The ion exchange properties and equilibrium constants of Li+, Na+ and K+ on zirconium phosphate highly dispersed on a cellulose acetate fibers surface

ARTICLE

The ion exchange properties and equilibrium constants of Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ on zirconium phosphate highly dispersed on a cellulose acetate fibers surface

Claudemir Adriano Borgo^I; Angélica M. Lazarin^I; Yuriy V. Kholin^III, Richard Landers^II; Yoshitaka Gushikem^{*, I}

^IInstituto de Química, CP 6154

^IIInstituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, CP 6165, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13084-971 Campinas - SP, Brazil

^IIIChemical Faculty, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, 4 Svoboda Square, Kharkov 61077, Ukraine

ABSTRACT

Highly dispersed zirconium phosphate was prepared by reacting celullose acetate/ZrO₂ (ZrO₂ = 11 wt%, 1.0 mmol g^-1 of zirconium atom per gram of the material) with phosphoric acid. High power decoupling magic angle spinning (HPDEC-MAS) ³¹P NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data indicated that HPO₄^2- is the species present on the membrane surface. The specific concentration of acidic centers, determined by ammonia gas adsorption, is 0.60 mmol g^-1. The ion exchange capacities for Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ ions were determined from ion exchange isotherms at 298 K and showed the following values (in mmol g^-1): Li⁺= 0.05, Na⁺= 0.38 and K⁺= 0.57. Due to the strong cooperative effect, the H⁺/Na⁺ and H⁺/K⁺ ion exchange is of non ideal nature. These ion exchange equilibria were treated with the use of models of fixed tridentate centers, which consider the surface of the sorbent as polyfunctional sorption centers. Both the observed ion exchange capacities with respect to the alkaline metal ions and the equilibrium constants are discussed by taking into consideration the sequence of the ionic hydration radii for Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺. The matrix affinity for the ions decreases with increasing the cations hydration radii from K⁺ to Li⁺. The high values of the separation factors S_Na+/Li+ and S_K+/Li+ (up to several hundreds) support the application of this material for the quantitative separation of Na⁺ and K⁺ from Li⁺ from a mixture containing these three ions.

Keywords: cellulose acetate-zirconium phosphate, inorganic-organic hybrid material, stability constants, alkali metal ions separation

RESUMO

Fosfato de zircônio altamente disperso foi preparado reagindo acetato de celulose/ZrO₂ (ZrO₂ = 11 wt%, 1,0 mmol g^-1 de átomo de zircônio por grama de material) com ácido fosfórico. Os dados de RMN ³¹P (HPDEC-MAS) com rotação de ângulo mágico desacoplado e Espectroscopia de Fotoelétron de raios-X indicam que a espécie HPO₄^2- está presente na superfície da membrana. A concentração específica de centros ácidos, determinada pela adsorção de gás amônia, foi de 0,60 mmol g^-1. As capacidades de troca-iônica dos íons Li⁺, Na⁺ e K⁺ foram determinadas das isotermas de troca-iônica à 298 K e mostraram os seguintes valores ( em mmol g^-1): Li⁺ = 0,05, Na⁺ = 0,38 e K⁺ = 0,57. Devido ao forte efeito cooperativo a troca-iônica de H⁺/Na⁺ e H⁺/K⁺ apresentou natureza não ideal. Esse equilíbrio de troca-iônica foi tratado com o uso de modelos de centros bi ou tridentados que considera a superfície do sorvente como centros de sorção polifuncionais. Tanto as capacidades de troca-iônica observadas com os respectivos íons metálicos alcalinos quanto as constantes de equilíbrio foram discutidas considerando a seqüência dos raios de hidratação iônicos para Li⁺, Na⁺ e K⁺. As afinidades para os íons diminuem com o aumento do raio de hidratação dos cátions, por ex. Li⁺< Na⁺ < K⁺ . Os altos valores dos fatores de separação de S_Na+/Li+ e S_K+/Li+ permitem aplicar este material para a separação quantitativa de Na⁺ e K⁺ de Li⁺ de uma mistura contendo esses três íons.

