Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Apparent validity of a questionnaire to assess workplace violence

Abstract

Objective

To elaborate a questionnaire for assessing and evaluate the apparent validity of the workplace violence suffered or witnessed by nursing staff.

Methods

A methodological study with the participation of five judges selected by competence. The questionnaire was evaluated by judges according to comprehensiveness, objectivity, organization and relevance. The percentage of presence or absence of the criteria for each item evaluated in the first and second round of evaluation was presented by descriptive statistics.

Results

The questionnaire was structured in five sections with 54 questions, and had as structure and content reference some of the existing instruments and the specialized literature on workplace violence. The second round of evaluation obtained favorable assessment of the judges as the presence of the criteria of each assessed item.

Conclusion

The questionnaire may present one more possibility for the measurement of the occurrence of violence in the nursing and health environment.

Nursing research; Questionnaires; Nursing staff; Workplace violence; Validation studies

Resumo

Objetivo

Elaborar um questionário para avaliação da violência no trabalho sofrida ou testemunhada por trabalhadores de enfermagem e avaliar sua validade aparente.

Métodos

Estudo metodológico com participação de cinco juízes selecionados a critério de competência. Os juízes avaliariam o questionário segundo os critérios abrangência, objetividade, organização e pertinência. Foi apresentado, por meio da estatística descritiva, o porcentual de presença ou ausência dos critérios, em cada item avaliado, na primeira e segunda rodada de avaliação.

Resultados

O questionário foi estruturado em 5 seções, com 54 questões, e teve como referência de estrutura e conteúdo alguns dos instrumentos existentes e a literatura especializada sobre violência no trabalho. Na segunda rodada de avaliação, obteve-se avaliação favorável dos juízes quanto à presença dos critérios por item avaliado.

Conclusão

Espera-se que o questionário possa representar, aos interessados, mais uma possibilidade de mensuração da ocorrência de violência no ambiente de trabalho na enfermagem e na saúde.

Pesquisa em enfermagem; Questionários; Recursos humanos de enfermagem; Violência no trabalho; Estudos de validação

Introduction

Currently, violence is a concerning factor, which occurs in most health care environments, in both sexes and in different professional groups, most frequently with nursing professionals.(11. Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B. Violence against nurses in the triage area: An Italian qualitative study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2015 Feb 26. pii:S1755-599X(15)00013-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2015.02.004. [Epub ahead of print].

2. Di Martino V. Workplace violence in the health sector - country case studies: Brazil, Bulgarian, Lebanon, Portugal, South African, Thailand, and an additional Australian study. 2002. [Internet]; [cited 2015 Sept 23]. Available from: 2002. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/injury/en/WVsynthesisreport.pdf.
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_preve...
-33. Felli VE. Condições de trabalho de enfermagem e adoecimento: motivos para a redução da jornada de trabalho para 30 horas. Enferm Foco. 2012; 3(4):178-81.) Physical assault, verbal abuse, bullying, sexual harassment and others are some examples,(44. World Health Organization. International Labour Office. International Council of Nurses. Public Services International. Workplace violence in the health sector country case studies research instruments. Geneva: WHO; 2003.) all of which have generated consequences. All forms of violence can be associated with depressive symptoms,(55. da Silva AT, Peres MF, Lopes Cde S, Schraiber LB, Susser E, Menezes PR.Violence at work and depressive symptoms in primary health care teams: across-sectional study in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015; 50(9):1347-55.) burnout,(66. Pai DD, Lautert L, Souza SB, Marziale MH, Tavares JP. Violence, burnout and minor psychiatric disorders in hospital work. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2015; 49(3):460-8.,77. Allen BC, Holland P, Reynolds R. The effect bullying on burnout in nurses: the moderating role of psychological detachment. J Adv Nurs. 2015; 71(2):381-90.) minor psychiatric disorders,(66. Pai DD, Lautert L, Souza SB, Marziale MH, Tavares JP. Violence, burnout and minor psychiatric disorders in hospital work. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2015; 49(3):460-8.) low back pain(88. Rezaee M, Ghasemi M. Prevalence of low back pain among nurses: predisposing factors and role of work place violence. Trauma Mon. 2014; 19(4):9-14.) and a range of other psychological, physical, industrial, institutional and/or social impacts.

In some healthcare workplaces, staff members have the risk of increased occupational violence. The work in emergency and inpatient hospital areas, for example, has been positively associated with workplace violence.(99. Fute M, Mengesha ZB, Wakgari N, Tessema GA. High prevalence of workplace violence among nurses working at public health facilities in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Nursing. 2015; 14:1-5.)

