A Highly Selective Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al³⁺ Based on 2,2’:6’,2”-Terpyridine with a Salicylal Schiff Base

Abstract

Two 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine-based Schiff bases (TPySSB and TPySB) have been synthesized. The TPySSB shows remarkable selective ‘off-on’ fluorescence for Al³⁺ in combination with photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism and C=N isomerization mechanism. Chemosensor TPySSB binds Al³⁺ in a 1:2 ratio with an association constant 6.8 × 10⁵ (correlation coefficient (R²) = 0.98) and this 1:2 stoichiometric model is established on Job’s plot and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Comparing TPySSB and TPySB, it is of great importance the existence of oxygen atom of hydroxyl group in salicylidene due to its strong binding abilities of both phenol and C=N structure to the Al³⁺.

Keywords:
2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine; salicylidene Schiff bases; fluorescence sensor; Al³⁺

Introduction

Al³⁺ ions exist in natural waters and most plants, which can enter the human body through food and water. ¹ Since Al³⁺ is closely related to human health, much attention have been paid to developing new high selectivity and sensitivity fluorescent chemosensors to detect Al³⁺. ² At present, fluorescent chemosensors have been widely used to detect different metal ions because of their high sensitivity, selectivity and fast response time. ³ Typically, metal ion chemosensors are composed of a metal binding unit and signaling unit, which enable the fluorescent chemosensors to coordinate with metal ions. Later on, fluorescent sensors based on a large number of metal binding units with different structures, including pyrazoline,⁴ peptide,⁵ salicylimine,⁶ tetrazole,⁷ triazole,⁸ 4,5-diazafluorene⁹ and 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine (TPy)¹⁰ have been developed. Among these receptors, 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine moiety is an ideal model for the construction of fluorescence sensors because of its excellent coordination ability with various metal ions. ¹¹ Indeed, it has become one of the most important chemical sensors in supramolecular chemistry. There are reports¹² about the detection of anion and cation by 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine based fluorescent chemosensor. However, there is still no report of a sensor that can detect Al³⁺ by 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine derivatives. Therefore, the design and preparation of 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine based fluorescent chemosensors are necessary for the construction and development of sensors for detecting Al³⁺ with high selectivity and sensitivity.

Salicylidene Schiff bases (SSB) have attracted increasing attention because they enable simple and inexpensive determinations of various metal ions. Over the past decades, it has been demonstrated that the presence of phenolic OH and azomethine C=N double bond in Schiff base exhibit a strong affinity for transition metal ions. ¹³ Due to the formation of the chelatogenic cycle (metal-oxygen-nitrogen chain), the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) was highly improved between the p-conjugated rings. Mostly, these kinds of molecules display unique emission enhancement due to the inhibition of C=N isomerization. ^14,15 Therefore, combination of 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine and salicylidene Schiff base into a unique entity can produce an interesting system with very peculiar coordination properties. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of two new 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine Schiff base TPySSB and TPySB. Their binding properties toward metal ions have been investigated. The salicylidene Schiff base TPySSB could be used as a highly efficient fluorescence probes for Al³⁺ with high selectivity. As being fluorescence chemosensor, TPySSB with phenolic OH group shows better Al³⁺ sensing properties than TPySB due to the formation of terpyridine-Al³⁺ complex and the inhibition of C=N isomerization.

Results and Discussion

Synthesis and characterization

Synthesis procedure of the Schiff base derivatives TPySSB and TPySB is shown inScheme 1. Compound TPySSB (or TPySB) was synthesized through condensation reaction between 4’-amine-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridines and salicylaldehyde (or benzaldehyde) in refluxing methanol. The products obtained in high yield were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), mass spectroscopy (MS), ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The FTIR spectra (Figure S1, Supplementary Information (SI) section) of compounds TPySSB and TPySB display the characteristic peaks of C=N vibration at 1622 and 1620 cm^-1, respectively. A broad band centered at 3428 cm^-1 is detected in TPySSB absorption spectra, which is attributed to O-H stretching vibration. The ¹H NMR spectra of TPySSB and TPySB in acetone-d₆ fit well with the expected molecular structure. The chemical shift of -CH=N proton in the spectrum of TPySB is about 8.62 ppm (Figure S4, SI section). The chemical shift of -CH=N proton shifted downfield about 8.96 ppm comparing with that of TPySSB (Figure S2, SI section). ¹⁶ A singlet at 13.18 ppm corresponding to -OH is displayed in the spectrum of TPySSB, confirming the existence of an intermolecular hydrogen bonding of the phenol OH. ¹⁷

Scheme 1
Synthesis of TPySSB and TPySB.

