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An imroved design for ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch

Abstracts

This paper proposes an improved design to calculate the snubber auxiliary elements of ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch. The proposed improved design guidelines are based on the reduction of the conduction losses through the auxiliary circuit. It is accomplished by the unique location of the turn-off snubber capacitor, which is shared by both active switches. By means of this improved design guidelines the converter efficiency can be increased. An efficiency comparative analysis is carried out and the experimental results, obtained from 1 kW, 100 kHz laboratory prototypes, show a relevant improvement in converter efficiency compared to the original converter design. In addition, experimental results also confirm that with the improved design the ZVT PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch can be competitive with ZVT PWM converters with constant auxiliary voltage source (True PWM ZVS pole).

Soft-switching; ZVT; converters design


Este artigo propõe uma metodologia de projeto aprimorada para determinação dos componentes auxiliares para o conversor ZVT CC-CC PWM snubber assisted auxiliary switch. O procedimento de projeto proposto é baseado na redução das perdas de condução no circuito auxiliar. Isto é somente possível devido à localização do capacitor snubber de bloqueio, o qual é compartilhado por ambas as chaves ativas. Através do procedimento de projeto proposto o rendimento do conversor pode ser aumentado. Uma análise comparativa do rendimento é apresentada e os resultados experimentais, obtidos de protótipos de laboratório de 1 kW, 100 kHz, mostram uma melhoria relevante em relação ao rendimento apresentado pelo projeto original. Além disso, os resultados experimentais também confirmam que o projeto proposto para o conversor ZVT snubber assisted auxiliary switch torna-o competitivo em relação ao conversor ZVT PWM com fonte auxiliar de tensão constante (true PWM ZVS pole).

Comutação suave; ZVT; projeto de conversores


ELETRÔNICA DE POTÊNCIA

An imroved design for ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch

J. Russi; M. L. Martins; H. A. Gründling; H. Pinheiro; J. R. Pinheiro; H. L. Hey

Power Electronics and Control Research Group - GEPOC; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; 97105-900 - Santa Maria - RS – Brazil; mariolsm@terra.com.br, jumar.russi@bol.com.br, hey@ctlab.ufsm.br - www.ufsm.br/gepoc

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes an improved design to calculate the snubber auxiliary elements of ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch. The proposed improved design guidelines are based on the reduction of the conduction losses through the auxiliary circuit. It is accomplished by the unique location of the turn-off snubber capacitor, which is shared by both active switches. By means of this improved design guidelines the converter efficiency can be increased.

An efficiency comparative analysis is carried out and the experimental results, obtained from 1 kW, 100 kHz laboratory prototypes, show a relevant improvement in converter efficiency compared to the original converter design. In addition, experimental results also confirm that with the improved design the ZVT PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch can be competitive with ZVT PWM converters with constant auxiliary voltage source (True PWM ZVS pole).

Keywords: Soft-switching, ZVT, converters design.

RESUMO

Este artigo propõe uma metodologia de projeto aprimorada para determinação dos componentes auxiliares para o conversor ZVT CC-CC PWM snubber assisted auxiliary switch. O procedimento de projeto proposto é baseado na redução das perdas de condução no circuito auxiliar. Isto é somente possível devido à localização do capacitor snubber de bloqueio, o qual é compartilhado por ambas as chaves ativas. Através do procedimento de projeto proposto o rendimento do conversor pode ser aumentado.

Uma análise comparativa do rendimento é apresentada e os resultados experimentais, obtidos de protótipos de laboratório de 1 kW, 100 kHz, mostram uma melhoria relevante em relação ao rendimento apresentado pelo projeto original. Além disso, os resultados experimentais também confirmam que o projeto proposto para o conversor ZVT snubber assisted auxiliary switch torna-o competitivo em relação ao conversor ZVT PWM com fonte auxiliar de tensão constante (true PWM ZVS pole).

Palavras-chave: Comutação suave, ZVT, projeto de conversores.

