Nursing diagnoses validated in cardiology in Brazil: integrative literature review

Diagnósticos de enfermería validados en cardiología en el Brasil: revisión integrativa de literatura

Abstracts

OBJETIVO: Identificar diagnósticos de enfermagem (DEs) que constam atualmente na taxonomia NANDA, validados na área de Cardiologia no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa de literatura, norteada pela seguinte questão: quais diagnósticos de enfermagem foram validados no Brasil. Foram analisados 11 trabalhos: três validações de conteúdo e oito validações clínicas. RESULTADOS: Os DEs validados foram Intolerância à Atividade, Débito Cardíaco Diminuído, Angústia Espiritual, Conhecimento deficiente, Volume Excessivo de Líquidos, Desobstrução Ineficaz de Vias Aéreas, Perfusão Tissular Periférica Ineficaz, Medo, Ansiedade e Dor. Destacaram-se a produção da Pós-Graduação de instituições públicas, a validação das características definidoras, modelos de validação e critérios de seleção de experts de Fehring modificados. O modelo de validação clínica foi usado para DEs da esfera psicobiológica; o modelo de validação de conteúdo foi utilizado sobretudo para DEs das esferas psicossocial e psicoespiritual. O conhecimento produzido pode embasar futuros estudos sobre a pertinência do conteúdo dos resultados de enfermagem na avaliação de eficácia das intervenções de enfermagem no País.

Estudos de validação; Diagnóstico de enfermagem; Cardiologia

REVIEW ARTICLE

Nursing diagnoses validated in cardiology in Brazil: integrative literature review^*

Diagnósticos de enfermería validados en cardiología en el Brasil: revisión integrativa de literatura

Camila Takáo Lopes^I; Camila de Souza Carneiro^II; Vinicius Batista Santos^III; Alba Lúcia Bottura Leite de Barros^IV

^IMaster's degree in Sciences. Nurse at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia-SP, Brazil

^IIMaster's degree in Nursing. Nurse at Hospital São Paulo-SP, Brasil

^IIINurse in charge, Cardiology Unit, Hospital São Paulo-SP, Brasil

^IVPhD, Full professor, Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brasil

^{Corresponding Author}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify nursing diagnoses (ND) currently appearing in the NANDA-I taxonomy, validated in the area of cardiology in Brazil.

METHODS: An integrative literature review, guided by the following question: what nursing diagnoses were validated in Brazil? Eleven works were analyzed: three content validations and eight clinical validations.

RESULTS: The NDs validated were: activity intolerance, decreased cardiac output, spiritual distress, deficient knowledge, excessive fluid volume, ineffective airway clearance, ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion, fear, anxiety, and pain. The highlights were the production of the graduate programs in public institutions, the validation of defining characteristics, models of validation and the modified Fehring criteria for selection of experts . The clinical validation model was used for NDs of the psychobiological sphere; the content validation model was used mainly for NDs in the psychosocial and psychospiritual spheres.

CONCLUSION: The knowledge produced can provide a basis for future studies on the relevance of the content of nursing outcomes in the evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing interventions in the country.

Keywords: Validation studies; Nursing diagnosis; Cardiology

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Identificar diagnósticos de enfermería (DEs) que se encuentran actualmente en la taxonomía de la NANDA, validados en el área de Cardiología en el Brasil.

MÉTODOS: Revisión integrativa de literatura, orientada por la siguiente pregunta:qué diagnósticos de enfermería fueron validados en el Brasil. Fueron analizados 11 trabajos: tres validaciones de contenido y ocho validaciones clínicas.

RESULTADOS: Los DEs validados fueron Intolerancia a la Actividad, Débito Cardiaco Disminuído, Angustia Espiritual, Conocimiento deficiente, Volumen Excesivo de Líquidos, Desobstrucción Ineficaz de Vías Aéreas, Perfusión Tisular Periférica Ineficaz, Miedo, Ansieda y dolor. Se destacaron la producción del Postgrado de instituciones públicas, la validación de las características definitorias, modelos de validación y criterios de selección de experts de Fehring modificados. El modelo de validación clínica fue usado para DEs de la esfera psicobiológica; el modelo de validación de contenido fue utilizado, sobre todo para DEs de las esferas psicosocial y psicoespiritual. El conocimiento producido puede ser fundamentación de futuros estudios sobre la pertinencia del contenido de los resultados de enfermería en la evaluación de la eficacia de las intervenciones de enfermería en el País.