Recognition experiment of Schiff base (TPySSB and TPySB) in the presence of various metal ions

To compare the fluorescence response behavior of Schiff base (TPySSB and TPySB) in the presence of multiple types of metal ions, the recognition experiment of Schiff base (TPySSB and TPySB) was performed in ethanol at room temperature. As shown in Figure 1a, TPySSB with (or without) other cations displayed a weak single fluorescence emission band at 528 nm when it was excited at 265 nm except for Al³⁺ and Pb²⁺. Upon the addition of Al³⁺, an obvious fluorescence enhancement at 516 nm on TPySSB is achieved due to the inhibited photo-induced electron transfer (PET)¹⁸ with the formation of TPySSB-Al³⁺ and the inhibition of C=N isomerization process. ^14,15 The Stokes shifts (12 nm) of TPySSB and TPySSB-Al³⁺ complex are attributable to their stronger intramolecular charge transfer. ¹⁹ The selectivity of TPySSB has been plotted as a bar graph in Figure 1b. It can be found that Al³⁺ produces the most conspicuous fluorescence enhancement (51-fold at 516 nm), although Pb²⁺ can also induce about 5-fold increase, which indicated the Schiff base TPySSB as a fluorescent sensor for Al³⁺ is highly selective. To further evaluate the proposed complexation model and study the role of oxygen atom of phenol group in salicylidene during its interactions with metal cations, compound TPySB (Scheme 1) was also synthesized. It possesses similar structure of TPySSB except for lack of phenol group. TPySB alone displayed two weak fluorescence emission bands at 329 and 410 nm after being excited at 258 nm. However, upon addition of various metal ions, significant changes in fluorescence intensity appears at 329 nm (for Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, Cr²⁺ and Al³⁺) or 410 nm (for Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Zn²⁺) except for alkali metals such as Na⁺, K⁺ and Li⁺ (Figure 1c), indicating the enhancement effect of fluorescence accompanied by formation of metal-ligand complexes. These results prove that terpyridine ligand have strong ability to coordinate with metal ions. By analyzing the structure of TPySSB and TPySB, we can draw the following deductions: (i) the chelation of nitrogen atom of 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine with Al³⁺ initiates the PET process efficiently; (ii) the interaction between the oxygen atom of phenol unit present in salicylidene moiety and Al³⁺ can lead to the inhibition of C=N isomerization¹⁴ due to strong binding abilities of both phenol and C=N structure to the Al³⁺,²⁰ which can be used to explain the reason for the excellent performance of the TPySSB, which is designed by combining 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine unit and salicylidene unit. The effect of pH on the fluorescence properties of the system is shown in Figure S5 (SI section). It is obvious that the biggest emission enhancement upon addition of Al³⁺ could be obtained when pH was adjusted to 9.0. Furthermore, under this condition, the fluorescent intensity at 516 nm is observed to increase markedly over time (Figure S6, SI section), indicating that probe TPySSB takes a long reaction time to realize detection of Al³⁺. The reversibility of sensor TPySSB (1 × 10^-5 mol L^-1) has been evaluated by the titration of Al³⁺ (1 × 10^-4 mol L^-1) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, 1 × 10^-4 mol L^-1) (Figure S7, SI section). The whole process was repeated three times, by alternating Al³⁺ (1 × 10^-4 mol L^-1) and EDTA (1 × 10^-4 mol L^-1). The emission of the TPySSB-Al³⁺ could be basically recovered, though small drifts for both turn-off and turn-on fluorescent signals were detected.

Figure 1
(a) Fluorescence spectra of the TPySSB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) in the presence of 10 equiv. of various metal ions in ethanol. Excitation wavelength: 265 nm; (b) fluorescence emission response profiles for TPySSB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) by adding various metal ions (1 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹) at 516 nm in ethanol; (c) fluorescence spectra of the TPySB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) in the presence of 10 equiv. of various metal ions in ethanol. Excitation wavelength: 258 nm; (d) fluorescence emission response profiles for TPySB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) by adding various metal ions (1 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹) at 329 nm in ethanol.