A study involving 30 members of the emergency room nursing staff of a hospital in Rio de Janeiro identified that most of them (76.7%) were victims of violence in the workplace environment. The most common form of aggression was verbal abuse, and the main perpetrators were companions and patients.(1010. Vasconcellos IR, Abreu AM, Maia EL. Violência ocupacional sofrida pelos profissionais de enfermagem do serviço de pronto atendimento hospitalar. Rev Gaúch Enferm. 2012; 33(2):167-75.)

High workload is characteristic of the work process in emergency rooms.(1111. Lancman S, Gonçalves RM, Mângia EF. Organização do trabalho, conflitos e agressões em uma emergência hospitalar na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo. 2012; 23(3):199-207.) In these areas, staff members deal with considerable demand and pressure for more expedient care. The working conditions are often distressing, and, in addition to high demand, reflect difficult decision-making and patient care, favoring conflict(1111. Lancman S, Gonçalves RM, Mângia EF. Organização do trabalho, conflitos e agressões em uma emergência hospitalar na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo. 2012; 23(3):199-207.) and violence.

Thus, there is a need for policy makers, the scientific community, health services and interested parties to identify, discuss and develop strategies and health and safety programs, focused on prevention and management of workplace violence.(99. Fute M, Mengesha ZB, Wakgari N, Tessema GA. High prevalence of workplace violence among nurses working at public health facilities in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Nursing. 2015; 14:1-5.) Therefore, it is necessary to identify whether violence is present and, how it is expressed in each work context. Therefore, one of the aspects that can help in overcoming the current limitations, in the labor context, are investigations which include an analysis of exposure, which can support intervention on the determinants of those limits.(1212. Araújo TM. Revisão de abordagens teórico-metodológicas sobre saúde mental e trabalho. In: Gomez CM, Machado JM, Pena PG. Saúde do trabalhador na sociedade brasileira contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ; 2011. p. 325-43.)

In this context, data collection instruments to identify and characterize workplace violence are fundamental. However, validated instruments on this subject for use in the Brazilian context are limited. From this perspective, the National Agenda for Health Research Priorities(1313. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia. Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de Pesquisa em Saúde. 2a ed. Brasília: Editora do Ministério da Saúde; 2008.) has as a priority within Brazil, the “translation, adaptation and validation of violence measurement tools, existing in other countries.”

Thus, the preparation of this questionnaire was justified by the absence of validated Brazilian instruments to measure the occurrence of workplace violence, to be used in research with nursing staff and that would include all the variables/characteristics of interest to the investigation.

Therefore, this study aimed to develop a questionnaire to assess workplace violence suffered or witnessed by nursing staff, and evaluate its apparent validity.

Methods

This was a methodological study(1414. Lobiondo-Wood G, Haber J. Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. 8th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2013.) to develop a questionnaire that was evaluated and optimized.

A search of available studies and data collection instruments was initially completed to develop the instrument. Subsequently, the structure and content of the questionnaire was developed, using the model presented by the World Health Organization, the International Labor Organization and Public Services and the International Council of Nurses as reference,(44. World Health Organization. International Labour Office. International Council of Nurses. Public Services International. Workplace violence in the health sector country case studies research instruments. Geneva: WHO; 2003.) based on the reduction of workplace violence and its impact in health care, allowing the identification of victims of violence in the last twelve months.(44. World Health Organization. International Labour Office. International Council of Nurses. Public Services International. Workplace violence in the health sector country case studies research instruments. Geneva: WHO; 2003.) This is a measurement period that has been used by many researchers on the subject.(1515. Rasmussen CA, Hogh A, Andersen LP. Threats and physical violence in the workplace: a comparative study of four areas of human service work. J Interpers Violence. 2013; 28(13):2749-69.

16. Clausen T, Hogh A, Carneiro IG, Borg V. Does psychological well-being mediate the association between experiences of acts of offensive behaviour and turnover among care workers? A longitudinal analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2013; 69(6):1301-13.

17. Al-Omari H. Physical and verbal workplace violence against nurses in Jordan. Int Nurs Rev. 2015; 62(1):111-8.
-1818. Park M, Cho SH, Hong HJ. Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2015; 47(1):87-95.)

The elaboration of the questionnaire was based, complementarily, upon the instrument developed by Contrera-Moreno,(1919. Contrera-Moreno L. Violência e capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de enfermagem [dissertação]. [Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2004. [citado 2015 Set 23]. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000316886.
http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/...
) especially with regard to the question of measurement of the consequences of occupational violence for the worker. The use of specialized literature was directive to the process.