1 INTRODUCTION

With the aim of obtaining an improvement in overall performance of the PWM converters and further a reduction in size and weight of these power converters, soft-switching techniques have been the subject of intensive research. These techniques allow the power converters to operate with higher switching frequencies without penalizing the trade-off between switching losses and converter efficiency. Among these techniques, the commutation under Zero Voltage Transition – ZVT has been frequently employed, mainly when the active switches are implemented with majority carrier semiconductor devices. Besides the enhanced switching conditions for main devices, this technique also provides the absorption of main devices intrinsic capacitances. Moreover, the ZVT cell is placed in parallel with the main power path, enabling the converter to operate as close as possible to its PWM counterpart, with low conduction losses when compared to other Zero Voltage Switching - ZVS techniques (Hua et al., 1995).

In spite of ZVT converter proposed by (Hua et al., 1992) presents many advantages, its auxiliary circuit promotes inadequate commutation conditions to auxiliary switch. When auxiliary switch is implemented using power MOSFET devices, its output intrinsic capacitance enables Zero Voltage Switching - ZVS turn-off. Nevertheless, the energy stored during this process is totally dissipated when the switch is turned on reducing the efficiency gain of the soft switching approach (Erickson and Maksimovic, 2001). On the other hand, when IGBT devices are used, the turn-on capacitive losses are minimized but the turn-off losses associated with its current tail are not effectively reduced (Filho et al., 1994), which further limits its frequency operation.

Recently, several topologies have been proposed to minimize this inconvenient characteristic, which are based on one of the following principles:

a) Addition of a DC voltage source in series with the auxiliary switch Sa (Martins et al., 1993; Gegner and Lee, 1994; Gegner and Lee, 1994; Lee, et al., 1998; Filho, et al., 1994), yielding zero-current switching (ZCS) conditions to this switch. As ZCS switching conditions are well suited to IGBT devices the turn-on capacitive losses are quite reduced. Moreover, depending on the value of the DC voltage source, a reduction in reactive energy can be accomplished. Therefore, the conduction losses can be minimized. Nevertheless, the implementation of the auxiliary DC voltage source is done by means of (i) a voltage transformer (Martins et al., 1993; Gegner and Lee, 1994; Gegner and Lee, 1994; Lee, et al., 1998) or (ii) a converter voltage source or sink (Filho, et al., 1994), which can result in (i) demagnetizing problems and EMI degradation or (ii) operation under limited voltage ratio conversion;

b) Addition of a resonant circuit in series with the auxiliary switch also yields in ZCS conditions to this switch. Although low switching losses are achieved, the additional current stresses on main switch and/or additional voltage stresses on auxiliary switch (Yang and Lee, 1993; Moschopoulos et al., 1995; Tseng and Chen, 1998; Xu et al., 2000; Jain et al., 2001), resulting from the resonant tank operation, enlarge the converter conduction losses.

c) Addition of passive turn-off snubbers to the auxiliary switch (Streit and Tollik, 1991; Yaakov et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000; Menegáz et al., 1999), which can effectively improve the switching conditions to auxiliary switch. However, they cannot avoid the turn-on capacitive losses due to parasitic capacitance present in auxiliary switch (MOSFET).

As it can be seen, none of the above mentioned solutions could enhance the ZVT features without adding some drawback. However, by the efficiency point of view, the reduction of reactive energy makes ZVT converters with auxiliary DC voltage source more attractive (Martins et al., 1993; Gegner and Lee, 1994; Gegner and Lee, 1994; Lee, et al., 1998; Filho, et al., 1994).

In spite of this fact, if the storage energy in both, main and auxiliary switch turn-off snubbers, is not discharged by the auxiliary inductor, instead of, being directly regenerated to the output, the conduction losses can be quite reduced. This way, ZVT converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch can be as attractive as ZVT with auxiliary DC voltage source, without any inconvenient related to the DC voltage source implementation.

To accomplish these features, the ZVT DC-DC PWM converter with snubber assisted auxiliary switch presented in (Streit and Tollik, 1991; Yaakov et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2000), also referred as Flying Capacitor ZVT converter, was designed in such way that the auxiliary inductor and turn-off snubber capacitors for main and auxiliary switches are independent of each other, ensuring that there is no trade-off among the choice of their values. Therefore, they can be truly optimized, improving the converter efficiency performance.

