Anchoring selenido-carbonyl ruthenium clusters to functionalised silica xerogels

Abstracts

Silica Xerogels containing carbonyl Ru3Se2 nido clusters were prepared in three different ways. The simple dispersion of [Ru3(mu3-Se)2(CO)7(PPh 3)2] via sol gel process produces an inhomogeneous material; by contrast, homogeneous xerogels were obtained by reaction of [Ru3(mu3-Se)2(CO)8(PPh 3)] with functionalised xerogels containing grafted diphenylphosphine moieties and by reaction of [Ru3(CO)12] with a xerogel containing grafted phosphine-selenide groups. The reaction between [Ru3(CO)12] and dodecyldiphenylphosphine selenide led to the formation of four selenido carbonyl clusters, which are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents and can be deposited as thin films from their solution by slow evaporation.

selenium; ruthenium; carbonyl clusters; sol-gel; anchored clusters

Xerogéis de silica contendo carbonilas metálicas polinucleares (clusters) com estrutura nido Ru3Se2 foram preparadas através de três rotas diferentes. A simples dispersão do cluster [Ru3(mi3-Se)2(CO)7(PPh 3)2] pelo processo sol gel produz um material não homogêneo. Xerogéis homogêneos foram obtidos através da reação de [Ru3(mi3-Se)2(CO)8(PPh 3)] com xerogéis funcionalizados contendo fragmentos difenilfosfino enxertados, e pela reação do [Ru3(CO)12] com um xerogel contendo grupos fosfinoseleneto enxertados. A reação entre [Ru3(CO)12] e seleneto de dodecildifenilfosfinoseleneto resultou na formação de quatro clusters contendo ligantes carbonil e seleneto, solúveis em solventes apolares e que podem ser empregados na confecção de filmes.

ARTICLE

Anchoring selenido-carbonyl ruthenium clusters to functionalised silica xerogels

Daniele Cauzzi; Claudia Graiff; Roberto Pattacini; Giovanni Predieri; Antonio Tiripicchio^*

Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy

ABSTRACT

Silica Xerogels containing carbonyl Ru₃Se₂nido clusters were prepared in three different ways. The simple dispersion of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] via sol gel process produces an inhomogeneous material; by contrast, homogeneous xerogels were obtained by reaction of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] with functionalised xerogels containing grafted diphenylphosphine moieties and by reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with a xerogel containing grafted phosphine-selenide groups. The reaction between [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] and dodecyldiphenylphosphine selenide led to the formation of four selenido carbonyl clusters, which are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents and can be deposited as thin films from their solution by slow evaporation.

Keywords: selenium, ruthenium, carbonyl clusters, sol-gel, anchored clusters

RESUMO

Xerogéis de silica contendo carbonilas metálicas polinucleares (clusters) com estrutura nido Ru₃Se₂ foram preparadas através de três rotas diferentes. A simples dispersão do cluster [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] pelo processo sol gel produz um material não homogêneo. Xerogéis homogêneos foram obtidos através da reação de [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] com xerogéis funcionalizados contendo fragmentos difenilfosfino enxertados, e pela reação do [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] com um xerogel contendo grupos fosfinoseleneto enxertados. A reação entre [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] e seleneto de dodecildifenilfosfinoseleneto resultou na formação de quatro clusters contendo ligantes carbonil e seleneto, solúveis em solventes apolares e que podem ser empregados na confecção de filmes.

Introduction

Transition metal species may combine with main group elements or related molecular fragments affording a variety of interesting cluster compounds. Apart from their fundamental significance as a class of complexes owning peculiar chemical and structural properties, the growing interest for these species derives from their potential applications as catalysts, electrocatalysts and precursors for semiconductors.^1-3 Very recently chalcogenide ruthenium derivatives have shown interesting catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reactions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells suggesting their application as cathode for these devices.^4-7 The availability of substituted chalcogenido metal clusters, such as [M_xE_y(CO)_z(PR₃)_w], offers the opportunity to obtain, by stoichiometrically and kinetically controlled processes, extended inorganic solids like M_xE_y in the form of pure phases or microinhomogeneous materials (nanocomposites).⁸

