Rearrangement of beta,gamma-unsaturated esters with thallium trinitrate: synthesis of indans bearing a beta-keto ester moiety

Abstracts

The rearrangement of beta,gamma-unsaturated esters, such as 2-(3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester, with thallium trinitrate (TTN) in acetic acid leads to 3-indan-1-yl-2-methyl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester in good yield, through a ring contraction reaction. The new indans thus obtained feature a beta-keto ester moiety, which would be useful for further functionalization.

indan; ring contraction; thallium trinitrate; beta-keto ester

O rearranjo de ésteres beta,gama-insaturados, tais como 2-(3,4-di-hidronaftalen-1-il)-propionato de etila, com trinitrato de tálio (TTN) em ácido acético leva a 3-indan-1-il-2-metil-3-oxo-propionatos de etila com bom rendimento, através de uma reação de contração de anel. Os novos indanos assim obtidos possuem uma unidade beta-ceto éster, a qual pode ser útil para transformações posteriores.

SHORT REPORT

Rearrangement of b,g-unsaturated esters with thallium trinitrate: synthesis of indans bearing a b-keto ester moiety

Luiz F. Silva Jr.^*; Eliane C. Pedrozo; Helena M. C. Ferraz

Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 26077, 05513-970 São Paulo-SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The rearrangement of b,g-unsaturated esters, such as 2-(3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester, with thallium trinitrate (TTN) in acetic acid leads to 3-indan-1-yl-2-methyl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester in good yield, through a ring contraction reaction. The new indans thus obtained feature a b-keto ester moiety, which would be useful for further functionalization.

Keywords: indan, ring contraction, thallium trinitrate, b-keto ester

RESUMO

O rearranjo de ésteres b,g-insaturados, tais como 2-(3,4-di-hidronaftalen-1-il)-propionato de etila, com trinitrato de tálio (TTN) em ácido acético leva a 3-indan-1-il-2-metil-3-oxo-propionatos de etila com bom rendimento, através de uma reação de contração de anel. Os novos indanos assim obtidos possuem uma unidade b-ceto éster, a qual pode ser útil para transformações posteriores.

Introduction

The indan skeleton is present in a variety of molecules with important biological activity,¹ including the well-known Indinavir^® and Aricept^®.^2,3 Our research group has investigated approaches to obtain indans from 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes, using a thallium(III)-promoted ring contraction reaction.^4-9 During these studies, we found that a side chain at the double bond has a strong influence in the reaction pathway.⁵ The treatment of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes bearing a b,g-unsaturated carboxylic acid unit, such as 1, with thallium triacetate (TTA) gave a mixture of the isomeric allylic acetates 2 and 3, which are produced through an oxidative decarboxylation process (Scheme 1).¹⁰

The reaction of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene with thallium trinitrate (TTN) gave the ring contraction product in very good yield. However, the analogous reaction with 4-alkyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes afforded mainly products of addition of the solvent, as exemplified for the oxidation of 4 to 5 (Scheme 2).⁵

In contrast, the presence of a hydroxyl group at the side chain makes the rearrangement the preferable reaction, as exemplified in the formation of 8 from the alkenol 7.⁴ This subtle modification has been attributed to the coordination of the hydroxyl group with the thallium(III), which would help the electrophilic addition step.^4,6 The homoallylic alcohols 7 were efficiently obtained in three steps from 1-tetralones, through the b,g-unsaturated esters 6. We then realized that these esters would also be interesting substrates for thallium(III)-promoted ring contraction reactions, because the indans products of this transformation (9), would bear a b-keto ester unit, which is a valuable moiety for further functionalization¹¹ (Scheme 3).