Descriptores: Estudios de validación; Diagnóstico de enfermería; Cardiología

INTRODUCTION

Interventions in the field of cardiology require sophisticated and often innovative technology, which demand versatility and specialized professional skills. In this context, continuous updating and improvement of nursing care are required. In order to systematically organize the conditions needed for professional care, and thereby support adequate and individualized assistance, the nursing process (NP) is used^(1,2).

The nursing phenomena covered within the NP are nursing diagnoses (NDs), interventions and outcomes. NDs are important because they direct the proposed interventions exclusively under the nurses' responsibility, related to the human responses to identified health problems, aiming at the best outcomes⁽³⁾.

The NDs approved by NANDA International (NANDA-I) are currently organized in Taxonomy II, structured in domains, classes and nursing diagnoses⁽⁴⁾. Ever since nurses officially started naming the phenomena they diagnose, there has been the need to validate their existence. There are few defining characteristics (DC) nurses agree on as commonly identifiable and adequate for the diagnostic label. The process of validation is the gathering of evidence that nurses actually identify common DCs⁽⁵⁾.

Different models can be used to validate NDs. The best known models are those by Gordon & Sweeney⁽⁶⁾, Fehring⁽⁵⁾ and Hoskins⁽⁷⁾. Knowing NDs validated in the field of cardiology, in Brazil, facilitates the use of the concepts so that quality choices of interventions and outcomes can be made, knowledge gaps can be identified and new studies in the field can be proposed.

This study aimed at identifying the following in the literature: those NDs currently approved by NANDA-I, validated in the field of cardiology in Brazil; types of validation; components validated; validation models; expert selection criteria; and, the type of institution of origin of the main author (public or private).

METHODS

An integrative review of the literature was performed to answer the question "Which nursing diagnoses in the field of cardiology have been validated in Brazil?"

The search was conducted in December of 2010, in LILACS, SCIELO and Medline databases using the descriptor "nursing diagnosis", the term "validation" and the country of publication "Brazil". Original articles published between January 2005 and December 2010 were included.

We also used as sources of information Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, BDTD), where the terms "validation" and "nursing diagnosis" were used in the field Title and Banco de Teses CAPES (CAPES Theses Database), where the term "nursing diagnosis" was used in the Subject field.

In the Directory of Research Groups (RGs) of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), we searched for RGs using the terms "nursing classifications" and "nursing care systematization". The search resulted in theses and dissertations which we retrieved from the online libraries of every institution whose RGs were included in the Research Fields (RF) Nursing and Public Health, or whose leaders were nurses. RGs in the Medical Research Field were excluded.

We included research in Portuguese, English and Spanish performed in Brazil which validated NDs currently approved by NANDA-I in the field of Cardiology. Theses and dissertations were substituted by their respective published articles when available.

RESULTS

In LILACS database, 32 articles were retrieved, out of which two validated NDs in the field of cardiology. Seven articles were found in the SCIELO and Medline databases, but none in the field of cardiology. In the CAPES Theses Deposit, 215 studies were retrieved, out of which five validated NDs in the field of cardiology. In the BDTD, 11 studies were retrieved, out of which five validated NDs in the field of cardiology. By using the term "nursing classifications" in the Directory of RGs of CNPq, five RGs were retrieved, and by using the term "nursing care systematization", 35 RGs were retrieved. Out of the 40 RGs, 36 (90%) were in the RF of Nursing.

Among the 37 RGs selected to be sources of dissertations and theses, RGs in the Southeastern region of Brazil prevailed (43%), followed by the Northeastern (27%), Southern (16.2%), Mid-Western (8.1%) and Northern regions (5.4%). The 37 selected RGs were distributed across 34 institutions, among which 64.7% were public and federal, 17.6% were public and state-related and 14.7% were private.

Five studies addressing validation of NDs in the field of cardiology were retrieved in the digital libraries of the institutions where RGs were based, but all of them had already been found in the other databases. The final sample contained 11 (28.9%) studies – six original articles, three master's theses, and one PhD doctoral dissertation – and one manuscript accepted for publication in 2011 in the International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications. The characteristics of the studies are described in Table 1.

Among the seven original articles, four were published in national journals and three were published in an international journal. A portion of the results of the Barth's⁽¹⁵⁾ master's thesis was published in an international journal in 2010. Because the thesis describes the validation of two NDs and the article described only the validation of one ND, we only considered the thesis for this review.

Four out of the 11 reports included were conducted at USP-SP, two at USP-RP, two at UNIFESP-SP, one at UFRGS-RS, one at UFMG-MG, and one at UFCSPA-RS. Ten reports validated the DCs of NDs, and one report validated the diagnostic label, definition and DCs.