In order to prepare transition-metal selenido clusters, different synthetic routes are presently available, such as those involving, as starting materials, diphenyl diselenide,^9,10 phenylselenyl chloride,¹¹ selenophene,¹² trialkylsilyl selenides,^13-15 polyselenide anions^16,17 and phosphine selenides.^18-21 Furthermore small selenido clusters, such as [M₂(m-Se₂)(CO)₆] and [M₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₉], can be conveniently used to prepare larger mono- and bimetallic species.^22,23

The reactions of tertiary phosphine selenides with metal carbonyl species provide simple synthetic procedures to form selenido clusters through transfer of selenium atoms to low-valent metal centres, taking advantage of the frailty of the P = Se bond. Despite to its synthetic potentiality, this method has been explored only to a limited extent before the last years. For this reason, we started to study the reactions of tertiary phosphine and diphosphine selenides with [M₃(CO)₁₂] (M = Fe or Ru) with the aim to obtain new phosphine-substituted selenido-carbonyl iron and ruthenium clusters.²⁴

These reactions give a variety of such selenido carbonyl clusters, whose structural frameworks are shown in Scheme 1. The open-triangular, variously substituted, nido-clusters with the M₃Se₂core are the major products for both metals, but significant amounts of clusters with dinuclear M₂Se₂, trinuclear M₃Se and tetranuclear M₄Se₂cores are also obtained. The product distribution is strongly dependent on the reaction conditions, on the nature of the phosphine and on the cluster/phosphine molar ratio. In the case of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] the reactions with R₃PSe proceed through two consecutive steps, the monoselenido clusters [Ru₃(m₃-Se)(m₃-CO)(CO)₈(PR ₃)] undergoing the second attack by R₃PSe to form the corresponding diselenido derivatives [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PR ₃)₂].²⁵

As an extension of these investigations, we have tried to produce homogeneous dispersions of selenido-carbonyl clusters into inorganic or hybrid inorganic-organic matrices through the sol-gel process. This paper deals with the description of these materials aimed to act as precursors for finely dispersed chalcogenido nanoparticles. In this regard, this is the first time that chalcogenido-carbonyl molecular clusters are dispersed into solid matrices through anchoring with grafted phosphine ligands. Previous studies on cluster anchoring via phosphorus ligands concerned only carbonyl mono- and bimetallic clusters.²⁶ Moreover selenido carbonyl ruthenium clusters substituted with dodecyldiphenylphosphine (dodp) were prepared with the aim of obtaining selenido clusters soluble in hydrocarbons.

Experimental

General procedures

The starting reagents [Ru₃(CO)₁₂], KSeCN, elemental selenium, Ph₂PCH₂CH₂Si(OEt)₃, tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), NH₄F, n-dodecyl bromide, metallic Mg and Ph₂PCl were pure commercial products (Aldrich and Fluka) and were used as received. [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] and [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] were prepared by reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with Ph₃PSe as reported in the literature.²⁴ The solvents (Carlo Erba) were dried and distilled by standard techniques before use. All manipulations were carried out under dry nitrogen by means of standard Schlenk-tube techniques. TLC was carried out on 20x20 silica (Merck 60 PF₂₅₄) plates. Elemental analyses (C, H) were performed with a Carlo Erba EA 1108 automated analyser. FTIR spectra (KBr discs and CH₂Cl₂ solutions) were recorded on a Nicolet Nexus FT spectrometer. ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectra were recorded on AC300 (¹H) and CXP200 (³¹P) Bruker spectrometers.

Dispersion of Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂ (CO)₇(PPh₃)₂ in silica gel by sol-gel process

300 mg of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] (0.25 mmol) were dissolved in 5 mL of a 1:1 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH mixture and added to 270.28 mg of TMOS (1.77 mmol). 128 mL of a 0.55 mol L^-1 solution of NH₄F in water were added to the first solution under stirring. After 15 min the gelation process was complete. 24 h after the gelation, due to the evaporation of CH₂Cl₂, the gel became inhomogeneous and orange crystalline formations were observed. FTIR n_CO/cm^-1: 2042s, 2009s, 1996s, 1980s, 1961s, 1948s (KBr).

Preparation of the functionalized xerogel Xgp1

A mixture of Ph₂PCH₂CH₂Si(OEt)₃ (590 mg, 1.57 mmol) and TMOS (1187 mg, 7.80 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of MeOH. A solution of 14 mg of NH₄F (0.38 mmol) in 325 mL of distilled water was added to the mixture under stirring. The gelation process was complete in a few seconds. The white product was filtered, washed twice with MeOH and dried under vacuum.