Selectivity study of Schiff base (TPySSB and TPySB) for Al³⁺ over competitive metal ions

The selectivity of chemosensor for Al³⁺ in comparison to other competing metal ions is indispensable in evaluating its sensing performance. To further confirm the high selectivity of chemosensor TPySSB for Al³⁺, competitive selectivity tests of chemosensor TPySSB toward various metal ions were performed in ethanol. In a single metal system (black bars, Figure 2), the concentrations of metal ions were set to be 100 µM towards TPySSB. However, for the dual-metal (red bars, Figure 2) studies, aqueous solutions of Al³⁺ (100 µM) and the other metal ions (100 µM) were combined. Relatively low interferences were observed for the detection of Al³⁺ in the presence of other metal ions, except for Fe³⁺ (Figure 2). Comparing competitive selectivity experiments of chemosensor TPySSB, high interferences are demonstrated on chemosensor TPySB in the existence of other metal ions, except for alkali metals such as Na⁺, K⁺ and Li⁺ (Figure S8, SI section). The unique selectivity of TPySSB towards Al³⁺ could be attributed to the strong ability to coordinate with Al³⁺ of 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine unit and salicylidene unit.

Figure 2
Fluorescence response of receptor TPySSB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹). The black bar represents emission intensity after adding 10 equiv. selected metal ions in ethanol solution and red bar represents emission intensity after adding 10 equiv. of Al³⁺ ions in each of the above samples. Excitation wavelength: 265 nm.

Fluorescence titration of Schiff base (TPySSB) in the presence of increasing concentration of Al³⁺

Fluorescence titration experiments were implemented to gain insight into the binding interaction between TPySSB with Al³⁺. Increasing the concentration of Al³⁺, it resulted in a very small (8 nm) blue-shift of the emission maxima with a 14-fold enhancement of the fluorescence intensity (Figure 3a). The calibration curve is linear from 30 to 90 µM with a correlation coefficient of 0.990 (Figure 3b).

Figure 3
(a) Fluorescence emission spectra of receptor TPySSB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) in ethanol solution upon addition of increasing concentration of Al³⁺ (3-9 equiv.). Excitation wavelength: 265 nm; (b) fluorescence intensity at 516 nm versus the number of equivalents of Al³⁺ added.

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) titration of Schiff base (TPySSB) in the presence of increasing concentration of Al³⁺

The chemosensor TPySSB toward various metal cations, Ag⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Hg²⁺, K⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ are investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy in ethanol. The absorption spectrum of chemosensor TPySSB displayed three absorbance peaks. The intense absorption bands in high energy region at 210 and 275 nm are attributed to the π-π* transitions of the terpyridine unit,²¹ while a broad band located between 300 and 400 nm could be ascribed to π ® π* transition of the C=N group from salicylidene moiety. ²² With the increasing concentration of Al³⁺, a 14 nm red-shift for the 210 nm band appears on the UV-Vis spectrum, which is the reflectance of inhibition effect of Al³⁺ on the C=N isomerization. The complex can change the C=N isomerization molecular conformation dramatically, leading to a molecular coplanar structure. ¹⁹ The absorption maximum at 350 nm decreased which was attributed to the form of TPySSB-Al³⁺ complex (Figure 4b). What is more, no significant absorption spectral change was observed for other cations under similar experimental conditions (Figure 4a).

Figure 4
(a) UV-Vis spectra of the TPySSB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) in the presence of 10 equiv. of various metal ions in ethanol; (b) change in absorption spectra of TPySSB (1 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹) upon addition of increasing concentration of Al³⁺ (0-10 equiv.) in ethanol.

Job’s plot measurements

To further explore the binding mechanism, the binding stoichiometry of TPySSB with Al³⁺ was investigated via Job’s plot of the fluorescence titrations of Al³⁺, and the total concentration of Al³⁺ and TPySSB was kept as 20 µM as shown in Figure 5. The maximum absorption was achieved at the molar fraction of 0.7, indicating a 1:2 stoichiometric complexation between TPySSB and Al³⁺ for the newly formed complex. The binding stoichiometry of TPySB with Al³⁺ was also investigated and the results indicated a 1:1 stoichiometric complexation between TPySB and Al³⁺ (Figure S9, SI section). Therefore, the introduction of the phenolic OH into the 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine-based Schiff base has led to new chemosensor with highly selective detection of Al³⁺.

Figure 5
Job’s plot for the complexation of TPySSB with Al³⁺ in ethanol. Total concentration of TPySSB and Al³⁺ is 20 μM.