This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the ZVT PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch, as well as its operation principle. Section 3 presents an improved snubber design to calculate the snubber for the auxiliary switch. In Section 4 a comparative analysis between the original and the proposed design are carried out. Section 5 presents the comparative experimental results obtained from three ZVT PWM boost laboratory prototypes. Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusions from the analysis and the experimental results.

2 ZVT PWM CONVERTERS WITH SNUBBER ASSISTED AUXILIARY SWITCH - SAAS

The common DC-DC PWM switching cell, Fig. 1(a), can be used to derive every DC-DC PWM converter topology. Hence, to obtain a generalized analysis of the commutation process, this circuit, presented in (Zhu and Ding, 1999), is adopted. Assuming that the filter inductance L (L1) is large enough, the current can be considered constant during one switching period of the PWM converter. Therefore, its circuit can be simplified as depicted in Fig. 1(b).


Fig 2 shows the snubber assisted auxiliary circuit added to the boost converter derived from the common DC-DC PWM switching cell. It can be seen that the auxiliary circuit is composed by: an active current unidirectional switch Sa-Da1; two bypass diodes Da2 and Da3; a snubber inductor LS; a snubber capacitor CSn; and the intrinsic switches output capacitances CS and CSa. In steady-state operation the converter assumes nine circuit modes, Fig 3. The operation of each mode is described as follows.



Mode 0 (t<t0): Before t0, both switches are off and current I flows through diode D. The converter PWM modulation defines the time for this mode. During this operation mode CSn is discharged and CS and CSa are charged to VZY.

Mode 1 (t0<t<t1): At t0 auxiliary switch Sa is turned on with ZCS conditions and auxiliary inductor, currents ils increases linearly with the following ratio.

This mode ends when iLs reaches the value of current I.

Mode 2 (t1<t<t2): At t1 diode D turns off and the energy stored in CS discharges through LS in a resonant way. The resonant process is governed by the following expressions.

Where , and .

This mode lasts until CS to be completely discharged.

Mode 3 (t2<t<t3): At t2 main switch body-diode D1 turns on. ZVS and ZCS conditions are ensured for main switch turn-on. This freewheeling interval should be as small as possible to minimize the auxiliary circuit conduction losses, however, it must last time enough to the gate source voltage signal turn S completely on.

Mode 4 (t3<t<t4): At t3 Sa is turned off, bypass diode Da2 is turned on and iLs resonates with the equivalent parallel capacitance comprised by CSn and CSa. As CSa<<CSn, the dv/dt control is actually accomplished by CSn.

The resonant process is governed by the following expressions.

Where, .

In this mode, current I is diverted to main switch.

This mode lasts until vCsn reaches Vzy.

Mode 5 (t4<t<t5): At t4 bypass diode Da3 turns on and voltage across CSn and CSa is clamped at Vzy. In this mode iLs decreases linearly with the following ratio.

This mode ends when main switch body-diode turns off.

Mode 6 (t5<t<t6): In this mode, iLs continues to decrease linearly with the ratio defined by (9). This mode lasts until iLs reaches zero.

Mode 7 (t6<t<t7): In this mode, current I flows through S and converter operates as its PWM counterpart. The converter PWM modulation governs the duration of this mode.

Mode 8 (t7<t<t8): At t7 main switch is turned off and voltage across its terminals increases linearly with the ratio defined below.

As CS<<CSn, the dv/dt control is actually performed by CSn

This mode ends when vCs reaches VZY.

Mode 9 (t8<t<t0): At t8, vCs reaches VZY and diode D turns on. In this mode, current I flows through D.

The main theoretical waveforms are shown in Fig. 4.