The xerogel was characterised by FTIR spectroscopy (CH₂CH₂PPh₂ group). FTIR n_CO /cm^-1: 592s, 740m, 793w, 952s, 1409w, 1436s, 1483w (KBr). Found: C, 28.8%; H, 2.35%. Anal. Calc. for 5SiO₂^.SiO_3/2(CH₂) ₂PPh₂: C, 29.72%; H, 2.49 %.

Selenuration of Xgp1

500 mg of KSeCN (3.47 mmol) were added to a suspension of Xgp1 (1.5 g) in 50 mL of MeCN. The mixture was stirred for 5 h, the solvent was removed by filtration and the white solid obtained (Xgp2) was washed with amounts of MeCN and distilled water. FTIR spectra in KBr disc confirmed the selenuration: FTIR n_PSe/cm^-1: 532 (KBr). Found: C, 26.2%; H, 2.28%. Anal. Calc. for 5SiO₂^.SiO_3/2(CH₂) ₂P(Se)Ph₂: C, 26.08 %; H, 2.18 %.

Reaction [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂ (CO)₈(PPh₃)] with Xgp1

225.2 mg of Xgp1 were added to a solution of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] (300 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 100 mL of toluene. The suspension was stirred at 60 °C for 1 h and filtered. The pink-red solid (Xgp3) obtained was washed with CH₂Cl₂.

FTIR n_CO /cm^-1: 2046m, 2010s, 1998vs 1960sh (KBr).

Reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with Xgp2

1.5 g of Xgp2 was added to a solution of 500 mg of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂]. The suspension was stirred at 90 °C for 2 h. After filtration, a reddish brown solid (Xgp4) was isolated and washed with CH₂Cl₂. The FTIR spectra of the red solid shows CO stretching bands due to anchored carbonyl clusters: FTIR n_CO /cm^-1: 2048vs, 2010vs, 1970s, 1810w (KBr).

The remaining orange-red solution was dried in vacuum and was redissolved in CH₂Cl₂. FTIR spectra indicate the presence of unreacted [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] and traces of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₉]. FTIR n_CO /cm^-1: 2077vs, 2053s and 2020m (CH₂Cl₂). [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] recovered by preparative TLC: 75 mg, 15%.

Preparation of dodecyldiphenylphosphine (dodp)

0.5 g (20 mmol) of metallic Mg were added to a 20 mL solution of n-dodecyl bromide (3.75 g, 15 mmol), and activated adding 250 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane.

The mixture was stirred for 10 min and added dropwise to a solution of Ph₂PCl (3.31 g, 15 mmol) in 250 ml of THF at 0 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuum and the yellow solid obtained was extracted and filtered with hexane. Upon removing the solvent, a yellow lacquer was obtained (dodp, yield 88%).

³¹P{¹H} NMR (CDCl₃): d -15.9; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): d 1.05 (t, 3 H, CH₃ dd, ¹J (H,H) 6.9 Hz), 1.58-1.43 (m, 22 H, CH₂ dd), 7.5-7.8 (m, 12 H, Ph).

Preparation of dodecyldiphenylphosphine selenide (dodpSe)

1.85 g of KSeCN (12.8 mmol) were added to a CH₂Cl₂/MeCN (20/80 mL) solution of dodp (2.3 g, 6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h; the solvent was removed in vacuum and the white solid obtained was washed with water, filtered and dried under vacuum (yield 84%).

FTIR n_PSe /cm^-1: 531 (KBr). ³¹P{¹H} NMR (CDCl₃): d 34.1 ¹J(P,Se) 721 Hz, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): d 0.85 (t, 3 H, CH₃ dd, ¹J(H,H) 6.9 Hz), 1.35 (m, 20 H, CH₂ dd) 2.50 (br, 2 H, P-CH₂ dd), 7.4-7.9 (m, 12 H, Ph)

Reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with dodpSe

Treatment of a toluene solution of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] (300 mg, 0.47 mmol) with 406 mg of dodpSe (0.94 mmol) for 1.5 h in toluene at 90 °C gave a deep red solution, which was evaporated to dryness. The residue was redissolved in a small amount of CH₂Cl₂. Four products were isolated by TLC using a mixture of CH₂Cl/hexane (1:1) as eluent: a red-orange band containing the nido cluster [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(dodp)] (1) (yield 20%), a red band containing the nido cluster [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(dodp) ₂] (2) (yield 35%), a purple band containing the nido cluster [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₆(dodp) ₃] (3) (yield 10%) and a brown band containing the closo cluster [Ru₄(m₄-Se)₂(CO)₉(dodp) ₂] (4) (yield 15%). All products were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature.