Determination of association constant and limit of detection

Based on the fluorescence titration of TPySSB with Al³⁺, the association constant is determined to be 6.8 × 10⁵ M^-1 (Figure 6) by a Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The binding constants of the inclusion complex were obtained from the fluorescence titration data. According to the Benesi-Hildebrand method, the equation for a 1:2 host:guest complex is given below:

Figure 6
Hill plot of fluorescent probe (TPySSB-Al³⁺) at λ_em = 516 nm.

(1) $\log \frac{I-I_{\min }}{I_{\max }-I}=\log {\left[M\right]}^2-\log K_d$

where K_d is the dissociation constant and M represents concentrations of metals. I_min, I and I_max are the different fluorescence emission intensity at λ_max = 516 nm at initial, interval and final state of the complex, respectively. Association constant K_a were evaluated graphically by the plot of log $\left[\left(I-I_{\min }\right)/\left(I_{\max }-I\right)\right]$versus log [(Al³⁺)²]. Figure 3b also further confirms the good linearity between enhancing efficiency (I/I₀) at 516 nm and concentrations of Al³⁺ in the range from 30 to 90 µM, indicating that sensor TPySSB can detect quantitatively relevant concentrations of Al³⁺. The limits of detection (LODs) were calculated through:

(2) $\mathrm{LOD}=\frac{3\mathit{\sigma }}{S}$

where σ is the standard deviation of the blank measurement, which is 0.4 (n = 11) here, and S is the slope of the emission intensity vs. the concentration of aluminum ion curve. The LOD of Al³⁺ is 3.32 × 10^-7 mol L^-1.

Effects of solvent on the sensing properties of Schiff base TPySSB towards Al³⁺

Optical sensing nature of chemosensors was dependent on the solvent nature, so the response of TPySSB towards Al³⁺ was also examined in different solvents such as ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), methanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4-dioxane at maxima of emission intensity. From emission spectra of TPySSB and Al³⁺ at same concentrations in different solvents (Figure 7), the change of emission intensity has been studied. In ethanol, the solution of TPySSB and Al³⁺ have strong fluorescence whereas they show very weak fluorescence in other solvents such as the THF, 1,4-dioxane, DMF and methanol. Therefore, ethanol was chosen as solvent.

Figure 7
Fluorescence spectra of the TPySSB (10 μM) in the presence of 10 equiv. of Al³⁺ in different solvents. Excitation wavelength: 265 nm.

Proposed binding mechanism

In order to understand the structural information of Al³⁺ binding in TPySSB-Al³⁺ complex, the technique of FTIR spectrum is applied. For the free compound TPySSB, the characteristic infrared (IR) peak of the C=N group of azomethine in Schiff base is detected at 1573 cm^-1, while the typical IR peak of the C-O group of salicylidene in Schiff base is located at 1188 cm^-1. Upon addition of Al³⁺, the characteristic IR peak at 1573 and 1188 cm^-1 disappeared, and new characteristic IR peak at 1703, 1523 and 1385 cm^-1 appeared (Figure 8). This suggested that the phenolic OH, the nitrogen atom in azomethine and the pyridine have participated in the coordination with Al³⁺. The binding mode of TPySSB with Al³⁺ was also studied by analyzing electrospray ionization MS spectra. A characteristic peak at m/z 580.0779, corresponding to ${\left[\mathrm{TPySSB}+2{\mathrm{Al}}^{3+}+\mathrm{NO}_3{}^{-}+2H_{2}O-H^{+}\right]}^{+}$,²³ is present in the positive-ion mass spectrum of TPySSB-Al³⁺ complex, confirming that the stoichiometry ratio between TPySSB and Al³⁺ is 1:2.

Figure 8
FTIR spectra (KBr) of chemosensor TPySSB and TPySSB-Al³⁺ complex.

Figure 9 shows the ¹H NMR spectra of single TPySSB and complex TPySSB-Al³⁺. The absence of the chemical shift corresponding to the proton in the phenolic hydroxyl and the azomethine-H further confirms the coordination of the phenolic hydroxy, nitrogen atom in azomethine and pyridine with Al³⁺. According to the above results, the proposed binding mode between TPySSB and Al³⁺ is inferred as follows, as shown in Figure 10. The effectiveness of TPySSB on the coordination of Al³⁺ is focused on its oxygen on phenolic group and nitrogen on the azomethine and pyridine. It is accepted generally that the chelating moiety of 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine and the chelating groups of C=N and -OH are very closely associated with the metal cations, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of the inhibition of C=N isomerization and photoinduced electron-transfer process between the terpyridine-Al³⁺ moiety and salicylidene moiety of the molecule. Therefore, for TPySSB, both the fluorescence enhancement and the high selectivity are focused on Al³⁺, which is over the other tested metal ions.