Thus, the structure and content of the developed questionnaire are supported by the instruments found within the specialized literature, including the reports from the World Health Organization and other related international agencies. Due to the need for a questionnaire to measure variables of interest to an investigation, which would be performed with nursing staff and bring a different approach to the issues and/or response options, specialized literature was used to assist. A conceptual adjustment was made to the sections, questions and most of the response possibilities, as well as the inclusion of new important variables to identify and characterize violence suffered by the nursing staff, and whether they were witnesses of physical violence, verbal abuse or sexual harassment in the workplace.

For conceptual purposes, violence related to work was defined as “every voluntary action of an individual or group against another individual or group that may cause physical or psychological harm, which occurred in the workplace, or involved established work relationships or activities related to work”.(2020. Oliveira RP, Nunes MO. Violência relacionada ao trabalho: uma proposta conceitual. Saude Soc. 2008; 17(4): 22-34.) Therefore, violence (physical, verbal abuse and sexual harassment) that occurred in the workplace received more emphasis on the questionnaire.

Physical violence was defined as the use of “physical force against another person or group, that results in physical, sexual or psychological harm”,(44. World Health Organization. International Labour Office. International Council of Nurses. Public Services International. Workplace violence in the health sector country case studies research instruments. Geneva: WHO; 2003.) including assault, pushing, pulling, spitting, biting, scratching, kicking and other acts.(2121. Chapell D, Di Martino V. Violence at work. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2006.) Verbal abuse was defined as the behavior of yelling at, degrading, or showing disrespect for the value and dignity of someone.(99. Fute M, Mengesha ZB, Wakgari N, Tessema GA. High prevalence of workplace violence among nurses working at public health facilities in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Nursing. 2015; 14:1-5.) Sexual harassment was defined as unwanted behavior in which the victim is placed in a sexual condition of offense, humiliation or threat to his/her well-being.(2222. Di Martino V. Relationship of work stress and workplace violence in the health sector. Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: Geneva; 2003. p. 1-38.)

The questionnaire was evaluated by five judges (experts)(2323. Coluci MZ, Alexandre NM, Milani D. Construção de instrumentos de medida na área da saúde. Cienc Saúde Colet. 2015; 20(3):925-36.) for assessment of apparent validity, which is considered a subtype of content validity.(1414. Lobiondo-Wood G, Haber J. Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. 8th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2013.) Therefore, this type of validity is not verified using statistics; however, experts and/or researchers can participate in assessing the relevance of a scale.(2424. Bannigan K, Watson R. Reliability and validity in a nutshell. J Clin Nurs. 2009; 18(23):3237-43.)

Regarding the judges, they worked in related academic and/or professional areas, and were selected based on their competencies. They had a nursing degree; three held a doctorate and two a master’s degree, with experience in at least one of the following areas: adaptation and validation of measurement instruments, occupational health, occupational violence, clinical care, nursing management, or emergency care.

The judges performed the analysis according to the presence or absence of criteria: comprehensiveness, objectivity, organization and relevance,(2525. Vedovato CA. Logística do atendimento dos serviços pré-hospitalar móvel das concessionárias de rodovias (dissertação).[Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2012. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000874813.
http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/...
) defined as “[...] comprehensive: that issue containing important information to reach the objective of the study, stated in a comprehensible manner; [...] Objective: that issue which is easy to understand; [...] organization: the disposition of the issues and alternatives as well as their content; [...] Relevant: that question which is related to achieving the goal of the research”.(2525. Vedovato CA. Logística do atendimento dos serviços pré-hospitalar móvel das concessionárias de rodovias (dissertação).[Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2012. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000874813.
http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/...
)

The judges’ analysis was performed by item, evaluated with the aid of an evaluation guide.(2525. Vedovato CA. Logística do atendimento dos serviços pré-hospitalar móvel das concessionárias de rodovias (dissertação).[Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2012. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000874813.
http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/...
) These were physical violence in the workplace; verbal abuse in the workplace; sexual harassment in the workplace; other types of violence in the workplace referenced by staff; and prevention and reduction of workplace violence. For each item, the judge could indicate the absence or presence of the corresponding criteria and highlight those items that were necessary, but absent in the instrument, as well as unnecessary items on the instrument, and other comments/suggestions in the open spaces.(2525. Vedovato CA. Logística do atendimento dos serviços pré-hospitalar móvel das concessionárias de rodovias (dissertação).[Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2012. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000874813.
http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/...
) The minimum agreement considered among the judges was 70%,(2626. Marques CA, Figueiredo EN, Gutiérrez MG. Validation of an instrument to identify actions for screening and detection of breast cancer. Acta Paul Enferm. 2015; 28(2):183-9.) and was identified by the percentage of presence in the evaluated item.