Herein, a study concerning the synthesis of a series of b-keto esters 9a-f and 11 through a TTN-promoted oxidative rearrangement of the readily available b,g-unsaturated esters 6a-g is described. To the best of our knowledgement, the thallium(III)-mediated rearrangement of b,g-unsaturated esters has never been reported, although the corresponding reaction with a,b-unsaturated esters has already been described.¹²

Results and Discussion

The reaction conditions to promote the thallium(III)-mediated oxidative rearrangement of b,g-unsaturated esters were first optimized for the substrate 6a. The first condition tested was that used in the rearrangement of the homoallylic alcohols 7 (see Scheme 3), in other words, TTN in a mixture of acetic acid and water at room temperature. However, under such a condition, the reaction was too slow and even after 21 h the main component of the reaction mixture was the starting material, as indicated by TLC analysis. Thus, the oxidation of 6a was performed in glacial AcOH, because in this solvent the solubility of the substrate would increase, which would presumably accelerate the reaction.¹³ Indeed, utilizing two equivalents of TTN in glacial AcOH, the ring contraction product 9a was obtained in good yield (Table 1, entry 1). Using less than two equivalents of TTN, the indan 9a was obtained in lower yield and/or starting material was recovered (1.2 equiv. TTN, 8.5 h: 38% yield and 29% of starting material recovered; 1.5 equiv. TTN, 28 h: 50% yield). Moreover, the product was also obtained in ca. 60% yield, when more than two equivalents of TTN were added (2.5 equiv. TTN, 2 h: 60%; 3.0 equiv. TTN, 2 h: 57%; 3.5 equiv. TTN, 1 h: 63%).

With optimized conditions established, we explored the behavior of the substrates 6b-g. As shown in Table 1, entries 2-7, in all cases the corresponding indans were obtained from moderate to good yield. When the substrate 6b, which bears the methoxy group in meta to the migrating carbon, reacted with TTN, the ring contraction product was obtained in 49% yield (entry 2). This lower yield can be explained considering that in the rearrangement of 6b, the negative inductive effect of the methoxy group would predominate, slightly disfavoring the ring contraction. As expected, this inductive effect would be more pronounced in the ester 6c, that bears a bromine atom. Indeed, no reaction was observed when this substrate was treated with TTN under conditions similar to that used with 6a-b (2 equiv. of TTN, AcOH, rt). However, when 6c was treated with a high excess of TTN, the ring contraction product 9c was obtained in good yield (entry 3).

The oxidative rearrangement of a b,g-unsaturated ester bearing a methyl group at the cyclohexenyl ring (6f) gave the 1,3-disubstituted indan 9f as a cis/trans mixture, where the trans predominates¹⁴ (entry 6). We were unable to determine the cis/trans ratio because of the overlap of signals in the NMR spectra of the diastereomers and their corresponding enol forms.

The percentage of enol form of the b-keto esters 9a-f varies in solution of CDCl₃, as indicated in Table 1. The enol forms 10a-d present a signal at 12.8 ppm, corresponding to the OH hydrogen, which agrees with the data recently reported by Katritzky and co-workers for analogous enol forms.¹¹ The methyl group of the enol forms 10a-c appears as a singlet at 1.9 ppm. The hydrogen of the OH group of the enol forms 10e-f appears at 12.2 ppm and the vinylic hydrogen at ca. 4.9 ppm.

The treatment of the ester 6g with TTN gave the ring contraction product in a yield higher (72%) than that obtained for 6a, due to the presence of the methoxy group in para to the migrating carbon, which increases its migratory aptitude, favoring the rearrangement. The isolated ring contraction product is present in solution of CDCl₃ exclusively as an enol form, as deduced by ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis. The ¹³C NMR spectrum shows 8 signals between 110 and 161, corresponding to sp² carbons and a single signal for a carbonyl group, at 172 ppm. However, the ¹H NMR spectrum shows a dublet at 1.6 ppm and a quartet at 4.1 ppm, both having a coupling constant of 7.2 Hz, which indicates the presence of a CH₃-CH unit. Thus, the expected enol form D^2,3, analogous to 10a-f, does not fit with these data. However, a nice match between the ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals and the structure 11 was noted (entry 7).¹⁵ We believe that the enol form 11, on which the double bond is conjugated to the aromatic ring instead to the carbonyl group of the ester, is particularly stable, due to the presence of the methoxy group at the para position.