Introduction

Cellulose acetate is a polymer that can be easily molded into different forms such as membranes, fibers, and spheres. To conjugate the mechanical properties of the polymer with the intrinsic properties of an inorganic compound, hybrid organic/inorganic materials have been prepared.^1-10 When inorganic metal oxides are used, the resulting materials, Cel/M_xO_y, can be useful for specific applications, i.e., Cel/TiO₂ for enzyme immobilization and preconcen tration and determination of Cr(VI);^11,12 Al₂O₃ for immobilization of an ion exchange polymer¹³ or organofunctional groups for metal adsorption from ethanol solutions;¹⁴ Cel/ZrO₂ for phosphate adsorption¹⁵ and electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH;¹⁶ and Nb₂O₅ for cobalt (II) porphyrin immobilization for use in fabricating an oxygen sensor.¹⁷ These hybrid materials are normally made by means of mixing the cellulose acetate and the metal oxide precursor solutions, followed by a phase inversion process.^{10, 18}

Zirconium phosphate type cation exchangers have been extensively studied and are well-known for their excellence as ion exchangers.^19,22 However, bulk phase zirconium phosphate is normally obtained as fine amorphous powder and is very difficult in handling. In order to overcome this problem, an alternative procedure described in this work is to disperse ZrO₂ particles on cellulose acetate fibers and, furthermore, react them with phosphoric acid to obtain highly dispersed zirconium phosphate. In a previous work the procedure to obtain aluminum phosphate homogeneously dispersed on a cellulose fiber surface was reported.²³ The main feature of this material was its high ion-exchange capacity with high affinity towards Na⁺ and K⁺ while Li⁺ did not show any affinity and practically was not exchanged on this matrix surface. Following a similar procedure, zirconium phosphate immobilized on a cellulose acetate fiber surface was prepared and the ion exchange process towards Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ as well as the equilibrium constants were studied.

Experimental

Preparation of the cellulose acetate/ZrO₂ fibers

About 10 g of the cellulose acetate (Aldrich, 2.5% degree of acetylation) and 0.2 g of ZrOCl₂.8H₂O were added to a mixture containing 30 mL of glacial acetic acid and 70 mL of acetone. This mixture was vigorously stirred for 4 h until a viscous syrup was formed. The resulting syrup was slowly added to a flask containing about 1000 mL of a NH₄OH solution at pH 12, under vigorous stirring. The fibers were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under vacuum at room temperature. The modified fiber will hereafter be designated as Cel/ZrO₂.

Adsorption of phosphoric acid on Cel/ZrO₂ fibers

About 5 g of Cel/ZrO₂ was immersed in 50 mL of a 0.1 mol L^-1 H₃PO₄ solution and the mixture was shaken for 4 h at 298 K. After that, the mixture was filtered and the solid washed with ethanol and water, and then dried under vacuum (10^-3 mPa) at room temperature.

Adsorption of gaseous ammonia on Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate

About 1 g of Cel/ZrO₂/Phosphate was submitted to an ammonia gas saturated atmosphere in a closed vessel for approximately 1 h. After this treatment the solid was washed with bidistilled water until elimination of all excess ammonia and dried under vacuum (10^-3 mPa) at a room temperature.

Chemical analyses

The amount of zirconium in Cel/ZrO₂ was determined by calcinating 0.3 g of the sample at 1173 K, for 2 h, with the residue weighed as ZrO₂. The adsorption capacity of Cel/ZrO₂ with respect to H₃PO₄ (solution) was determined from the adsorption isotherm, at 298 K. About 0.1 g of Cel/ZrO₂ was immersed into 25 mL of different H₃PO₄ solutions, whose initial concentrations were varied in the range 10^-3 to 10^-5 mol L^-1, and shaken for 12 h. The contents of phosphorus in the supernatant solution were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy with a Perkin Elmer 3000 DV equipment. The content of adsorbed phosphate was determined by applying the equation:

where Ni and Ns are the initial and equilibrium amounts mol of phosphoric acid and m is the mass of the solid.