Cluster 1 FTIR n_CO /cm^-1: 2077m, 2044s, 2022s, 2006s, 1977sh (CH₂Cl₂). Found: C, 37.1%; H 3.4%. Anal. Calc. for Ru₃Se₂PC₃₂O₈ H₃₅: C, 36.95%; H, 3.36%. ³¹P{¹H} NMR (CDCl₃): d 46 br; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): d 0.88 (t, 3 H, CH₃ dd, ¹J(H,H) 6.9 Hz), 1.26 (m, 20 H, CH₂ dd), 2.61 (br, 2 H, PCH₂ dd), 7.5-7.8 (m, 12 H, Ph)

Cluster 2 FTIR n_CO /cm^-1: 2045s, 2006vs, 1967s, 1944m (CH₂Cl₂). Found: C, 49.2%; H 5.2%. Anal. Calc. for Ru₃Se₂P₂C₅₅ O₇H₇₀: C, 48.35%; H, 5.16%. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): d 0.91 (t, 6 H, CH₃ dd, ¹J(H,H) 6.9 Hz), d 1.28 (m, 40 H, CH₂ dd), d 1.66 (br, 4 H, PCH₂ dd), d 7.4-7.7 (m, 24 H, Ph).

Cluster 3 FTIR n_CO/cm^-1: 2013m, 1988vs, 1963s, 1943sh (CH₂Cl₂). Found: C, 53.8%; H 5.9%. Anal. Calc. for Ru₃Se₂P₃C₇₈ O₆H₁₀₅: C, 55.34%; H, 5.67%. ³¹P{¹H} NMR (CDCl₃): d 34.3, 35.5, 42.2; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): d 0.87 (t, 9 H, CH₃ dd, ¹J(H,H) 6.5 Hz), 1.24 (m, 60 H, CH₂ dd), 2.47 (br, 6 H, PCH₂ dd), 7.4-7.7 (m, 36 H, Ph).

Cluster 4 FTIR n_CO/cm^-1: 2037w, 2010vs, 1955m, 1840w, 1799w (CH₂Cl₂). Found: C, 44.2%; H 4.6%. Anal. Calc. for Ru₄Se₂P₂C₅₇ O₉H₇₀: C, 44.94%; H, 4.63%. ³¹P{¹H} NMR (CDCl₃): d 42.6 br; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): d 0.87 (t, 6 H, CH₃ dd, ¹J(H,H) 6.3 Hz), 1.24 (m, 40, CH₂ dd), 1.66 (br, 4 H, PCH₂ dd), 7.3-7.5 (m, 48 H, Ph).

Results and Discussion

Xerogels containing selenido carbonyl nido clusters of formula Ru₃Se₂ were prepared by three different ways: (i) by reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with a functionalised xerogel containing selenised CH₂CH₂PPh₃ groups; (ii) by reaction of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] with phosphinated silica; (iii) by simple dispersion of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] in silica by sol-gel process.

In the last case, a solution of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] and TMOS (5:1 Ru/Si molar ratio) in a CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/H₂O mixture yielded, by hydrolysis and condensation reactions, an homogeneous ruby-red material. Nevertheless, subsequent solvent evaporation leads to the growth of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] microcrystals (Figure 1) that gradually separate in the monolithic bulk.

The final material is inhomogeneous and completely releases the cluster by washing with organic solvent. This occurs also in the case of a lower Ru/Si ratio. The FTIR spectra shows strong CO stretching bands that perfectly superimpose the typical solid state [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] absorption pattern (Figure 2); these bands disappear after washing with CH₂Cl₂, indicating the total extraction of the carbonyl cluster from the gel.

