Application of inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of monazite ages by lead isotope ratios

ARTICLE

Application of inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of monazite ages by lead isotope ratios

José Marcus Godoy^{I, II,*}; Maria Luiza D. P. Godoy^I; Cláudia C. Aronne^II

^IInstituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD), CP 37750, Barra da Tijuca, 22642-970 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil

^IIDepartamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the applicability of inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry to the determination of Pb/Pb, U/Pb and Th/Pb ages of monazite, studies were carried out initially applying lead atom ratio reference standards (NIST SRM 981 and 982). Further, the optimized methodology was applied to monazite sands from three different sites, Sugar Loaf Hill (Rio de Janeiro city), Buena (Rio de Janeiro state) and Black Sands Beach (Guarapari, Espirito Santo state); the obtained mean ages, (581 ± 21)Myears, (552 ± 32)Myears and (535 ± 3)Myears, respectively, are in agreement with the literature values for zircon and monazite samples from the same sites. Single grain Th/Pb ages were also determined for the monazite sample from Black Sands beach, nine grains were analyzed and the mean value, (530 ± 26)Myears, is in agreement with the value obtained with bulk samples. Finally, the method was applied to a thorianite sample from Amapá state and the observed Th-Pb, U-Pb and Pb-Pb ages obtained were (2.15 ± 0.05)Gyears, (2.03 ± 0.01)Gyears anda (2.044 ± 0.006)Gyears respectively, with a mean value of (2.08 ± 0.07)Gyears. This value is coherent with the (2.08 ± 0.02)Gyears age of the Bacuri complex, Amapá, reported in the literature.

Keywords: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), lead dating, monazite

RESUMO

A fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade da espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado à determinação de idades Pb/Pb, U/Pb e Th/Pb de monazitas, estudos foram realizados, inicialmente, em padrões isotópicos de referência para chumbo (NIST SRM 981 e 982). Posteriormente, a metodologia otimizada foi aplicada a areias monazíticas de três diferentes locais, Pão de Açúcar (Rio de Janeiro), Buena (Estado do Rio de Janeiro) e Praia Negra (Guarapari, Estado do Espirito Santo); as idades médias obtidas, (581 ± 21)Ma, (552 ± 32)Ma e (535 ± 3)Ma, respectivamente, estão de acordo com os valores da literatura para amostras de zircão e de monazita dos mesmos locais. Idades Th/Pb com mono-grãos foram também determinadas para a amostra de monazita da Praia Negra, nove grãos foram analisados e o valor médio, (530 ± 26)Ma, está no acordo com o valor obtido com alíquotas maiores. Finalmente, o método foi aplicado a uma amostra do torianita do Estado de Amapá e as idades obtidas Th-Pb, U-Pb e Pb-Pb foram de (2,15 ± 0,05)Ga, (2,03 ± 0,01)Ga e (2,044 ± 0,006)Ga, respectivamente, com um valor médio de (2,08 ± 0,07)Ga, coerente com a idade de (2,08 ± 0,02)Ga do complexo de Bacuri, Amapá, relatada na literatura.

Introduction

Considering the four stable isotopes of lead, only ²⁰⁴Pb is non-radiogenic. Since the other three, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb, are end-members of the ²³²Th (²⁰⁸Pb), ²³⁵U (²⁰⁷Pb) and ²³⁸U (²⁰⁶Pb) radioactive decay chains, different minerals show different isotopic compositions according to their age and the initial Th and U content of the source rock.¹ Although less resistant than zircon, monazite offers the advantage of generally higher U and Th content and often behaves as a closed-system for U and Pb.²

For the purpose of lead dating, thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) using a magnetic sector mass analyzer has been the conventional method for high precision isotopic analysis with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 0.01% when applied to reference materials, NIST-SRM-981^3-5 or BCR-SRM-278 (Mussel Tissue), NIST-SRM-1577A (Bovine Liver) and BCR-SRM-422 (Cod Muscle).⁶ However, the precision values obtained for real samples are in the range of 0.1-0.3%.^7-9 Moreover, the relatively high cost of TIMS instrumentation and the extensive chemical pre-treatment required have imposed limitations on the routine use of TIMS techniques in geochemical exploration applications.^5,10,11