The amount of nitrogen in Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate was determined by elemental analysis.

Infrared spectroscopy

The samples were prepared by pressing fibers of cellulose acetate, Cel/ZrO₂ and Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate mixed with KBr (the percentage of cellulose-based materials was 1%). The spectra of the solids were obtained in a Bomem MB-Series spectrophotometer with 5 cm^-1 resolution and 32 cumulative scans.

Micrographs

The sample for micrograph images was dispersed on a double faced tape adhered on an aluminum support and coated with a thin film of graphite on a low voltage sputtering Balzer MED 020 apparatus. The measurements were made in a JEOL JSM-T300 microscope connected to a secondary electron detector and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) from Northern.

CPMAS ³¹P NMR

The CPMAS ³¹P NMR spectrum of the sample was obtained at room temperature on a Bruker ACP300 spectrometer operating at 121 MHz. A sequencial pulse with contact time of 1 ms, 2s intervals between pulses and acquisition times of 11 ms was used. The chemical shift was referenced to the 85% phosphoric acid signal.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

The X-ray photoelectron spectra of the samples were obtained by using K_a radiation of an aluminum anode (Al K_a = 1486.6 eV) as the excitation source. The pressure in the analyzer chamber was 2x10^-7 mPa. The experimental lines were fitted to gaussians and the binding energies referenced to C1s hydrocarbon at 284.6 eV.²⁴ The atomic ratios were obtained by integrating the areas under the peaks, corrected for the analyzer transmission, the Scofield's cross section and the electron mean free paths were taken as a function of the kinetic energy.²⁵

Ion exchange isotherms

The ion exchange reaction isotherms of Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate with Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ were obtained at 298 K by using the batch technique. About 0.1 g of the samples were immersed into 25 mL of MCl (M = Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) solutions, whose concentrations were varied between 10^-2 and 10^-3 mol L^-1, and the mixtures were shaken for 8 h.

The concentrations of the alkaline metal ions in the supernatant solution were determined by using a flame photometric technique (Na⁺ and K⁺) with a Micronal Flame Photometer apparatus or ICP (Li⁺) with a Perkin Elmer 3000 DV inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer apparatus. The quantities of the exchanged metals were determined by applying equation 1.

Alkaline metal retention experiments

Columns with 30 mm length and 5 mm internal diameter were filled with about 0.5 g of the material and connected on-line with a peristaltic pump. Aqueous solutions containing KCl (4.02 mg L^-1), NaCl (2.41 mg L^-1) and LiCl (0.700 mg L^-1), respectively, were passed through the columns with a flow rate of 0.50 mL min^-1. The columns were initially washed with aqueous solution and alkaline metals were analyzed in the effluent. The retained metal ions were eluted from the column with 1.0 x 10^-2 mol L^-1 aqueous HCl solution. The Na⁺ and K⁺ ions were determined by using a flame photometry technique and Li⁺ by the ICP technique.

Equilibrium constants

In order to have more information on the ion exchange process on the material surface, the constants of the ion exchange equilibria were determined. For the ideal ion exchange model, the equilibrium reaction can be represented by the following equation:

where the bars mean the ions in the solid phase, and K is the equilibrium constant. It must be pointed out that this model failed to approximate the experimental data within the limits of their errors. Hence, it was replaced by a more complex one, namely, a model of polyfunctional ion exchange centers that takes into account strong cooperative interactions.^26,27 Both the reasons to prefer this model and the criteria of model adequacy are discussed in detail elsewhere.²⁸ In this model, the surface of the sorbent is considered as the assemblage of the polydentate exchange centers, for instance:

where the overall constants are defined as , and n is the number of the stepwise constants. For each ion, the overall constants b_k were calculated by the non-linear squares method by using the program CLINP 2.1²⁹ through the minimization criterion

where D = [M⁺_sln]^calcd – [M⁺_sln]^exp, k is the number of the experimental points and w_k is the statistical weight assigned as 1/{[M⁺_sln]^exp´ s_k }² with s_k as the relative random error of the k^th measurement.