The ring contraction of b,g-unsaturated esters mediated by TTN probably occurs by a mechanism similar to that proposed in the rearrangement of the homoallylic alcohols 7.^4,6 Thus, the first step would be the formation of the oxythallated adduct 12 that is produced by the electrophilic addition of thallium(III) to the double bond. Such an addition would be assisted by the oxygen of the carbonyl group through coordination with the thallium atom.¹⁶ Then, the migration of the phenyl group in the adduct 12 would give the observed product 9a, after losing a proton (Scheme 4). Considering this mechanism, one could expect that the formation of the indans 9a-d would be diastereoselective, similarly to the observed in the ring contraction of 7.^4,6 However, the indans 9a-d were obviously isolated as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers, because the estereocenter flanked by the two carbonyl groups readily epimerizes under the acidic conditions of the reaction medium. Furthermore, the epimerization could also take place by abstraction of the a-carbonyl hydrogen of the cyclopentane ring of indans such as 9.

In conclusion, a three-step synthesis of indans bearing a b-keto ester moiety from commercially available ketones was developed. The key transformation in this sequence is a thallium(III)-mediated oxidative rearrangement of b,g-unsaturated esters. The new indans herein described constitute useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.

Experimental

General

The 1-tetralones, ethyl bromoacetate, ethyl 2-bromopropionate, and ethyl 2-bromobutyrate were distilled prior to use. Zinc powder was activated by washing several times with 10% aqueous HCl, water, saturated aqueous HgCl₂, water and acetone. The zinc obtained was then dried in an oven (ca. 120 °C) and storaged in a desiccator. Benzene was distilled from sodium wire and storaged in a bottle also containing sodium wire. THF was used as received for the dehydration reactions. Other reagents were used as received. Column chromatography was performed using silica gel Acros 200-400 Mesh. TLC analyses were performed with silica gel plates Merck, using vanilline or p-anisaldehyde solution for visualization. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker and/or Varian spectrometers. IR spectra were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 1750-FT. Gas chromatography analyses were performed in a HP-6890 series II. High resolution mass spectra were acquired on a VG Autospec/Fission Instrument and MicroTOF LC from Bruker Daltonics.

Preparation of the unsaturated esters 6a-g

The esters 6a-g were prepared from the corresponding 1-tetralones by Reformatsky followed by acid-catalyzed dehydration, as previously reported.⁴ The analytical data of 6a-b,d-g were previously reported, whereas the ester 6c is a new compound.

2-(7-Bromo-3,4-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (6c). Pale yellow oil. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1735; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d 1.22 (t, J 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.42 (d, J 7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.23-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.69 (m, 2H), 3.65 (dt, J 0.9 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06-4.22 (m, 2H), 6.07 (dt, J 0.9 and 4.7 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J 2.1 and 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J 1.8 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d 14.0, 16.7, 22.7, 27.4, 41.0, 60.6, 119.9, 125.3, 127.0, 129.0, 129.3, 135.1, 135.3, 136.1, 174.5; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 310 (M⁺, 20%), 308 (M⁺, 13), 295 (3), 293 (3), 235 (16), 209 (9), 207 (9), 156 (53), 141 (51), 128 (68), 102 (100). Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₇O₂Br: C, 57.91; H, 5.25. Found: C, 58.27; H, 5.54.