The study was conducted according the national and international norms of ethics in research involving human beings.

Results

The questionnaire was structured in sections, initially composed of a conceptual introduction, since its structure was developed according the instrument presented by the World Health Organization, the International Labor Organization and Public Services and the International Council of Nurses. Considering its structure, the participant had the opportunity to identify whether or not she/he was a victim of the mentioned violence; if yes, there was guidance to answer questions related to the characterization of the event; if not, there were directions that followed for the question that assessed whether he/she had witnessed the incident in question.

After adjustments, the resulting questionnaire consisted of five sections, one for each type of violence to be studied: (a) physical violence in the workplace; (b) verbal abuse in the workplace; (c) sexual harassment in the workplace; (d) other type of violence in the workplace references by the staff; and (e) prevention and reduction of violence in the workplace.

The questionnaire was then assessed for apparent validity, performed in stages, and in both, the suggestions of modifications made by the judges were analyzed and, in most cases, accepted. After returning the first round of evaluation, modifications were made with regard to formatting, change in the numbering of the questions, change or inclusion of questions and/or response options, exchange of concepts and/or terminology, adjusting according to the literature used.

Table 1 shows the judges’ evaluation regarding the presence or absence of criteria, by item assessed in the first and second round.

Table 1
Judges´ evaluation by item according to presence or absence of the criteria in the first and second round

The assessment of judges was favorable after the second round, achieving at least 80% of responses indicating the presence of the criteria in the item. The item “physical violence in the workplace “was considered comprehensive, objective, organized and relevant for 100% (5/5) of the judges. The same occurred for the items: “verbal abuse in the workplace; sexual harassment in the workplace; and other types of violence in the workplace referenced by staff”. The item “prevention and reduction of violence in the workplace” was considered organized by 100% (5/5) of the judges, and 80% (4/5) found it to be comprehensive, objective and relevant.

Considering the explanations provided after completion of the second round of evaluation, some modifications were made, based mostly on suggestions made by two judges, including a list of possible answers for some opened questions. Even when the item was considered comprehensive, objective, organized and relevant by 80% or more of the judges, the suggestions/justifications for changing of items were accepted in most cases after analysis, considering the qualification of the instrument in relation to its form and content.

Chart 1 shows the resulting version of the questionnaire.

Chart 1
Questionnaire according to sections, questions and answer options

Discussion

The limitation of this study was that the questionnaire was structured according to already existing instruments, which were not independently validated within this study. Also, a third round of evaluation was not performed after some modifications were made based on suggestions made by two judges, after the completion of the second round of evaluation.

The subject, “workplace violence”, has achieved prominence in the scientific community through studies conducted in different countries(11. Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B. Violence against nurses in the triage area: An Italian qualitative study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2015 Feb 26. pii:S1755-599X(15)00013-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2015.02.004. [Epub ahead of print].,55. da Silva AT, Peres MF, Lopes Cde S, Schraiber LB, Susser E, Menezes PR.Violence at work and depressive symptoms in primary health care teams: across-sectional study in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015; 50(9):1347-55.,66. Pai DD, Lautert L, Souza SB, Marziale MH, Tavares JP. Violence, burnout and minor psychiatric disorders in hospital work. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2015; 49(3):460-8.,99. Fute M, Mengesha ZB, Wakgari N, Tessema GA. High prevalence of workplace violence among nurses working at public health facilities in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Nursing. 2015; 14:1-5.) and by the press, in general. However, the availability of data collection instruments to assess workplace violence in healthcare from different Brazilian contexts, including the multiplicity of variables to characterize the event, and which were submitted to some process of validity assessment, is still incipient.

The nursing staff is essential to the composition of the health care workforce, because, without nurses, a large part of care is not performed. However, the high turnover among nurses, for example, represents a major challenge for health services in the world,(2727. Lee YW, Dai YT, McCreary LL. Quality of work life as a predictor of nurses’ intention to leave units, organizations and the profession. J Nurs Manag. 2015; 23(4):521-31.) and may be related to several factors, such as exposure to situations of occupational violence.