Although the quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) shows inferior precision in comparison with TIMS, it has some important advantages, such as (i) simple sample pre-treatment, (ii) high sample throughput and simple sample introduction and (iii) widespread availability.¹²

Quadrupole based ICP-MS instruments have been used in many studies to measure Pb atom ratios. The precisions measured in reference materials are typically 0.1- 0.3% RSD,^13-16 whereas for real samples, a precision in the range of 0.2-0.5% RSD is usually obtained.^8,9,17,18 Despite the fact that quadrupole based instruments may offer a precision 100 times worse than that obtained with TIMS for reference materials, when applied to real samples this difference is reduced to less than one order of magnitude.^6-9,19 Several factors may be responsible for this variability, but the most important factors affecting the precision are those regarding the sample variance, including sample and sample preparation uncertainties, sample matrix effects and chemical steps associated with the method other than with the instrumental technique itself.^7-9

In the present work, the application of quadrupole ICP-MS for the determination of lead atom ratios has been evaluated by aiming at its application for dating of monazites, using the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and U-Th-total Pb methods.

Experimental

Instrumentation

A Perkin-Elmer SCIEX ELAN 6000 ICP-MS equipped with the original cross flow nebulizer was used for the Pb isotopic measurement. A peristaltic pump performed the solution aspiration. The ICP-MS instrumental operating conditions are summarized in Table 1.

Reagents and standard solutions

All reagents used were of analytical-reagent grade or higher purity and de-ionized water was further purified using a Millipore Milli-Q water purification system. Certified lead atom ratio standard materials (SRM 981) and (SRM 982) were purchased from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA).

Monazite samples

Buena monazite sample

A pure monazite concentrate sample from Buena (São Francisco de Assis county), in the north of the Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), was obtained from INB (Indústrias Nucleares Brasileiras).

Sugar Loaf Hill and Black Sand beach samples

In both locations (Urca beach, Rio de Janeiro/RJ) and Black Sand Beach (BSB) (Guarapari, ES), the area with the highest radioactivity was localized with a cintilometer and approximately 5 kg sand samples were taken. The monazite fraction was separated as described by Barling et al.²⁰

Sample dissolution and analysis

For each sample, a bulk sample was prepared by crushing, by hand, several monazite grains using an agate mortar. Three 25 mg aliquots of each sample, equivalent to 150 grains, were weighed, transferred to a 10 mL platinum crucible, to which 500 µL of phosphoric acid was added and then was heated to red-hot for a few minutes by applying a Meker burner. A clear solution was observed and diluted to 10 mL with 7.2 mol L^-1 nitric acid. One milliliter was removed and diluted to 50 mL with 2% (v/v) nitric acid. All determinations were standardized against a reagent blank.

Using this solution, lead, uranium and thorium content were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS, respectively, using thallium as internal standard. Each aliquot is analyzed three times and the method standard deviation is 1% for lead and uranium and 2% for thorium.

Prior to the lead isotopic ratio determinations, the mass bias correction factor for ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb related to ²⁰⁶Pb were determined using the NIST-SRM-981 (10 µg L^-1). The obtained values were verified using the NIST-SRM-982 (10 µg L^-1) as a sample. These factors were verified at the end of each sample batch, analyzing the NIST-SRM-981 solution as a sample. One percent relative bias was specified as a limit for recalibration and sample reanalysis and during the present work no reanalysis was necessary.

Age calculation

In order to calculate the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages the following methodology was adopted. Based on the ²⁰⁴Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb atom ratios, the ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb atom percent was calculated. The radiogenic ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb atom percentages were calculated according to equations 1-3, where the (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_nat, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_nat, (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_nat ratios were obtained based on the NIST-SRM-981 lead isotopic composition.