3-Indan-1-yl-2-methyl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester (9a). General procedure for the thallium(III) mediated oxidation of the esters 6a-g

To a stirred solution of 6a (0.114 g, 0.495 mmol) in HOAc (2.4 mL) was added TTN.3H₂O (0.470 g, 1.06 mmol), which dissolved slowly. The mixture was stirred for 2.5 h and an abundant precipitation was observed. The resulting suspension was filtered through a silica gel pad (70-230 Mesh, ca. 20 cm), using EtOAc (200 mL), as eluent. The filtrate was washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ and the aqueous phase was extracted twice with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic phase was then dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (200-400 Mesh, hexanes/EtOAc, 10:1) after concentration of the solvent under reduced pressure, giving a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the indan 9a (0.0748 g, 0.304 mmol, 61%), as a colorless oil. A small amount of the enol form 10a was also detected in the NMR spectra. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1713, 1744; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 1.22-1.29 (m, 3 H), 1.32-1.36 (m, 3H), 2.22-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.47 (m, 1 H), 2.86-2.99 (m, 1 H), 3.03-3.16 (m, 1 H), 3.73 and 3.85 (q, J 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 4.12-4.23 (m, 2 H), 4.28-4.34 (m, 1 H), 7.12-7.31 (m, 4 H). Selected signals for the enol form (other signals overlap with those of the keto form): 1.93 (s, 3H), 12.82 (d, J 1.5 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 12.93, 13.38, 14.00, 14.01, 29.21, 29.50, 31.79, 31.88, 50.92, 51.17, 56.99, 57.22, 61.28, 61.33, 124.71, 124.93, 125.03, 126.39, 126.44, 127.56, 127.60, 140.46, 140.49, 144.63, 144.75, 170.36, 170.43, 205.65, 206.50; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 246 (M⁺, 5%), 200 (2), 144 (9), 117 (91); HRMS Calc. for C₁₅H₁₈O₃ 246.12559; Found 246.12562.

3-(6-Metoxy-indan-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester (9b)

Following the general procedure, a solution of 6b (0.159 g, 0.611 mmol) in HOAc (2.5 mL) was reacted with TTN.3H₂O (0.543 g, 1.22 mmol) for 2 h. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography (hexanes/Et₂O, 15:1) gave a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the indan 9b (0.0819 g, 0.296 mmol, 49%), as a colorless oil. A small amount of the enol form 10b was also detected in the NMR spectra. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1713, 1744; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 1.25 and 1.27 (t, J 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.33 and 1.34 (d, J 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.96-3.05 (m, 1H), 3.72 and 3.83 (q, J 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.77 and 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.17 and 4.18 (q, J 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.29 (m, 1H), 6.74-6.85 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.16 (m, 1H). Selected signals for the enol form (other signals overlap with those of the keto form): 1.92 (s, 3H), 12.82 (d, J 1.5 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 13.00, 13.45, 14.00, 29.80, 29.98, 30.93, 30.99, 50.83, 51.16, 55.41, 55.43, 57.17, 57.51, 61.30, 61.33, 110.35, 110.48, 113.49, 113.88, 125.15, 125.31, 136.55, 136.67, 141.77, 141.83, 158.72, 158.78, 170.36, 170.42, 205.60, 206.42; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 276 (M⁺, 18%), 174 (19), 147 (100). HRMS Calc. for C₁₆H₂₀O₄ 276.13615; Found 276.13622.

3-(6-Bromo-indan-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester (9c)