Thus, a data collection instrument submitted to expert evaluation is important for assessing the occurrence of such incidents in health care work environments. Knowing the reality, it is possible to provide foundations and resources to guide the incorporation of safety programs and the prevention of occupational violence appropriate to the demands of each work context, with greater potential for success.

After the assessment of the judges, the questionnaire was composed of 54 questions, as follows: physical violence in the workplace (17 questions), verbal abuse in the workplace (16 questions), sexual harassment in the workplace (16 questions), other types of violence in the workplace referred to by the staff (three questions), and prevention and reduction of violence in the workplace (3 questions). The judges´ analysis contributed considerably to the qualification of the instrument, with regard to its form and content. Thus, the apparent validity, although considered an unsophisticated method, was important in the development of a measurement instrument.(2828. Amendola F, Alvarenga MR, Gaspar JC, Yamashita CH, Oliveira MA. Validade aparente de um índice de vulnerabilidade das famílias a incapacidade e dependência. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2011; 45(Esp 2):1736-42.)

It is necessary to consider whether the individual referred to having suffered physical violence, verbal abuse or sexual harassment in the last twelve months, as he/she can then be considered a victim of workplace violence, a condition also adopted by another study.(2929. Silva IV, Aquino EM, Pinto IC. Violência no trabalho em saúde: a experiência de servidores estaduais da saúde no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014; 30(10):2112-22.)

The variables investigated to obtain information on the occurrence of occupational violence (physical violence, verbal abuse or sexual harassment) within the nursing staff were: number of times the person suffered physical violence; the profession of aggressor, whether or not he was a colleague working on the unit; gender of the aggressor, and whether or not he/she was the same sex as the victim; if the incident happened in the unit where the employee works today; if the employee remained working after the event or if he/she was fired; if the victim received support and, if yes, what kind and from whom; if there was a record of the incident; period of the occurrence; if the victim was a witness to physical violence, verbal abuse or sexual harassment and, if yes, what were his/her feelings; and others.

One question sought to enable the individual to report whether he/she had suffered any other kind of violence related to his/her work. Thus, although the focus was on physical violence, verbal abuse and sexual harassment, this question allowed for the possibility of identifying other types of violence that, in the victim’s opinion, may be present in the workplace, whether related to structure, institution or behavior and/or relationships, giving the possibility of approaching different manifestations of occupational violence(3030. Costa AL, Marziale MH. Relação tempo-violência no trabalho de enfermagem em emergência e urgência. Rev Bras Enferm. 2006; 59(3):337-43.) and the complexity of the phenomenon.

Conclusion

The questionnaire was developed. The favorable assessment by the judges, achieved in the second round of evaluation, suggested that it can be used to estimate the occurrence of workplace violence of nursing or other health professionals, as it can be applied to different occupational groups in the area, representing a possibility for those who are interested in the study of the phenomenon.

Acknowledgements

We thank the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -CNPq, for the scholarship for Maiara Bordignon, and to the judges for their contributions.