Figure 9
¹H NMR spectra (400 MHz, acetone-d₆) of TPySSB with 2.2 equiv. of Al³⁺ complex and TPySSB.

Figure 10
Proposed mechanism for the fluorescent sensing of TPySSB to Al³⁺.

Conclusions

In summary, we have developed two new 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridines-derived Schiff base chemosensors (TPySSB and TPySB) for the highly selective determination of Al³⁺ in ethanol. The sensing property of TPySSB and TPySB was studied by UV-Vis, fluorescence, FTIR and ¹H NMR experiments. Upon addition of metal ions, the TPySSB shows remarkable ‘off-on’ fluorescence for Al³⁺. Moreover, it displayed excellent selectivity to Al³⁺ with a 1:2 binding mode which was proposed based on a Job’s plot and confirmed by ¹H NMR analysis. Based on these results, we believe that combining 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine unit and salicylidene unit will offer an important guidance to the development of a highly selective chemosensor.

Experimental

Materials and instruments

4’-Amine-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridines was synthesized by a method previously described in the literature. ²⁴ Salicylaldehyde and benzaldehyde were purchased from Innochem (Beijing, China) and used without further purification. All organic solvents were of analytical reagent grade. The metal ions were NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂·6H₂O, NiCl₂·6H₂O, CuCl₂·2H₂O, ZnCl₂, BaCl₂·2H₂O, HgCl₂, CoCl₂·6H₂O, MnCl₂·4H₂O, FeCl₂·4H₂O, FeCl₃·6H₂O, CrCl₃·6H₂O, Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O, Pd(NO₃)₂, Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O and AgNO₃. All the metal ion solutions for the study were prepared in distilled water. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were obtained by a JEOL EX-400 spectrometer with acetone-d₆ as solvent and tetramethylsilane as the internal reference. UV-Vis spectra were acquired through a Lambda 35 spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer) and fluorescence were recorded by a LS-55 spectrofluorophotometer (PerkinElmer).

Synthesis of the salicylidene Schiff base (TPySSB)

4’-Amine-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridines (0.324 g, 1 mmol) was put into a 100 mL round-bottom flask equipped with condenser, thermometer and magnetic stirrer. With the supplement of methanol (40 mL) to the flask, the reaction mixture was heated up to 80 ºC. The solution composed of 0.122 g (1 mol) salicylaldehyde and 10 mL methanol was added subsequently. After 24 h reaction under reflux, the resulting solution was cooled to room temperature to give yellow powder, which was filtered, washed with methanol and dried under vacuum to obtain yellow powder product (0.35 g, yield: 82.4%). FTIR (KBr, Figure S1, SI section) ν / cm^-1 3410 (O-H), 3054 (C-N), 1622 (C=N), 1573 (C=C), 1493 and 1454 (C=N), 1279 (C-O); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d₆, TMS, Figure S2, SI section) δ 13.18 (s, -OH), 8.96 (s, -N=CH), 7.96 (d, J 8 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J 8 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J 8 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J 8 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.31 (m, 8H), 6.94 (d, J 8 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, acetone-d₆, TMS, Figure S3, SI section) δ 164.41, 162.24, 148.79, 137.90, 134.18, 133.86, 129.79, 128.87, 127.35, 126.30, 122.81, 120.46, 120.02, 117.78, 100.62; HRMS m/z, calcd. for C₂₈H₂₁N₄O [M + H]⁺: 429.1716, found: 429.0874.

Synthesis of the Schiff base (TPySB)

The Schiff base (TPySB) was also synthesized by the same method. 0.37 g, yield: 89.8%; FTIR (KBr, Figure S1, SI section) ν / cm^-1 3059 and 3026 (C-N), 1620 (C=N), 1517 (C=C), 1446 (C=N); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d₆, TMS, Figure S4, SI section) δ 8.56 (s, -N=CH), 8.02-6.73 (m, 19H); HRMS m/z, calcd. for C₂₈H₂₁N₄ [M + H]⁺: 413.1767, found: 413.1058.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the research support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51808414, 21908169), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2017M612520), National Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (No. 2016CFB264, 2018CFB108) and the Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education, China (No. Q20171507).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Aug 2020
• Date of issue
  Sept 2020

History

• Received
  11 Oct 2019
• Accepted
  07 Apr 2020