Five reports used Fehring's⁽⁵⁾ modified expert selection criteria, three used criteria created by the authors themselves, and three did not clearly state the selection criteria.

DISCUSSION

Research on nursing classifications and their use grant professional actions visibility and scientificity ⁽¹⁹⁾. Asking if a ND is clinically valid is asking if the ND was properly identified, excluding other diagnoses that might share some common characteristics⁽²⁰⁾.

Brazil has 117 Higher Education Institutions (HEI) with face-to-face courses, out of which 41% are public, and 59% are private. In the Southeastern region, there are 43.6%; 23.1% are in the Northeast; 18.8% are in the South; 10.3% are in the Midwest; and 4.3% are in the Northern regions⁽²¹⁾. In this review, RGs on the nursing process prevailed in the Southeast, which reflected the higher scientific production on the validation of NDs in the field of cardiology in this region.

Brazil has 41 stricto Sensu Nursing Graduate Programs accredited by CAPES, out of which 39 are public universities and two areprivate ones. Although only 26.4% of the enrollments in HEIs with face-to-face courses occur in public institutions, most professors with a doctoral degree are found in these institutions (65.1%). Thus, in this review, the scientific production on the validation of NDs in cardiology (and other fields) of the graduate programs in public universities stood out, mainly in the Southeastern and Southern regions.

The scarcity of studies on the validation of NDs in Brazil has been verified previously⁽²²⁾. This review verified low scientific production on the validation of NDs in the field of cardiology within the last decade, which can make it difficult to develop future research about nursing interventions⁽²³⁾. The publication in national journals with English versions, or international journals, provides the national experience with more visibility.

Seven out of the eight studies which used the clinical validation model validated diagnoses in the psychobiological area^(8,11-15,17). Only one study had clinical validation of NDs in the psychosocial area⁽¹⁸⁾. Those that used the content validation model validated NDs in the psychosocial⁽¹¹⁾, psychospiritual⁽¹⁶⁾ and psychobiological⁽⁹⁾ areas. The prevalence of NDs in the psychobiological area over other areas has been evidenced before in patients with heart diseases ^(10,24-26). The findings of this review can suggest that, although human responses in the psychosocial and psychospiritual areas are less frequently evidenced in the studies, their importance in the field of cardiology has become more clear. The content validation of NDs in these areas is an important step that allows their future clinical validation.

Approximately 91% of the studies validated the DCs of the NDs. Taking into account the few studies that validated other components of the NDs in Brazil, it is important that the label, definition, risk factors, related factors and the taxonomy itself are validated⁽²²⁾.

The revised studies mostly used Fehring`s validation model with changes of his expert selection criteria. Fehring`s proposed criteria seem to be the most indicated and predominant when it comes to studies of diagnostic validation^(10,27). The partial adoption of Fehring`s criteria in the country is related to the difficulty in fully complying with them, because of its demand for experts to hold a master`s degree in nursing, and research with published studies on NDs. The time of clinical experience has been used as an indicator of expertise, and the sample size relates to the availability of professionals with the established competence and the desired power of statistical representation (20). The use of other professional categories as experts ^(9,13) raises reflections about the suitability of these professionals' judgment, since it is about nursing phenomena.

CONCLUSION

The NDs validated in the field of cardiology in Brazil from 2000 to 2010 were activity intolerance (00092); decreased cardiac output (00029); spiritual distress (00066); deficient knowledge (00126); excessive fluid volume (00026); ineffective airway clearance (00031); ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion (00204); fear (00148); anxiety (00146); (acute) pain (00132). The scientific production on the validation of NDs in the cardiology field of the graduate programs in public universities stood out, mainly in the Southeastern and Southern regions. The clinical validation model was used to validate NDs in the psychobiological area, whereas the content validation model was mainly used to validate NDs in the psychosocial and psychospiritual areas. The most commonly validated components of the NDs were the DCs. Fehring's validation models and his modified expert selection criteria prevailed. The knowledge produced in this review can support future studies about the pertinence of the content of the nursing outcomes for the assessment of the efficacy of the nursing interventions in the country. There must be other studies that validate components other than the DCs, with expert selection criteria clearly stated.

Received article 13/02/2012 and accepted 11/07/2012

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*

Conclusion study of the Cardiology Nurse Specialist course, Paulista School of Nursing, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Feb 2013
• Date of issue
  2012

History

• Received
  13 Feb 2012
• Accepted
  11 July 2012