Results and Discussion

Characteristics of the material

The content of ZrO₂, determined by firing the solid at high temperature, was 11 wt% (1.0 mmol g^-1) of the oxide dispersed on the cellulose acetate surface.

The content of phosphate incorporated on the Cel/ZrO₂ surface was determined from the phosphoric acid adsorption isotherm at 298 K (Figure 1). At the limit of saturation of the surface, the maximum adsorption capacity is 0.60 mmol g^-1. In such conditions, it was assumed that all the ZrO₂ particles dispersed on the cellulose acetate surface reacted with phosphoric acid according to the reaction equation:

where ZrOH stands for the hydroxyl groups of the oxide attached to the cellulose acetate surface.

To determine the quantity of ionized hydrogen, the amount of adsorbed ammonia gas was determined and the value 0.6 mmol g^-1 was obtained. The mol ratio P/N = 1.0 indicates that NH₃ gas interaction with the solid phase proceeds according to the reaction:

³¹P NMR spectrum of Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate showed that the species adsorbed is mainly hydrogen phosphate. The spectrum showed peaks at -12.6 and -19.9 ppm, corresponding to H₂PO₄^- and HPO₄^-, respectively.^30-33

Infrared spectroscopy

Figure 2 shows the FT-IR spectra of the samples. The strong band at 1750 cm^-1 is assigned to the C=O stretching mode of the acetate group. All spectra are very similar, except for a band of weak intensity observed at 1560 cm^-1 in Figure 2b. This band has been assigned as due to the C=O×××Zr interactions of the free cellulose acetate carbonyl group.^6,34-38 This band is not observed in Figure 2c as a result of zirconium hydrogen phosphate formation, i.e., formation of Zr-O-P bond.

Dispersion of the particles

In order to check how the particles were dispersed in the matrix, micrographs for Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate were obtained. Figure 3a shows the SEM and 3b the corresponding EDS image. The white points shown in Figure 3b have an emission line at 2.05 keV, corresponding to Zr and P atoms.³⁹ It is very clear that the zirconium phosphate particles are highly dispersed on the cellulose fibers with no detectable agglomeration into large particles (formation of islands) of a size detectable with the magnification used (1000x).

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

Table 1 lists the corresponding binding energy (BE) values which are compared with corresponding ones observed for the free species. The O1s BE peak at 532.6 eV (designated as O_(i)1s) is due to the cellulose oxygen atom. For Cel/ZrO₂ this peak is split because the oxygen bonded to the Zr atom is observed at 530.5 eV (designated as O_(ii)1s). For Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate the O1s BE peaks of oxygen bonded to Zr or P atoms are coincident and are observed at 530.6 eV. The Zr3d_5/2 BE value for Cel/ZrO₂ is observed at 182.5 eV, and for the ZrO₂ phase at 182.2 eV.⁴⁰ Upon reaction with phosphoric acid, this is shifted to 183.0 eV. The increase of the Zr3d_5/2 BE of Cel/ZrO₂ upon reaction with phosphoric acid is related with a stronger polarization of the Zr-O bond in Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate, due to the coordination of the phosphate anion with the zirconium ion.⁴¹ Finally, comparing the P2s BE of Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate, 191.3 eV, with those of Na₃PO₄, 190.5 eV, Na₂HPO₄, 191.2 eV and NaH₂PO₄, 192.3 eV,⁴² the XPS technique also confirms that HPO₄^2- is the species present on the surface.