Homogeneous xerogels containing dispersed selenido clusters can be prepared by the other two ways (i and ii, mentioned above), which lead to cluster-anchoring through phosphine ligands attached to the silica. Mode (ii) involves the reaction between the molecular selenido cluster [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] ²⁴ with the phosphine functionalized xerogel Xgp1. This is prepared by sol-gel co-processing TMOS and (EtO)₃SiCH₂CH₂PPh₃ (5:1 Si/P molar ratio) in a MeOH/H₂O mixture. The gelation process is fast and produces an air stable material which reacts with [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] at 60 °C, yielding a purple-red solid (Xgp3). The FTIR spectrum shows strong carbonyl absorption bands in the typical range of the selenido carbonyl ruthenium clusters. A comparison of the pattern with those described in the literature²⁴ shows clearly that two species are anchored to the silica matrix: the phospine di- and tri-substituted species with the Ru₃Se₂core (Figure 3). As one of the phosphine ligands is the original PPh₃ (if we exclude its dissociation from the clusters), the di- and tri-substituted species are anchored to the gel though one and two phosphine ligands respectively.

Actually, the P/Si molar ratio is high enough to permit that occasionally two anchored phosphine ligands coordinate two different ruthenium atoms yielding also the tri-substituted cluster, as observed for the analogous reaction between [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(PPh ₃)] and PPh₃ carried out in the liquid phase. The xerogel completely retains the cluster even if treated with CH₂Cl₂ or hot toluene.

The first route (i) to anchored selenido clusters requires the use of phosphine selenides grafted to silica. Therefore Xgp1 was treated with KSeCN at room temperature, resulting in the selenation of the grafted phosphine functions which was verified by the presence of the PSe stretching band at 532 cm^-1 in the FTIR spectrum.

The selenised xerogel (Xgp2) reacts with [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] in hot toluene, yielding a brick-red solid Xgp4, whose FTIR spectrum shows strong carbonyl absorption as in the case of Xgp3. A comparison of the absorption pattern (see Figure 4) with those reported in literature for the selenido-carbonyl ruthenium clusters confirms that the major product is the Ru₃Se₂-core cluster, anchored to the gel via two phosphine ligands. Scheme 2 represents the idealized structural diagram of the Ru₃Se₂ cluster anchored to silica in Xgp4.

The formation of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(L) ₂] (L= ºSiCH₂CH₂PPh₂ ) species is more selective than in the case of Xgp3. Despite this high selectivity, it is probable that other selenido cluster species are anchored to the gel, similarly to what observed in the reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with R₃PSe in the liquid phase, which affords a variety of minor products.²⁴ In this regard, the presence of the shoulder at 2077 cm^-1 suggests the presence of the mono-substituted Ru₃Se₂ clusters, whereas the band at 1830 cm^-1 is attributed to the (m₂-CO) stretching in the Ru₄Se₂core clusters.

It is interesting to observe the broadening effect of the anchorage on the carbonyl stretching bands which are solution-like, broader than those observed for Xgp3 and different to the [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(PPh ₃)₂] solid state pattern. The broadening effect is similar to that reported in the literature for various species anchored to silica gels. The xerogel does not release the cluster when treated with organic solvents and presents a high homogeneity, as in the case of Xgp3.

Furthermore, formation of small amounts of [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₉] in the reaction solvent should be noted from a side reaction during the anchoring process (i). This secondary reaction pattern was not observed in the case of the reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with R₃PSe in liquid phases. It could be the result of selenium transfer without ligand substitution due to leaching of selenido carbonyl ruthenium species.

Finally, the reaction between dodpSe and [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] leads to the formation of four products: [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₈(dodp)] 1 (yield 20%), [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₇(dodp) ₂] 2 (yield 35%), [Ru₃(m₃-Se)₂(CO)₆(dodp) ₃] 3 (yield 10%) and [Ru₄(m₄-Se)₂(CO)₉(dodp) ₂] 4 (yield 15%). This distribution is similar to that observed in the analogous reaction with PPh₃.²⁴Nido clusters 1, 2 and 3 contain the same square pyramidal Ru₃Se₂core, substituted, respectively, with one, two and three phosphine ligands. Two phosphines coordinate the octahedral Ru₄Se₂core of the closo cluster 4. These compounds, particularly derivatives 2 and 3, are deeply coloured species soluble in hydrocarbons and easily depositable as thin films on solid surfaces by slow evaporation of their solutions; they are potential candidates for optical (NLO) applications.²⁷

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Received: December 11, 2002

Published on the web: August 1, 2003

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Feb 2004
• Date of issue
  Dec 2003

History

• Received
  11 Dec 2002