3 IMPROVED SNUBBER DESIGN

In conventional design guidelines (Yaakov et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2000), auxiliary elements LS and CS are defined as a function of the current stresses on auxiliary switch, given by kI,

and the total ZVS time, given by tZVS,

Solving (14) and (15) for LS and CS the following expressions can be found,

Where kI is directly related to the conduction losses and are chosen to be in a range between 1.3 and 1.5 times of current I and tZVS is related to the Minimum and maximum duty-cycle. For DC-DC converter tZVS is in a range of 10% to 15% of converter operation period. On the other hand, in PFC applications it is significantly reduced to a range of 2% to 3% of the converter operation period.

The auxiliary capacitor CSn is chosen to assure the time conditions given by tZVS or to ensure turn-off smoothness for Sa.

The ZVT DC-DC PWM converter with SAAS has a unique characteristic that consist of the presence of a turn-off snubber CSn across the auxiliary inductor LS. By a proper choice of CSn it can also smooth the main switch turn-off commutation process. This way, main switch snubber capacitor can be as small as possible without penalizing the turn-off losses.

As the energy stored in CSn is regenerated to the output without circulating through LS, CSn can be made large enough to ensure low switching losses for both, main and auxiliary switch with no additional conduction losses.

To ensure snubber operation for S and Sa, CSn must verify the following expression.

Expression above is graphically represented in the state-plane ZSniLs x vCsn, shown in Fig. 5.


Once that (18) is true, CSn can be chosen to optimize the switching conditions of main switch during its turn-off by the expression below,

In order to ensure low current stresses and conduction losses through the auxiliary circuit snubber capacitors CS and CSa can be made the smallest possible. This way, they are considered as the intrinsic output capacitances (Coss) of each switch, respectively.

As CS and CSa guarantee low conduction losses, inductor LS can be chosen to optimize the turn-off conditions of the main diode D. Therefore,

4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

To evaluate the gains obtained by the proposed snubber design optimization, the converter with SAAS presented in (Yaakov et al., 1995) is implemented using both design guidelines, the original design guidelines provided in (Yaakov et al., 1995) and the design guidelines described in previous section (Section 3). Table 1 gives the converter specifications.

4.1 Design guidelines from reference (Yaakov et al., 1995)

By (Yaakov et al., 1995) the resonant auxiliary elements are calculated using expressions (16), (17) and (23).

As LS and CS are function of kI and tZVS, expressions (16) and (17) are depicted in Fig. 6 for a range of values of kI (1.0 to 2.0) and tZVS (2% to 20%T), where the converter operation period T is given by . From (Yaakov et al., 1995) typical values of kI lie in the range of 1.3 and 1.5, whilst tZVS is in the range of 2% to 3% of T for Power Factor Correction (PFC) applications (Bazinet and O'Connor, 1994). and in the range of 10% to 15% for DC-DC applications (Zhu and Ding, 1999). For comparative purposes, kI is chosen equal to 1.4 and tZVS equal to 10% T. By means of Fig. 6, LS and CS are found as, 35mH and 1.8nF, respectively. By expression (23), CSn is calculated equal to 2.8nF.


4.2 Design guidelines from Section III

Once that condition given by expression (18) is ensured, the auxiliary elements are calculated by expressions (19) and (22), as LS= 4µH, CSn= 2.7nF (IRF840) and CS is the output capacitance of the MOSFET (0.4nF) itself. Due to the non-linear characteristic of the MOSFET output capacitance (Coss) it is estimated as two or three times smaller than the value presented by the data sheet (Coss= 310pF, VDS= 25V) (International Rectifiers, Application note), resulting in a value for CS of about 155pF. Therefore, .

5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

In order to compare the efficiency gain of the proposed optimized snubber design, the performance of the ZVT DC-DC PWM boost converter with SAAS (Streit and Tollik, 1991; Yaakov et al., 1995; Liu et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2000; Menegáz et al., 1999) was evaluated on a 1 kW, 100 kHz laboratory prototype. The main converter parameters are summarized in Table 2. Two sets of auxiliary circuit elements were built. For the first set, the elements were specified following the design guidelines given by (Yaakov et al., 1995) and presented in Section 4.1, Fig. 7(a). For the second set, the elements were specified following the optimized snubber design presented in Section 4.2, Fig. 7(b).