Ion exchange reactions and equilibrium constants

From the ion exchange isotherms for the Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ ions (Figure 4), the exchange capacities were determined under limit of saturation conditions. Cel/ZrO₂/phosphate appears to be a promising ion exchange material with a good ion exchange capacity and fast kinetic process. The values obtained were (in mmol g^-1) as follows: Li⁺= 0.05, Na⁺= 0.38 and K⁺= 0.57. The ion exchange capacity for the Li⁺ ions is negligible compared to Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. For K⁺, the exchange capacity is the same as the amount of ammonia gas adsorbed by the matrix, indicating that there is no restriction for this ion to diffuse at the solid-solution interface.

The equilibrium constants for all ions were determined with the aid of the model of fixed tridentate system centers. The results of calculations are presented in Table 2.

The best fitting was achieved for the model of tridentate ion exchange centers (n=3). The calculations show that for both, Na⁺ and K⁺ ions and the ion exchange constants b₃ are very close while they are much higher than that calculated for Li⁺. Using the calculated exchange capacities and equilibrium constants it is possible to estimate the potential of this material to be employed for separating Li⁺ from Na⁺ and K⁺. The separation factors were estimated as

where and are the initial quantities of species A and B in aqueous solution (mol) and Q_A and Q_B refer to the quantities retained by the material under the equilibrium conditions. Figure 5 presents a plot of separation factors calculated for different initial concentration of the metal ions against C⁰_M .

According to the calculations performed for the metals that are initially present in solution at equal concentrations (from 2x10^-5 up to 3x10^-3 mol L^-1) and the mass of the sorbent 0.1 g immersed in 50 mL, the separation factors S_Na+/Li+ and S_K+/Li+ maximized at 150 (Figure 5). This shows the possibility of separating Li⁺ from Na⁺ and K⁺, while the separation of Na⁺ from K⁺ seems to be impossible. In fact, passing a solution containing a mixture of Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺, each with concentration of 1.00x10^-4 mol L^-1, through a column filled with 0.5 g of (Cel/ZrO₂)₂PO₂H has shown that Na⁺ and K⁺ were completely retained in the column while Li⁺ was not kept at all. Table 3 summarizes the results obtained.

The high values of the separation factors S_Na+/Li+ and S_K+/Li+ support the quantitative separation of Na⁺ and K⁺ from Li⁺ from a mixture containing these three ions. It is known that if a cation exchanger is placed in an aqueous solution of two cations, i.e. A⁺ and B⁺, the preference of the exchanger for ion A⁺ or B⁺ depends on their electrostatic energies of interaction with the fixed anionic exchange sites. In the present case, as the hydration enthalpies (in kJ mol^-1) of the individual ions are Li⁺= -532, Na⁺= -423 and K⁺= 338⁴³ and the hydrated ions sizes are (in pm) Li⁺ = 47, Na⁺= 36 and K⁺= 24⁴⁴, the electrostatic interaction with the fixed anion is expected to be considerably reduced for Li⁺ in comparison with Na⁺ and K⁺.

Conclusions

The isotherms for the H⁺/Na⁺ and H⁺/K⁺ ion exchange show the non ideal nature of the exchange for these ions. The features of the systems studied were taken into account by applying a model of tridentate centers that considers the surface of the sorbent as an assemblage of polyfunctional sorption centers. For each such center the ion exchange process for Na⁺ and K⁺ is not of a stepwise character, pointing to strong cooperative interactions between the attached phosphate groups. Both the observed ion exchange capacities, with respect to the alkaline metal ions, and the equilibrium constants may be interpreted by taking into consideration the sequence of the ionic hydration radii for Li⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺.

Acknowledgements

Y. G. is indebted to FAPESP and FINEP-PRONEX for financial support. C. A. B. and A. M. L. are also indebted to CNPq and FAPESP for fellowships. The authors wish to acknowledge Prof. Carol H. Collins for manuscript revision

Received: February 24, 2003

Published on the web: November 28, 2003

FAPESP helped in meeting the publication costs of this article.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 May 2004
• Date of issue
  Feb 2004

History

• Received
  24 Feb 2003
• Accepted
  28 Nov 2003