Based on these results, the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages were calculated according to equations 4-6:

where:

l₂₃₈ = ²³⁸U decay constant = 1.55125'10^-10 year^-1

l₂₃₅ = ²³⁵U decay constant = 9.8485'10^-10 year^-1

l₂₃₂ = ²³²Th decay constant = 0.49475'10^-10 year^-1

In equations 1-3 (^xxxPb)_rad are expressed as mass concentration, while in equations 4-6 (²⁰⁶Pb)_rad, (²⁰⁷Pb)_rad, (²⁰⁸Pb)_rad, as well as ²³⁸U and ²³²Th, are expressed as number of moles per sample mass.

Additionally to the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages, it was tested the U-Th-total Pb method, applying the equation described by Rhede et al.²¹ and supposing that all lead is radiogenic.

Results and Discussion

Atom ratio precision and accuracy

Many factors directly control the signal acquisition process on the ELAN 6000 ICP-MS. Some are automatically optimized; others can be manually controlled, among them, the dwell time, the number of sweeps/replicate and the number of replicates/analysis. These three parameters were selected in this study in order to determine the best operation condition. Initially, the default operation conditions were applied and a high RSD was obtained. Considering the different atom ratios involved, better results were achieved by applying different dwell times for each isotope, higher for ²⁰⁴Pb, the least abundant, and lower for ²⁰⁸Pb, the most abundant, according Platzner et al.¹⁴

Based on the ELAN 6000 operation manual,²² the dwell time for each isotope was calculated in order to obtain 10⁶ counts/replicate, using 200 sweeps/replicate. Also based on that, ten replicates/analysis was chosen. As the sample volume required and the time expended for each sample were too high, the same calculation was performed for 500.000 counts and 6 replicates/analysis. ²⁰²Hg was also included because of a potential isobaric interference of ²⁰⁴Hg, a dwell time equal to that of ²⁰⁴Pb was chosen (Table 1).

Based on the NIST SRM 981, 1.5, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45 µg Pb L^-1 solutions were prepared. The ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb values obtained using the 10 µg Pb L^-1 standard solution were used to calculate the mass fractionation correction factor for ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb related to ²⁰⁶Pb. Using these factors, ²⁰⁴Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb atom ratios were calculated and results are shown in Figure 1. For lead concentrations higher than 20 µg L^-1, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios lower than the certified value were obtained due to dead time effects on the ²⁰⁸Pb determination. This concentration can be taken as an upper limit of lead in the sample solution.

According to Platzner et al.,¹⁴ it is possible to reduce the relative standard deviation, in isotope composition determinations using a quadrupole ICP-MS with consecutive measurements. This procedure of multiple determinations was performed employing a solution of 10 µg L^-1 of SRM 981 to nine sequential determinations. The previous procedure was repeated using a 10 µg L^-1 SRM 982 solution. The results are listed in Table 2 and show that precision better than 0.25% (95% confidence limits) as well as accuracy in the range of 0.1 to 2% can be achieved. In general, for ²⁰⁴Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb atom ratios, the relative bias increases with the distance to an atom ratio equal to one.

Bulk samples

The lead, uranium and thorium contents of the three analyzed monazite samples and the observed lead atom ratio are shown in Table 3. For each individual aliquot, the monazite ages were calculated applying the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and U-Th-total Pb methods and the obtained values are shown in Table 4. The agreement between the results of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th dating methods shows the proposed procedure reliability. The association of a higher thorium content with a lower uranium concentration leads to a low ²⁰⁷Pb signal and to a large standard deviation related to the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age. The calculated U-Th-total Pb ages were in the range of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages showing that, at least, for monazite samples this relatively simple method can provide results that could be used as a starting point for further studies applying more accurate methods based on multi-collector mass spectrometers.

The obtained Sugar Loaf Hill ²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb age is coherent with the 560 Myears value published by Silva and Ramos.²³ Moreover, the obtained ages are in agreement with Brasiliano orogeny.^24-26

The overall compositional variations among various monazite types are governed by substitution of REE by Th and U.^27,28 Therefore, since the observed uranium and thorium contents were different (Table 3), an additional aliquot of each monazite sample, was taken and uranium, thorium and the rare earth elements (REE) were determined in order to verify if this substitution has occurred. Figure 3 shows that this substitution effectively occurs with an inverse correlation between S(LREE: La-Sm) and (Th+U). The chondrite-normalized REE content is shown in Figure 4. All monazite samples have patterns with negative europium anomaly and with similar light REE (LREE) composition. The heavy REE are divergent, the largest difference being found for the heaviest elements. Mohanty et al.,²⁷ analyzing monazite sand grain from the Chhatrapur beach placer deposits, have also observed a uniform LREE enrichment with a prominent Eu anomaly, which has been attributed to the preferential incorporation of the LREE during the melting.