Following the general procedure, a solution of 6c (0.100 g, 0.323 mmol) in HOAc (2.0 mL) was reacted with TTN.3H₂O (1.15 g, 2.59 mmol) for 40 mim. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography (hexanes/Et₂O, 10:1) gave a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the indan 9c (0.0600 g, 0.185 mmol, 57%), as a colorless oil. A small amount of the enol form 10c was also detected in the NMR spectra. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1714, 1744; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 1.25-1.31 (m, 3 H), 1.35-1.39 (m, 3 H), 2.18-2.49 (m, 2 H), 2.80-2.92 (m, 1 H), 2.95-3.10 (m, 1 H), 3.71-3.82 (m, 1 H), 4.15-2.24 (m, 2 H), 4.26-4.36 (m, 1 H), 7.11 (d, J 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.22-7.40 (m, 2 H). Selected signals for the enol form (other signals overlap with those of the keto form): 1.92 (s, 3H), 12.91 (d, J 1.2 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 13.02, 13.16, 14.06, 29.72, 29.99, 31.32, 31.47, 51.38, 56.60, 56.71, 61.54, 119.99, 120.06, 126.09, 126.34, 127.94, 128.26, 130.58, 130.65, 142.85, 142.90, 143.59, 143.76, 170.25, 170.26, 205.33, 205.81; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 326 (M⁺, 5%), 324 (M⁺, 5), 224 (12), 222 (11), 197 (27), 195 (30), 129 (15), 116 (100). Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₇O₃Br: C, 55.40; H, 5.27. Found: C, 55.34; H, 5.20.

2-(Indane-1-carbonyl)-butyric acid ethyl ester (9d)

Following the general procedure, a solution of 6d (0.166 g, 0.679 mmol) in HOAc (4.0 mL) was reacted with TTN.3H₂O (0.604 g, 1.36 mmol) for 2 h. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 10:1) gave a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the indan 9d (0.107 g, 0.412 mmol, 61%) as a colorless oil. A small amount of the enol form 10d was also detected in the NMR spectra. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1714, 1743; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 0.91 and 0.87 (t, J 7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.24 and 1.26 (t, J 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.83-1.96 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.98 (m, 1H), 3.02-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.59 and 3.70 (t, J 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.21-4.32 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.30 (m, 4H). Selected signals for the enol form (other signals overlap with those of the keto form): 12.82 (d, J 1.5 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 11.83, 11.99, 14.02, 21.57, 21.85, 29.12, 29.36, 31.68, 31.83, 57.28, 57.37, 58.76, 58.80, 61.18, 61.21, 124.64, 124.75, 124.89, 125.05, 126.26, 126.34, 127.48, 127.55, 140.26, 144.56, 144.71, 169.51, 169.58, 204.93, 205.54; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 260 (M⁺, 5%), 144 (11), 117 (100.0). HRMS Calc. for C₁₆H₂₀O₃ 260.1412; Found 261.1488 (MH⁺).

3-Indan-1-yl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester (9e)

Following the general procedure, a solution of 6e (0.225 g, 1.04 mmol) in HOAc (4.0 mL) was reacted with TTN.3H₂O (0.926 g, 2.09 mmol) for 2 h. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography (hexanes/Et₂O, 10:1) gave 9e (0.120 g, 0.517 mmol, 50%) as a colorless oil. A small amount of the enol form 10e was also detected in the NMR spectra. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1713, 1744; ¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 1.26 (t, J 7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.33-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 2H), 3.52 (AB system, J 15.7 Hz, 2H), 4.14-4.24 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.30 (m, 4H). Selected signals for the enol form (other signals overlap with those of the keto form): 1.27 (t, J 7.1 Hz, 3H), 3.8-3.9 (m, 1H), 4.98 (s, 1H), 12.16 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 14.07, 28.60, 31.76, 47.00, 58.26, 61.34, 124.96, 125.00, 126.64, 127.83, 139.94, 144.65, 167.20, 202.83. LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 232 (M⁺, 6%), 144 (12), 117 (100). HRMS Calc. for C₁₄H₁₆O₃ 232.1099; Found 233.1184 (MH⁺).

