabalho nos serviços de saúde.

    • *
      Orcid (Open Researcher and Contributor ID).
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    Datas de Publicação

    • Publicação nesta coleção
      15 Set 2023
    • Data do Fascículo
      Jul-Sep 2023

    Histórico

    • Recebido
      17 Nov 2022
    • Aceito
      04 Maio 2023
    Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde Av. Brasil, 4036, sala 802, 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro - RJ Brasil, Tel. 55 21-3882-9140, Fax.55 21-2260-3782 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
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