Moreover, a ZVT PWM boost converter with auxiliary DC voltage source, Fig. 7(c), was also compared. The parameters of this topology are given in Table 2. To reduce the auxiliary semiconductors and coupled inductors parasitic capacitance effects, a saturable inductor, implemented with 8 turns on a Toshiba "spike killer" core (SA 14x8x4.5) was used in series with LS.

Fig. 8 shows the most relevant experimental waveforms obtained from the ZVT PWM boost converters with SAAS prototypes. It can be seen by the waveforms of voltage across the main switches that soft-switching conditions are achieved for main switch turn-on and turn-off processes, Fig. 8(a) and 8(c) for the original design guidelines and in Fig. 8(b) and 8(d) for the presented improved design guidelines, respectively.


In Fig. 9 it can be seen that the maximum current through LS is slightly lower in the original design guidelines Fig. 9(a) than that in the presented improved design guidelines Fig. 9(b). However, the commutation time is higher in the original design guidelines, Fig. 9(a), which ensures low conductions losses to the presented improved design guidelines. In Fig. 9 it also can be seen that auxiliary switch turn-off is smooth due to the presence of CSn. Actually, a perfect voltage turn-off of main switch cannot be achieved due to the voltage drop across CSn occurred at instant t6, when the reverse recovery of diodes Da2 and Da3 take place. Thus, turn-off losses of main switch are function of LS and input current I.



Fig. 10 shows the waveforms in the snubber elements, LS and CSn, where the above mentioned voltage drop can be seen.


By Fig. 11 it can be seen that, at full load, the efficiency of the converter designed by the improved snubber design (circles) is about 0.5% higher and the average efficiency gain for the entire output range is higher than 0.5% compared to the original design (triangles). Besides, the improved snubber design also achieved higher efficiency for about 80% of entire load range compared to a True PWM ZVS pole boost converter (squares). As a result of the auxiliary circuit lower conduction, the ZVT PWM with SAAS with the proposed design presents higher efficiency in light and medium load condictions. This feature is offset by the turn-off losses of main switch, which are increased in high load conditions due to reverse recovery of auxiliary diodes.


To overcome this problem it is required to consider not only the main diode (D) di/dt requirements but also the auxiliary diodes di/dt to compute the auxiliary inductor LS. However, a trade-off between the auxiliary circuit conduction losses and turn-off losses of main switch should be defined and adopted to calculate LS. With this trade-off the efficiency may be even improved.

6 CONCLUSION

This paper presented an improved design to calculate the auxiliary elements of the ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch. The presented design guidelines are based on the unique location of the turn-off snubber capacitor shared by the active switches. As the snubber energy does not circulate through auxiliary inductor, a reduction of the auxiliary circuit conduction losses can be achieved. As a result, converter efficiency can be improved.

Theoretical analysis is confirmed by the comparison of experimental results obtained from two prototypes designed by the presented improved design guidelines and by the original ones (Yaakov et al., 1995). The results show an efficiency gain higher than 0.5% for entire output power range.

In addition, experimental results also have shown that with the improved design the ZVT PWM converters with SAAS can be competitive with ZVT PWM converters with constant auxiliary voltage source (True PWM ZVS pole) in a large load range, which makes the ZVT with SAAS converter a strong candidate for PFC applications. On the other hand, the ZVT with SAAS converter presented smaller efficiency at full-load (20%), its smaller component count and design simplicity still make it competitive, when compared to the True PWM ZVS pole converter.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to express their gratitude to "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior – CAPES" and "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq" (proc. 308865/2003-0 and proc. 141914/ 2003-3) for financial support, Icotron – an EPCOS Company and Thornton Inpec Eletrônica Ltda for material support.

Artigo Submetido em 08/08/03

1a. Revisão em 27/09/04

Aceito sob recomendação do Ed.Assoc.Prof. José Antenor Pomilio

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  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      01 Sept 2005
    • Date of issue
      Mar 2005

    History

    • Accepted
      27 Sept 2004
    • Received
      08 Aug 2003
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