Referências

  • 1
    Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B. Violence against nurses in the triage area: An Italian qualitative study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2015 Feb 26. pii:S1755-599X(15)00013-0. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2015.02.004. [Epub ahead of print].
  • 2
    Di Martino V. Workplace violence in the health sector - country case studies: Brazil, Bulgarian, Lebanon, Portugal, South African, Thailand, and an additional Australian study. 2002. [Internet]; [cited 2015 Sept 23]. Available from: 2002. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/injury/en/WVsynthesisreport.pdf.
    » http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/injury/en/WVsynthesisreport.pdf
  • 3
    Felli VE. Condições de trabalho de enfermagem e adoecimento: motivos para a redução da jornada de trabalho para 30 horas. Enferm Foco. 2012; 3(4):178-81.
  • 4
    World Health Organization. International Labour Office. International Council of Nurses. Public Services International. Workplace violence in the health sector country case studies research instruments. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
  • 5
    da Silva AT, Peres MF, Lopes Cde S, Schraiber LB, Susser E, Menezes PR.Violence at work and depressive symptoms in primary health care teams: across-sectional study in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015; 50(9):1347-55.
  • 6
    Pai DD, Lautert L, Souza SB, Marziale MH, Tavares JP. Violence, burnout and minor psychiatric disorders in hospital work. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2015; 49(3):460-8.
  • 7
    Allen BC, Holland P, Reynolds R. The effect bullying on burnout in nurses: the moderating role of psychological detachment. J Adv Nurs. 2015; 71(2):381-90.
  • 8
    Rezaee M, Ghasemi M. Prevalence of low back pain among nurses: predisposing factors and role of work place violence. Trauma Mon. 2014; 19(4):9-14.
  • 9
    Fute M, Mengesha ZB, Wakgari N, Tessema GA. High prevalence of workplace violence among nurses working at public health facilities in Southern Ethiopia. BMC Nursing. 2015; 14:1-5.
  • 10
    Vasconcellos IR, Abreu AM, Maia EL. Violência ocupacional sofrida pelos profissionais de enfermagem do serviço de pronto atendimento hospitalar. Rev Gaúch Enferm. 2012; 33(2):167-75.
  • 11
    Lancman S, Gonçalves RM, Mângia EF. Organização do trabalho, conflitos e agressões em uma emergência hospitalar na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Rev Ter Ocup Univ São Paulo. 2012; 23(3):199-207.
  • 12
    Araújo TM. Revisão de abordagens teórico-metodológicas sobre saúde mental e trabalho. In: Gomez CM, Machado JM, Pena PG. Saúde do trabalhador na sociedade brasileira contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ; 2011. p. 325-43.
  • 13
    Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia. Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de Pesquisa em Saúde. 2a ed. Brasília: Editora do Ministério da Saúde; 2008.
  • 14
    Lobiondo-Wood G, Haber J. Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. 8th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2013.
  • 15
    Rasmussen CA, Hogh A, Andersen LP. Threats and physical violence in the workplace: a comparative study of four areas of human service work. J Interpers Violence. 2013; 28(13):2749-69.
  • 16
    Clausen T, Hogh A, Carneiro IG, Borg V. Does psychological well-being mediate the association between experiences of acts of offensive behaviour and turnover among care workers? A longitudinal analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2013; 69(6):1301-13.
  • 17
    Al-Omari H. Physical and verbal workplace violence against nurses in Jordan. Int Nurs Rev. 2015; 62(1):111-8.
  • 18
    Park M, Cho SH, Hong HJ. Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2015; 47(1):87-95.
  • 19
    Contrera-Moreno L. Violência e capacidade para o trabalho entre trabalhadores de enfermagem [dissertação]. [Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2004. [citado 2015 Set 23]. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000316886.
    » http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000316886
  • 20
    Oliveira RP, Nunes MO. Violência relacionada ao trabalho: uma proposta conceitual. Saude Soc. 2008; 17(4): 22-34.
  • 21
    Chapell D, Di Martino V. Violence at work. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2006.
  • 22
    Di Martino V. Relationship of work stress and workplace violence in the health sector. Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: Geneva; 2003. p. 1-38.
  • 23
    Coluci MZ, Alexandre NM, Milani D. Construção de instrumentos de medida na área da saúde. Cienc Saúde Colet. 2015; 20(3):925-36.
  • 24
    Bannigan K, Watson R. Reliability and validity in a nutshell. J Clin Nurs. 2009; 18(23):3237-43.
  • 25
    Vedovato CA. Logística do atendimento dos serviços pré-hospitalar móvel das concessionárias de rodovias (dissertação).[Internet]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2012. Disponível em: http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000874813.
    » http://www.bibliotecadigital.unicamp.br/document/?code=000874813
  • 26
    Marques CA, Figueiredo EN, Gutiérrez MG. Validation of an instrument to identify actions for screening and detection of breast cancer. Acta Paul Enferm. 2015; 28(2):183-9.
  • 27
    Lee YW, Dai YT, McCreary LL. Quality of work life as a predictor of nurses’ intention to leave units, organizations and the profession. J Nurs Manag. 2015; 23(4):521-31.
  • 28
    Amendola F, Alvarenga MR, Gaspar JC, Yamashita CH, Oliveira MA. Validade aparente de um índice de vulnerabilidade das famílias a incapacidade e dependência. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2011; 45(Esp 2):1736-42.
  • 29
    Silva IV, Aquino EM, Pinto IC. Violência no trabalho em saúde: a experiência de servidores estaduais da saúde no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2014; 30(10):2112-22.
  • 30
    Costa AL, Marziale MH. Relação tempo-violência no trabalho de enfermagem em emergência e urgência. Rev Bras Enferm. 2006; 59(3):337-43.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Nov-Dec 2015

History

  • Received
    11 Aug 2015
  • Accepted
    6 Oct 2015
Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo R. Napoleão de Barros, 754, 04024-002 São Paulo - SP/Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 5576 4430 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: actapaulista@unifesp.br