The method was also tested on older samples. A thorianite sample from Amapá was obtained from the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission. Three 10 mg aliquots were taken, and after total dissolution with HNO₃-HF-HClO₄, they were analyzed in the same way as the monazite samples. The obtained mean (95% confidence level) ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages were (2.15 ± 0.05)Gyears, (2.03 ± 0.01)Gyears, (2.044 ± 0.006)Gyears respectively, with a mean value of (2.08 ± 0.07)Gyears. This value is coherent with the (2.08 ± 0.02)Gyears age of the Bacuri complex, Amapá, reported by Pimentel et al.²⁹

Single grain analysis

Based on the lead content and on the weight of single monazite grain, around 150-200 µg, it should be possible to date single monazite grains using the ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th ratio. In order to test it, nine well formed round monazite grains from Black Sand beach, Guarapari/ES, with masses ranging from 170 to 230 µg, were taken and dissolved in 100 µL H₃PO₄ as already described. Based on the lead content observed in the BSB monazite (Table 3), the obtained melt was dissolved and diluted with 2% v/v HNO₃ in order to obtain a total lead concentration of ca. 10 µg L^-1. The lead and thorium concentrations on each solution was determined and, based on the obtained results, the lead and thorium content of each grain was calculated. Afterward, the same solution was used for the lead atom ratio determination. Using the lead and thorium content and ²⁰⁸Pb atom ratio, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th ages were calculated (Table 5) and values between 473 and 605 Myears were observed. Similar results were obtained by Machado and Gauthier² working with BSB monazites. Figure 4 presents a comparison of the results obtained in the present work and those related by Machado and Gauthier,² applying a LA-ICP-QMS. The main source of uncertainty from using the present methodology was the determination of the lead and thorium contents, typically between 0.5 and 1.0%, for both elements. Therefore, the expanded uncertainty for a single grain monazite Th/Pb age is lower than 2%, which is much lower than the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age uncertainty obtained by an equivalent LA-ICP-QMS. The observed mean value working with single grains, (530 ± 26)Myears, and with bulk samples, (535 ± 3)Myears, are statistically indistinguishable.

The work of Machado and Gauthier² was chosen since it deals with monazite grains taken from the same places as discussed in the present work. However, it is interesting to compare the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb age uncertainty achieved by them with those obtained in more recent works also applying LA-ICP-QMS.^29-31 It is possible to observe that great improvement was achieved since the Machado and Gauthier work;² notwithstanding, relatively high uncertainties have still been obtained with mean values ranging from 5.3% to 20.0%.^{29, 31} The same authors reported also ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th ages with a mean uncertainty of 2.9% and 10.3%, respectively. On the other hand, in general, 1.5%-2% uncertainties were obtained for ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages despite laser-induced elemental fractionation.^30-32

Conclusions

The present study has shown that it is possible to obtain useful monazite dates regarding precision and accuracy applying quadrupole ICP-MS. Moreover, the use of monazite allows the direct determination of lead atom ratios without the need of a chemical separation, even for single grain samples. U-Th-total Pb ages were in the range of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages showing that, at least, for monazite samples this relatively simple method can provide results that could be used as a starting point for further studies applying more accurate methods based on multi-collector mass spectrometers.

Acknowledgments

The present work was supported by FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). The authors wish to express their gratitude to Claudio Valeriano (UERJ) and Marcio Pimentel (UnB) for their help during different phases of the present work.

Received: December 11, 2006

Web Release Date: August 6, 2007

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Oct 2007
• Date of issue
  2007

History

• Received
  11 Dec 2006
• Accepted
  06 Aug 2007