3-(3-Methyl-indan-1-yl)-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester (9f)

Following the general procedure, a solution of 6f (0.158 g, 0.686 mmol) in HOAc (2.5 mL) was reacted with TTN.3H₂O (0.610 g, 1.37 mmol) for 2 h. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography (hexanes/Et₂O, 15:1) gave 9f (0.102 g, 0.412 mmol, 60%) as a colorless oil. A small amount of the enol form 10f was also detected in the NMR spectra. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1713, 1744; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form: 1.23-1.31 (m, 6H), 1.76-2.02 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.68 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.6 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.24 (m, 3H), 7.17-7.32 (m, 4H). Selected signals for the enol form (other signals overlap with those of the keto form): 4.88 (m, 1H), 12.15 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d keto form (trans diastereomer): 14.06, 20.04, 37.60, 38.25, 46.95, 57.06, 61.33, 123.95, 124.92, 126.76, 128.04, 139.50, 149.31, 167.23, 202.65. LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 246 (M⁺, 7%), 228 (1), 158 (12), 143 (1), 131 (100). Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₈O₃: C, 73.15; H, 7.37; Found: C, 73.03; H, 7.17.

3-Hydroxy-3-(5-methoxy-indan-1-ylidene)-2-methyl -propionic acid ethyl ester (11)

Following the general procedure, a solution of 6g (0.111 g, 0.426 mmol) in HOAc (2.4 mL) was reacted with TTN.3H₂O (0.379 g, 0.853 mmol) for 2 h. Purification of the crude product by flash chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc, 10:1) gave 11 (0.0853 g, 0.307 mmol, 72%), as a yellow oil. IR (film) n_max/cm^-1: 1734; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d 1.11 (t, J 7.2 Hz, 3 H), 1.59 (d, J 7.2 Hz, 3 H), 2.85-3.00 (m, 4 H), 3.84 (s, 3 H), 4.04-4.15 (m, 2 H), 4.38 (q, J 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 6.77-6.80 (m, 2 H), 7.34-7.40 (m, 1 H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) d 13.91, 15.59, 25.53, 28.78, 39.49, 55.32, 61.03, 112.00, 113.91, 124.51, 127.80, 139.04, 139.49, 144.95, 160.74, 172.36; LRMS m/z (rel. int.) 276 (M⁺, 7%), 217 (53), 202 (69), 184 (10), 174 (21), 159 (24), 144 (14), 130 (19), 115 (25), 102 (10), 91 (9), 77 (13), 65 (11), 43 (100).

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES for their continuous financial support.

References

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11. Katritzky, A.R.; Wang, Z.Q.; Wang, M.Y.; Wilkerson, C.R.; Hall, C.D.; Akhmedov, N.G.; J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 6617; Majima, K.; Tosaki, S.Y.; Ohshima, T.; Shibasaki, M.; Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 5377; Zhang, J.; Blazecka, P.G.; Angell, P.; Lovdahl, M.; Curran, T.T.; Tetrahedron 2005, 61, 7807.

12. Taylor, E.C.; Robey, R.L.; Liu, K.-T.; Favre, B.; Bozimo, H.T.; Conley, R.A.; Chiang, C.-S.; McKillop, A.; Ford, M.E.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 3037.

13. For a similar strategy, see ref. 6.

14. The relative configuration was established by comparison to the NMR data of similar indans. See, for example, ref. 4 and 8.

15. The effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in the thallium(III)-promoted ring contraction reaction has been previously discussed in ref. 7 and 9.

16. The coordination of thallium(III) with carboxylic acids and derivatives, including esters, has been previously proposed. See, for example: McKillop, A.; Hunt, J.D.; Zelesko, M.J.; Fowler, J.S.; Taylor, E.C.; McGillivray, G.; Kienzle, F.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4841; Taylor, E.C.; Kienzle, F.; Robey, R.L.; McKillop, A.; Hunt, J.D.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4845; Larock, R.C.; Fellows, C.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 1900; Larock, R.C.; Varaprath, S.; Lau, H.H.; Fellows, C.A.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 5274.

Received: July 14, 2005

Published on the web: December 15, 2005

FAPESP helped in meeting the publication costs of this article.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Mar 2006
• Date of issue
  Feb 2006

History

• Accepted
  15 Dec 2005
• Received
  14 July 2005